mammal and avifaunal study for feronia, yaligimba oil palm ......2018/02/08 · march 2015 rudi...

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Digby Wells and Associates (International) Limited (Subsidiary of Digby Wells & Associates (Pty) Ltd). Co. Reg. No. 07264148. Henwood House, Henwood, Ashford, Kent, TN24 8DH, United Kingdom Tel: +44 123 363 1062, Fax: +44 123 361 9270, [email protected], www.digbywells.com _______________________________________________________________________________________ Directors: AJ Reynolds, GE Trusler (C.E.O) (South African) _______________________________________________________________________________________

Mammal and Avifaunal Study for

Feronia, Yaligimba Oil Palm

Plantation

High Conservation Value

Assessment

Project Number:

CDC2950

Prepared for:

Feronia PHC

June 2015

Digby Wells Environmental i

This document has been prepared by Digby Wells Environmental.

Report Type: High Conservation Value Assessment

Project Name:

Mammal and Avifaunal Study for Feronia, Yaligimba Oil

Palm Plantation

Project Code: CDC2950

Name Responsibility Signature Date

Phil Patton Pr.Sci.Nat Report Writer

March 2015

Rudi Greffrath Cert.Sci.Nat. Report Review

April 2015

Marion Thomas Report Review

June 2015

This report is provided solely for the purposes set out in it and may not, in whole or in part, be used for any other purpose

without Digby Wells Environmental prior written consent.

High Conservation Value Assessment

Mammal and Avifaunal Study for Feronia, Yaligimba Oil Palm Plantation

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Digby Wells Environmental ii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Digby Wells Environmental (Digby Wells) has been requested by Feronia PHC (Feronia) to

assess its High Conservation Value (HCV) areas within its Yaligimba Concession. This

report focuses on the results from the Avifaunal and Mammal Survey conducted in January

and Febuary 2015. The approach is based on a specialist conducting a site visit to the area

in question in order to identify the receiving environment and bird and mammal species, and

in doing so assist in determining the likelihood of Critical Habitat and areas of High

Conservation Value occurring within the specified area.

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has a surface area of 2,345,410 km², making it

the third largest country in Africa. With diverse habitats the country has the highest bird

count on the continent. A major part of the country lies in the Congo basin, the ‘cuvette

centrale’, a vast depression just 300 m above sea-level and by far the largest drainage basin

of the continent. The Yaligimba Oil Palm Concession is located within the Congo Basin in

the Equateur Province close to the provincial border with the Orientale Province. This

concession area lies within the north-eastern Congolian Lowland Forest, which extends into

the southern portion of the Central African Republic (CAR). The vegetation consists of sub-

montane rainforest vegetation which includes the Congo River and its tributaries.

The protection of biodiversity cannot be viewed as simply the protection of individual species

of conservation concern. Effective preservation of biodiversity must focus on the full range of

species and habitats, as well as the ecological and evolutionary processes that allow

biodiversity to persist over time. Animals cannot survive in the absence of their preferred

habitats, nor can species or habitats survive in the absence of the ecological processes

which sustain them. Therefore, the approach followed in this study was to identify different

habitat types and use these as surrogates to assess the suitability of the habitat for various

species. The approach followed is therefore an “ecosystem approach”.

Birds and mammals have been viewed as good ecological indicators, since their presence or

absence tends to represent conditions pertaining to the proper functioning of an ecosystem.

Bird communities and ecological condition are linked to land cover. As the land cover of an

area changes, so do the types of birds in that area (The Bird Community Index, 2007). Land

cover is directly linked to habitats within the study area. The diversity of these habitats

should give rise to many different species.

This survey report gives an overview of the species diversity of both avifauna and mammals

that are likely to occur, and that have been directly observed within the Yaligimba

concession. The results of which will be utilised in the High Conservation Value (HCV) report

which will incorporate the broader ecological status including the vegetation, herpetology

and the aquatic ecology of the area.

A total of 78 species of birds were found within the Yaligimba Concession area over a six

day period, of which 13 species are Afro-Palearctic migrants. One species, the African Grey

Parrot (Psittacus erithacus), was observed just outside the concession and is listed as a



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Digby Wells Environmental iii

Vulnerable species according to the IUCN Red List. Due to the limited number of avifaunal

surveys having ever taken place within the Yaligimba Concession, or in the near vicinity,

three species observed need to have their currently recorded distribution ranges extended.



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Digby Wells Environmental iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Expertise of Specialist ............................................................................................. 1

2 Study Area ........................................................................................................................ 1

2.1 Geography .............................................................................................................. 1

2.2 Climate .................................................................................................................... 3

3 Methodology...................................................................................................................... 3

3.1 Desktop Studies ...................................................................................................... 3

3.2 Field Survey ............................................................................................................ 3

3.3 Mammals................................................................................................................. 4

3.4 Birds ........................................................................................................................ 5

3.5 Red Data faunal assessment................................................................................... 5

4 Study Limitations ............................................................................................................... 6

5 Findings ............................................................................................................................. 6

5.1 Mammals................................................................................................................. 6

Species of Special Concern .............................................................................. 7 5.1.1

Bushmeat and hunting ...................................................................................... 8 5.1.2

5.2 Birds ...................................................................................................................... 13

Habitat and ecology ........................................................................................ 13 5.2.1

Species Richness ........................................................................................... 13 5.2.2

5.3 Field Survey .......................................................................................................... 15

Mammals ........................................................................................................ 15 5.3.1

Avifauna ......................................................................................................... 18 5.3.2

Distribution changes ....................................................................................... 25 5.3.3

5.4 Habitat Types and Associated Species ................................................................. 29

Forest Habitat ................................................................................................. 29 5.4.1

5.4.1.1 Description............................................................................................... 29

5.4.1.2 Typical Species:....................................................................................... 30

5.4.1.2.1 Mammals ............................................................................................. 30



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5.4.1.2.2 Birds .................................................................................................... 30

Riverine Forest, Reedbeds, River bank and Open Water ............................... 31 5.4.2

5.4.2.1 Description............................................................................................... 31

5.4.2.2 Typical Species:....................................................................................... 32

5.4.2.2.1 Mammals ............................................................................................. 32

5.4.2.2.2 Birds .................................................................................................... 32

Plantations, Villages, Gardens and Modified Habitat ...................................... 33 5.4.3

5.4.3.1.1 Mammals ............................................................................................. 34

5.4.3.1.2 Birds .................................................................................................... 34

6 Discussion and Recommendations ................................................................................. 35

7 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 35

8 References ...................................................................................................................... 37

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3-1: Motion sensitive night cameras were deployed in the Yaligimba Concession ...... 5

Figure 5-1: A) Forest trap, B) Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and Hammer Bat

(Hypsignathus monstrosus), C) Possible Red-tailed Monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius) and

D) Slender mongoose (Herpestes sanguinea) ...................................................................... 9

Figure 5-2: African Pigmy Kingfishers (Ispidina picta) ......................................................... 18

Figure 5-3: A) Congo Sepent Eagle (Dryotriorchis spectabilis); B) Palmnut Vulture

(Gypohierax angolensis); C) Long-tailed Hawk (Urotriorchis macrourus); and D) African

Harrier Hawk (Polyboroides typus) Photographs by Callan Cohen and Nic Burrow ............. 27

Figure 5-4 : Secondary Forest Habitat (closed canopy) ....................................................... 31

Figure 5-5: Riverine Forest, River bank, Reedbed and Open Water Habitat ....................... 32

Figure 5-6: A) Plantations; B) Camp Gardens; and C) Current plantation areas .................. 34

LIST OF TABLES

Table 5-1: Reference Sources for Species of Special Concern ............................................. 7



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Digby Wells Environmental vi

Table 5-2: Expected Mammal Species for the Yaligimba Concession (highlighted rows

denote species observed within the concession in January/February 2015) ......................... 9

Table 5-3: The Endemic or Near Endemic Species of Global Conservation Concern That

Have Been Recorded in the Central Congo Basin ............................................................... 14

Table 5-4: Mammal Species identified during the Field Survey of the Yaligimba Concession.

........................................................................................................................................... 15

Table 5-5: Bird species of note identified during the field survey at Yaligimba Concession . 19

Table 5-6: Distribution changes for the DRC ....................................................................... 26

Table 5-7: Birds of Prey observed in Yaligimba ................................................................... 27

Table 5-8: Species associated with various habitats within the Yaligimba Concession ........ 29

LIST OF MAPS

Map 2-1: Yaligimba Oil Palm Concession, DRC .................................................................... 3

Map 5-1: Mammal sightings ................................................................................................ 17

Map 5-2: Avifaunal sightings ............................................................................................... 28

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A: Mammal Species

Appendix B: Bird Species



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Digby Wells Environmental 1

1 Introduction

The Feronia PHC (Feronia) project includes the development and operation of three Oil

Palm Concessions on the Congo River: Lokutu in the Orientale Province, and Yaligimba and

Boteka in the Equateur Province. Feronia targets a RSPO (Roundtable on Sustainable Palm

Oil) certification for its three concessions and the aim of this study is to provide a mammal

and avifauna baseline investigation for the Yaligimba Concession, from which a High

Conservation Value (HCV) assessment will be conducted.

The biological context of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is highly complex. There

are a number of species, which are extremely important, and in critical danger of becoming

extinct (IUCN, 2008) whilst some others are unknown to science. High Conservation Value

Assessments (such as this study) are critical in order to understand the habitats in which the

oil palm plantations are growing. Understanding the habitats will enable Feronia to manage

those which may be directly, or indirectly, affected by the operation. Further to this, the

concession areas have a number of rural communities who depend largely on the forest

resources and it is critical to identify the resources they use and to define the degree of

dependence on these resources (HCV, 2014).

Habitat loss is the most significant environmental driver threatening the Yaligimba

Concession biodiversity. Extensive deforestation over the last century in the DRC has

resulted in the large-scale loss of forest cover, and caused the fragmentation of the

remaining habitat into numerous isolated patches. Feronia intends to conserve these to

ensure that suitable habitat remains within the concessions for a number of potential

avifaunal and mammal species.

1.1 Expertise of Specialist

Philip Patton is the Manager of the Biophysical Department at Digby Wells. He holds a B.Sc

Hons (Environmental Science) from the University of Cape Town, and a B.Sc (Geology and

Geography & Environmental Management) from the University of Port Elizabeth. He is an

experienced Ornithologist, and has been registered as a Professional Natural Scientist since

2012. He has over 17 years of consulting experience in ecological assessments and

environmental auditing within the mining, and similar industries. He has ecological and

environmental working experience across Africa, Europe and the Middle East.

2 Study Area

2.1 Geography

The Yaligimba Oil Palm Concession lies in the northern Democratic Republic of Congo

(DRC), within the Equateur Province close to the border of the Orientale Province (Map 2-1).

This area lies within the north-eastern Congolian Lowland Forest, which extends into the

south-eastern portion of the Central African Republic (CAR). The vegetation consists of sub-

montane rainforest vegetation which straddles the Congo River and its tributaries. This



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habitat type is regarded to be Vulnerable (WWF, 2015). The concession area covers

approximately 30,199 Hectares (Ha) of which approximately 16,000 Ha is covered with oil

palm.



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Map 2-1: Yaligimba Oil Palm Concession, DRC

2.2 Climate

The study area experiences two seasons; the wet season, from March to December and the

dry season from January to February. The annual rainfall is moderately high over the whole

area, ranging from 1,200 mm to 2,000 mm. Temperatures rarely fall below 18°C, even during

the night. Daytime maximum temperatures do not often rise above 35°C. Humidity is high

throughout the year and is rarely decreases during the hottest part of the day.

3 Methodology

Desk studies of possible species that occur at the Yaligimba concession, and a site survey

were undertaken for mammals and birds. Species encountered were identified and recorded.

Faunal species encountered by local people on site have also been noted, and photographs

used where possible.

In order to undertake the High Conservation Value (HCV) assessment for fauna a number of

steps were undertaken; these are explained in Section 3.1 and its sub-sections.

3.1 Desktop Studies

Desktop studies and research on fauna for the Yaligimba Oil Palm Plantation and the

concession included:

■ Analysis of aerial photography with regards to habitat types;

■ Review of all Feronia PHC reports and studies undertaken in the study area, or in

close proximity to it; and

■ Species lists were obtained using the following resources:

World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the International Union for Conservation of Nature

(IUCN), and African Bird Club online species distribution maps were used to

obtain data for the distribution of mammals and birds within the greater study

area, it is noted that this was severely limited for this part of the Congo Basin;

The potential occurrence of mammals was supplemented by the species

distribution maps in Field Guide to African Mammals, Jonathan Kingdon (2007);

and

Lists of birds found in the study area were determined using a number of field

guide publications including Birds of Western and Central Africa (Van Perlo,

2002), and Birds of Africa South of the Sahara (Sinclair and Ryan, 2003).

3.2 Field Survey

A field survey was undertaken from the 25th January to the 2nd February 2015. The survey

included vantage point surveys; dawn, dusk and night surveys; and transects surveys



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throughout the concession (Map 5-1 and Map 5-2). The activities undertaken and data

collected during the avifaunal and mammal surveys included:

■ Identication of key species and Species of Special Concern (SSC);

■ Density surveys for certain key species;

■ Bird movements at various vantage points within the riparian system in particular;

■ Determine behavioural aspects of key species especially those that would be

impacted upon by the project, e.g. breeding observations;

■ Identifying the distribution of species that were not known to previously occur in the

Congo River Basin; and

■ Surveys were also conducted during trips on local rivers adjacent to the concession.

Diurnal Point Surveys were also carried out to estimate spatial and temporal use of the site

by resident and migrant raptors and other diurnal passerines. Sampling intensity also

assisted to document the movement of the larger species such as raptors, parrots and

hornbills throughout the concession area (Section 5).

3.3 Mammals

Visual sightings and ecological indications were used to identify the mammal inhabitants of

the study area; this includes scats, tracks and habitat such as burrows and dens. Scats

found were collected where necessary, photographed (with a scale) and identified. Field

guides were used for identification purposes. The following were recorded:

■ All mammals encountered, noted or captured by local villagers during the survey;

■ Motion sensitive night cameras were deployed at strategic positions throughout the

concession (Error! Reference source not found.);

■ Animals listed in previous studies;

■ A list of the most prominent mammal species; and

■ A list of threatened or protected species encountered during the survey.



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Figure 3-1: Motion sensitive night cameras were deployed in the Yaligimba

Concession

3.4 Birds

The principle ornithological field survey technique used was transect surveys. Transect

surveys were planned based on sites representative of different avifauna habitat, such as

closed forest (thick canopy, were the direct sunlight may not penetrate), and open secondary

forest. Transect procedures involve slow attentive walks along transects during which any

bird seen or heard is identified and recorded. Point sampling was also conducted for a

period of at least one hour at several localities throughout the site when opportunities were

available. Species observed during the vegetation transect surveys were also recorded.

The following was recorded:

■ All birds encountered or noted during the survey;

■ The behaviour or preferred habitat of certain key species; and

■ A list of rare and endangered species encountered.

3.5 Red Data faunal assessment

The following parameters were used to assess the Probability of Occurrence of each Red

Data species:

■ Habitat requirements (HR) – Most Red Data animals have very specific habitat

requirements and the presence of these habitat characteristics in the study area was

evaluated;

■ Habitat status (HS) – The status or ecological condition of available habitat in the

area is assessed. Often a high level of habitat degradation prevalent in a specific

habitat will negate the potential presence of Red Data species (this is especially

evident in wetland habitats); and

■ Habitat linkage (HL) – Movement between areas for breeding and feeding forms an

essential part of the existence of many species. Connectivity of the study area to

surrounding habitat and the adequacy of these linkages are evaluated for the

ecological functioning of Red Data species habitat within the study area.

Probability of occurrence is presented in four categories, namely:

■ Low (will not occur);

■ Medium (could possibly occur);

■ High (most likely could occur); or

■ Recorded (does occur on site).

The IUCN Red Data categories are defined in Table 5-1 and is used for the status



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identification of mammals and birds, globally.

4 Study Limitations

The following limitations were encountered during this study:

■ The time of the study did not coincide with the flowering and fruiting of some

prominent forest plant species, therefore limiting the food source for certain species

and correlates to the intra-African migrating season;

■ It is generally recommended that a two season survey is conducted for avifauna in

particular;

■ Avifaunal activity is generally slightly lower during the months of November to March

in the Equatorial countries due to the high number of intra-African migrants that tend

to head south to the sub-tropical regions to breed;

■ The size of the concession is vast. Although much of the concession was accessed,

time spent in the respective habitats was limited; and

■ Access to some of the boundary forests was restricted during field surveys due to

safety concerns by Feronia staff members.

5 Findings

5.1 Mammals

The north eastern Congolian Lowland Forest ecoregion is home to a diverse range of

mammals, including larger Red Data species such as: Angolan Black-and-white Colobus

(Colobus angolensis), Okapi (Okapia johnstoni), Brush-tailed Porcupine (Atherurus

africanus) Dent's Mona Monkey (Cercopithecus monadenti), Aquatic Genet (Osbornictis

piscivora) and Giant Forest Genet (Genetta victoriae). A number of endemic species of

shrew are found in this ecoregion, however, they generally occur in the higher altitude areas

to the east. These species include: African Foggy Shrew (Crocidura caliginea), Congo

Shrew (Crocidura congobelgica), and the Fuscous Shrew (Crocidura polia). Near endemic

species found in the region include: the Owl-faced Monkey (Cercopithecus hamlyni),

L'Hoest's monkey (Cercopithecus lhoesti), the Pied Bat (Glauconycteris superba), Allen's

Striped Bat (Glauconycteris alboguttata), Misonne's Soft-furred Mouse (Praomys misonnei)

and Verschuren's Swamp Rat (Malacomys verschureni).

The region directly north of the Congo River is known to support a rich primate diversity that

can include gracile chimpanzee (or bonobo) (Pan paniscus), and other large mammals such

as African elephant (Loxodonta africana) and African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). Yaligimba is

located within the Congo Basin High Biodiversity Wilderness Area (Myers et al., 2000).

African elephant (Loxodonta africana) would have inhabited the Yaligimba concession in the

past, but there is no physical evidence of their presence today. The general consenses is

that the elephant populations did occur within the Yaligimba Concession, perhaps at the



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beginning of the 20th century when the oil palm plantation was being developed. Other

species that could have once occurred at Yaligimba include: African Buffalo (Syncerus

caffer), Leopard (Panthera pardus), African Golden Cat (Profelis aurata), and several

species each of duikers (Cephalophus spp.), genets (Genetta spp.) and mongooses

(Herpestidae).

Species of Special Concern 5.1.1

The conservation statuses of fauna identified on site was determined using the following

resources (Table 5-1):

The Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild

Fauna and Flora (also known as the Washington Convention) database;

The IUCN Red-Data List for Central African fauna; and

The International IUCN Red-Data List.

Of the primates and large mammals still present at Yaligimba, none are listed as threatened

on the current IUCN/SSC Red List. However, two of the primates that are thought to no

longer be present at Yaligimba, the Red Colobus (Procolobus badius) and the Bonobo (Pan

paniscus), are listed on the 2015 Red List as Endangered (IUCN, 2015).

Table 5-1: Reference Sources for Species of Special Concern

Reference

Document Description

RED DATA List Listed species of flora and fauna are regarded as species whose

representation in the wild, has declined to such an extent that drastic action

is needed to ensure their survival.

IUCN

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species provides taxonomic,

conservation status and distribution information on plants and animals that

have been globally evaluated using the IUCN Red List Categories and

Criteria. This system is designed to determine the relative risk of extinction,

and the main purpose of the IUCN Red List is to catalogue and highlight

those plants and animals that are facing a higher risk of global extinction

(i.e. those listed as Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable).

Plants and animals that have been evaluated to have a low risk of extinction

are classified as Least Concern. (IUCN.org).

CITES

Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and

plants does not threaten their survival (CITES.org).

CITES works by subjecting international trade in specimens of selected

species to certain controls. All import, export, re-export and introduction

from the sea of species covered by the Convention has to be authorized



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Reference

Document Description

through a licensing system. Each Party to the Convention must designate

one or more Management Authorities in charge of administering that

licensing system and one or more Scientific Authorities to advise them on

the effects of trade on the status of the species (CITES.org). Specimens are

divided into the following appendices according to the restriction on trade.

Bushmeat and hunting 5.1.2

Bushmeat hunting rivals habitat loss as a major threat to the survival of mammals in Africa

(Rose et al., 2003). Bushmeat is a critical protein source for many people in the region and a

large number species are hunted. Antelopes, bats, pigs, primates and large rats dominate

the bushmeat trade. The extent of bushmeat hunting has prompted governments to enact

hunting bans, though the legislation to date has often been impractical and/or poorly

enforced (Sayer et al., 1992). If bushmeat hunting is not controlled, Africa’s larger endemic

mammalian species will be exterminated from vast areas and, possibly, driven to extinction.

The bushmeat and hunting trade by local villagers in Yaligimba is extremely high and would

be considered a priority to address in order to conserve and sustain a number of different

species. The majority of mammal species observed were either caught in traps or already

dead from hunting exercises. Figure 5-1 represents a few of the species that were observed

at the weekly market, these included: Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and

Hammer Bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus) and a number of monkey species listed as Least

Concern as the species remain widespread within its historical range, and abundant,

adapting well to modified habitats and showing resiliency in the face of hunting pressure.

A number of fruit bat species were observed and caught in local village mist nets. Mist nets

are used by the local population to capture wild birds and bats to eat. Fruit bats in general

are considered to be the natural host of the Ebola virus (WWF, 2015). Mist nets are typically

made of nylon mesh suspended between two poles or trees. When properly deployed, the

nets are virtually invisible. In Yaligimba three species were observed including the Straw-

coloured Fruit Bat (Eidolon helvum), Egyptian Fruit Bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and the

Hammer headed bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus). The Hammer-headed Bat (Hypsignathus

monstrosus), also known as the Big-lipped Bat, is a large bat species endemic to Equateurial

Africa. This species is found in riverine forests, mangroves, swamps and palm forests at

elevations less than 1,800 metres (5,900 ft).



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Figure 5-1: A) Forest trap, B) Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and Hammer

Bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus), C) Possible Red-tailed Monkey (Cercopithecus

ascanius) and D) Slender mongoose (Herpestes sanguinea)

Table 5-2: Expected Mammal Species for the Yaligimba Concession (highlighted rows

denote species observed within the concession in January/February 2015)

Species Scientific name Status IUCN Location

Bonobo Pan paniscus Endangered Natural forest, edge of Yaligimba Concession, Unlikely

Guereza Colobus Colobus guereza

Least concern Natural forest, edge of Yaligimba Concession. Unlikely

Southern Talapoin Miopithecus talapoin

Least concern Strictly riverine, unlikely

A B

C D



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De Brazzas Monkey Cercopithecus neglectus

Least concern Swamp forest areas on edge of concession

Blue Monkey Cercopithecus mitis ssp elgonis

Least concern Natural forest, edge of Yaligimba Concession, occasional

Red Tailed Monkey Cercopithecus ascanius

Least concern Secondary forest, boundary of concession.

Poto Perodicticus potto

Least concern Swamp forest areas within concession

Greater galago Otolemur crassicaudatus

Least concern Throughout concession

Straw-coloured fruit bat

Eidolon helvum

Near Threatened

Photographed at Yaligimba village, Central region. Caught in mist net for food

Hammer Bat Hypsignathus monstrosus

Least concern Photographed at Yaligimba village, Central region. Caught in mist net for food

Golden Fruit Bat Casinycteris argynnis

Least concern Members of community believe this species to be found in the forest

Black Hawk Bat Saccolaimus peli

Least concern Discussed with villagers

Giant Otter Shrew Potamogale velox

Least concern Congo river and tributaries, possible

Four Toed Elephant Shrew

Petrodromus tetradactylus

Least concern Forest corridors

African Pygmy Squirrel

Myosciurus pumilio

Least concern Natural forest, edge of Yaligimba Concession, occassional

Congo Rope Squirrel

Funisciurus congicus

Least concern Forest corridors

African Giant Squirrel Protoxerus stangeri

Least concern Least concern

Thomas's Rope Squirrel

Funisciurus anerythrus

Least concern Forest corridors Observed next to village in central area

Lord Derby's Anomalure

Anomalurus derbianus


Beercroft's Anomalure

Anomalurus beecrofti




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Crested porcupine Hystrix cristata Least concern Forest corridors

Brush Tailed Porcupine

Atherurus africanus

Least concern Valley bottom rainforest

Marsh Cane Rat Thryonomys gregorianus

Least concern Swamp forest and river

Giant Pouched Rat Cricetomys emini

Least concern Riverine forest

Velvet Rat Colomys goslingi

Least concern Swamp forest

Target Rat Stochomys longicaudatus

Least concern Lowland forest

Zebra Mouse Lemniscomys sp

Least concern Throughout concession

Swamp Otter Aonyx congicus Least concern Spoor located on Congo River bank within concession

Long Snouted Mongoose

Herpestes naso Least concern Natural forest, edge of Yaligimba Concession

Slender Mongoose Herpestes sanguineus

Least concern Observed throughout the concession

Marsh Mongoose Atilax paludinosus

Least concern Spoor located on River bank just outside concession

Blotched Genet Genetta tigrina Least concern Natural forest , unlikely

Servaline Genet Genetta servalina

Least concern Natural and secondary forest

Central African Linsang

Poiana richardsoni

Least concern Natural and secondary forest

African Civet Civettictis civetta

Least concern Throughout concession, highly likely and spoor observed

African Palm Civet Nandinia binotata

Least concern Forest and plantations

Golden Cat Felis aurata Near threatened

Natural forest - presumed

Leopard Panthera pardus

Near threatened

Throughout concession but prefers natural forest



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Long Tailed Pangolin Uromanis tetradactyla

Vulnerable Natural forest, unlikely

Tree Pangolin Phataginus tricuspis

Vulnerable Natural and secondary forest, unlikely

Red River Hog Potamochoerus porcus

Least concern Natural forest on edge of concession, possible

Water Chevrotain Hyemoschus aquaticus

Least Concern Lowland rainforest, unlikely to occur

African (Forest) Buffalo

Syncerus caffer Least concern Natural forest and open glades, unlikely to occur

Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus

Least concern Common throughout, highly likely to occur

Black-fronted Duiker Cephalophus nigrifrons

Least Concern Natural forest, unlikely to occur

Yellow-backed Duiker

Cephalophus silvicultor

Least concern Natural forest, medium possibility of occurrence

Ogilby’s duiker Cephalophus dorsalis

Least concern Natural and seconday forest areas, likely to occur



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5.2 Birds

Habitat and ecology 5.2.1

In quantifying the status of the avifaunal density and diversity within the Yaligimba

Concession, a combination of scientific field methods and a desktop assessment was

conducted to provide an understanding of the species and activity that occurs in the different

habitats available within the concession. An extensive literature review on the Congo Basin,

including reviews of any similar surveys, was undertaken prior to the field survey which was

conducted on the 25th January to the 3rd February 2015. The bird survey was undertaken

using standard internationally accepted methods to understand bird habitat interaction and

distribution in relation to the existing oil palm plantations and forested areas located within

the Yaligimba Concession.

The Yaligimba Concession is located within the Territory of Bumba, DRC, and lies on the

northern boundary of the northern-most extent of the Congo River. This ecoregion is known

to contain a variety of habitats which include: open waters, small streams, aquatic

vegetation, permanent swamps and extensive floodplains. In addition to physical habitats,

often floating Eichhornia masses are associated with this ecoregion. Seasonally flooded

riparian zones are often associated with this ecoregion which often results in the presence of

permanent swamp forests with few dominant species but rich floral diversity.

The forested areas consist of sub-montane rainforest vegetation which includes the Congo

River and its tributaries. The concession area has isolated patches of both natural and

secondary forests within its boundaries and importantly a large papyrus swamp area which

yielded a number of different species. Dryland forest occurs in areas that are not inundated,

either permanently or seasonally. This forest occurs in isolated locations within the study

area and much of the forest existing in the remainder of the study area is secondary forest. A

patch of secondary forest exists in the center of the plantation.

Species Richness 5.2.2

A 1993 checklist for the central Congo Basin lists 1,094 species, of which 96 are Palearctic

migrants and 88 are intra-African migrants and the remainder considered resident (Dowsett,

1993). Using a slightly different taxonomic treatment and taking into account 12 genuine

additions (Demey et al., 2000), the total DRC list currently stands at around 1,117 species,

the highest of any country in Africa. Although some parts of the country have been relatively

well-studied ornithologically, many others like the Yaligimba concession have yet to be

properly explored. The within-country distribution of many species is therefore still relatively

unknown and as the field survey has found, a number of species found in Yaligimba need to

have their existing distribution ranges updated.

A number of SSC are expected to occur within the Yaligimba Concession, however there are

large gaps linked to Data Deficiency. Table 5-3 summarises the potential Species of Special

Concern.



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North East of the Congo Basin where the Yaligimba concession is located, 12 species of

global conservation concern are known to occur. It must be noted that the area north of the

Congo River has not been properly surveyed and could potentially harbour further Species

of Special Concern. The Spotted Ground Thrush (Zoothera guttata), is considered

Endangered and although it is unlikely to occur in the central Congo Basin area the habitat

on the south western boundary of Yaligimba is condusive for its occurance. Four species are

regarded as Vulnerable and five species are Near Threatened. Nine of the species of global

conservation concern are dependent on forest or forest-edge habitat both of which occur

within the Yaligimba concession. The greater part of two Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs) are

located within the country. The eastern edge of the Lower Guinea Forest is included in the

Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo lowlands EBA, which lies in the Orientale and Kivu

provinces of eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and in the extreme west of Uganda

(Ron Demey, 2005).

Table 5-3: The Endemic or Near Endemic Species of Global Conservation Concern

That Have Been Recorded in the Central Congo Basin

Common Name Scientific Name Global Status

Congo peafowl Afropavo congensis Vulnerable

Great snipe Gallinago media Near Threatened

Black-winged pratincole Glareola nordmanni Near Threatened

White-naped pigeon Columba albinucha Near Threatened

Lagden's bushshrike Malaconotus lagdeni Near Threatened

Spotted ground thrush Zoothera guttata Endangered

White-headed robin-chat Cossypha heinrichi Vulnerable

African grey parrot Psittacus erithacus Vulnerable

Bedford's paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone bedfordi Near Threatened

Golden-naped weaver Ploceus aureonucha Endangered

Yellow-legged weaver Ploceus flavipes Vulnerable

No Species of Special concern were observed within the Yalibimba Concession, however the African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus) was observed outside the concession boundary.



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5.3 Field Survey

Mammals 5.3.1

No living primate or large mammal species were observed within the Yaligimba concession

(Table 5-4). However, within the survey of the secondary forest adjacent to the airstrip a

Congo Rope Squirrel (Funisciurus congicus) was observed. Three bat species and one

mongoose species were observed within the plantations and the spoor of a Marsh

Mongoose (Atilax paludinosus) was found adjacent to a river crossing just outside the

concession.

The use of motion sensitive night cameras yielded no results apart from that of domestic

pigs. Unfortunately one of the cameras was removed from its location near the airstrip,

presumably by local villagers.

Previous logging activity, the historic conversion of forests to oil palm plantations and

gardens, and heavy hunting pressure were documented. Hunters claimed that they never

observed large mammals such as African Elephant (Loxodonta africana), African Buffaloes

(Syncerus caffer), Leopards (Pantera pardus), or Gracile chimpanzees (bonobos) (Pan

paniscus). The largest mammal likely to be present is the red river hog. The Yaligimba area

is of little conservation value for the conservation of primates and large mammals due to a

considerable decline in the biological richness of the site and the collapse of the primate and

large mammal communities. This situation has come about as a result of forest degradation,

fragmentation, and clearance, together with unsustainable levels of hunting.

Slender Mongoose (Herpestes sanguineus) was observed on a number of occasions

throughout the plantations. This species is one of the most widely distributed African

mongooses, ranging from Senegal in the west to the Red Sea coast in Sudan in the east and

south to the Northern Cape in South Africa. Dead species were observed in the Yaligimba

bushmeat market and are listed as species among those used in traditional medicine in

certain parts of Africa, although this was not confirmed within the Yaligimba Concession.

Table 5-4: Mammal Species identified during the Field Survey of the Yaligimba

Concession.


Congo Rope Squirrel Funisciurus congicus

Least concern Forest corridors , located in secondary forest adjacent to the air strip

Slender Mongoose Herpestes sanguineus

Least concern Observed throughout the concession

Marsh Mongoose Atilax paludinosus

Least concern Spoor located on River bank within concession



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The findings at Yaligimba are consistent with the ‘empty forest syndrome’ whereby

populations of the larger mammals are reduced in density and become ‘ecologically extinct’

from large areas (Redford, 1992). The biologically rich community of larger mammals that

must have once been present at Yaligimba is now gone and will inevitably disappear over a

much larger area if conversion of natural habitats and bushmeat hunting are not greatly

curtailed.



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Map 5-1: Mammal sightings

Slender

Mongoose

Slender

Mongoose

Marsh

Mongoose



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Avifauna 5.3.2

A total of 76 species of birds were found within the Yaligimba Concession area (including the

Congo River areas), of which 13 species are Afro-Palearctic migrants. One bird species, the

African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus), was observed just outside the concession and is

listed as a Vulnerable species according to the IUCN Red List. Furthermore, geographical

distribution and range extensions for two species were documented (Table 5-6).

Previous and current illegal logging (slash and burn) activity in the region by local villagers

for subsistance farming, the historic conversion of forests to oil palm plantations, and the

ongoing hunting pressure were observed. The findings indicate that the Yaligimba

Concession area, in general, is of relatively low value as a site for the conservation of birds

however the Congo River riparian forests and the less disturbed forests on the southern

boundary are important avifaunal zones. The generally low value within the concession is

due, in part, to a decline in the bird species richness of the site as a result of forest

degradation, fragmentation and clearance, together with unsustainable levels of hunting of

some species.

A number of African Pigmy Kingfishers (Ispidina picta) (Figure 5-2) were observed

throughout the Yaligimba Concession, however it was noted that this species seemed to be

larger than the southern African variety, and had a distinct call difference. This has led to

questions as to whether a potential sub-species of this family may occur within this region of

the DRC. Further studies would have to occur to confirm this.

Figure 5-2: African Pigmy Kingfishers (Ispidina picta)



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Table 5-5: Bird species of note identified during the field survey at Yaligimba

Concession

Common Name Scientific Name Status and Comments

Afep Pigeon Columba unicincta Locally common and heard in the forests within the concession

African Cuckoo-Hawk Aviceda cuculoides Single species observed in the plantations

African Harrier-hawk Polyboroides typus Many individuals observed within the plantation areas

African Green Pigeon Treron calvus A number of this species observed in the gardens of the Yaligimba camp

African Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus One species observed outside the concession Listed as Vulnerable on IUCN.

African Jacana Actophilornis africanus A number of species along the Congo River back waters

African Rail Rallus caerulenscens A single ingividual recorded in the papyrus swamp area

African Openbill Anastomus lamelligerus A small flock flying overhead on the Congo River tributary and papyrus swamp

African Palm-swift Cypsiurus parvus A number of individuals within the plantations

African Paradise-flycatcher Terpsiphone viridis Common throughout but specifically in the plantations

African Pied Hornbill Tockus fasciatus Numerous throughout the area both in the forest and heavily disturbed areas

African Pied Wagtail Motacilla aguimp A number of individuals observed along the Congo River

African Pygmy-Kingfisher Ispidina picta Single species observed in forest adjacent to a village



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African Thrush Turdus pelios A breeding pair observed in the Secondary Forest

African Yellow White-eye Zosterops senegalensis A small flock observed in secondary forest

Ashy Flycatcher Muscicapa caerulescens Single species observed in Yaligimba camp garden

Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica Very common in open areas throughout the concession.

Bates's Paradise-Flycatcher Terpsiphone batesi Single species observed in secondary forest area adjacent to airstrip

Black Crake Amaurornis flavirostra A number of individuals in the papyrus swamp area

Black Cuckoo Cuculus clamosus Fairly common throughout plantations and settlements

Black Kite Milvus migrans Extremely common around camp and in plantations

Black Headed Heron Ardelea malenocephela A single individual observed in the papyrus swamp

Black Sawwing Psalidoprocne pristoptera A number of species observed in Yaligimba camp

Black-and-white Manikin Spermestes bicolor Very common in Yaligimba camp and plantations

Black-headed Heron Ardea melanocephala A number of scattered individuals along the Congo River and its tributaries on site

Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus One individual located within higher sections of the plantations

Blue-headed Wood-dove Turtur brehmeri Endemic to central Africa and one species observed in the secondary forest



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Blue-spotted Wood-dove Turtur afer Common in secondary and disturbed forest throughout area.

Broad-billed Roller Eurystomus glaucurus Relatively Common throughout the Yaligimba Concession

Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Common throughout concession. Several large flocks of flying along Congo River. Anthropogenic species.

Chattering Cisticola Cisticola anonymus Common throughout the Yaligimba Concession

Common Bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus Common throughout the Yaligimba Concession

Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos Common throughout the areas where water was standing

Common Swift Apus apus Common throughout the Yaligimba Concession

Congo Sand Martin Riparia congica A number of flocks observed over open water and papyrus swamp area

Congo Serpent-eagle Dryotriorchis spectabilis One species observed flying over secondary forest adjacent to airstrip

Diederik Cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius Common throughout the Yaligimba Concession

Emerald Cuckoo Chrysococcyx cupreus Common in thick forest and secondary growth

Forbes's Plover Charadrius forbesi A single individual observed on the bank next to the papyrus swamp

Fraser's Eagle-owl Bubo poensis Single individual heard in secondary forest adjacent to the airstrip



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Grey Tit-Flycatcher Myioparus plumbeus A single individual observed in the secondary forest.

Great Blue Turaco Corythaeola cristata Common throughout concession both in forest and in disturbed habitats. Heavily hunted species.

Greater Striped-Swallow Cecropis cucullata Common throughout the Yaligimba Concession

Hamerkop Scopus umbretta A single individual observed over the papyrus swamp area

House Sparrow Passer domesticus Common throughout the Yaligimba Concession

Klaas's Cuckoo Chrysococcyx klaas Common throughout the Yaligimba Concession

Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis Common throughout the Yaligimba Concession

Little Egret Egretta garzetta Observed a number of times at all three sites along the major water courses

Lizard Buzzard Kaupifalco monogrammicus

A number of individuals located throughout plantations

Long-tailed Hawk Urotriorchis macrourus A single juvenile individual observed adjacent to the Yaligimba camp

Mosque Swallow Cecropis senegalensis Common throughout the Yaligimba Concession

Northern Gray-headed Sparrow Passer griseus Common throughout the Yaligimba Concession

Orange-cheeked Waxbill Estrilda melpoda Common throughout the Yaligimba Concession

Pale-fronted Nigrita Nigrita luteifrons A single species observed in the secondary forest adjacent to the airstrip



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Palm-nut Vulture Gypohierax angolensis A number of species observed along the Congo River.

Pied Crow Corvus albus Common throughout the plantations

Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis A few species observed in open water adjacent to papyrus swamp

Pin-tailed Whydah Vidua macroura Common throughout the plantations, benefited from anthropogenic impacts

Piping Hornbill Ceratogymna fistulator Observed throughout secondary forested areas on the boundary

Red-billed Quelea Quelea quelea Common in plantation areas. Benefited from clearance of forest.

Red-chested Owlet Glaucidium tephronotum A single individual heard calling most nights from the Yaligimba camp

Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata Common throughout the concession

Red-faced Cisticola Cisticola erythrops Common species along reedbed and papyrus swamp area

Sladen’s Barbet Gymnobucco sladeni Congo Basin endemic may be more abundant than these records suggest as not much field work was conducted in forest clearings.

Senegal Coucal Centropus sengalensis Common around Yaligimba in heavily disturbed areas and in dense scrubby growth. Benefited from clearance of forest.

Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides A single individual observed within the papyrus swamp

Tambourine Dove Turtur tympanistria Common throughout secondary



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forest and plantations

Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia subflava Common in rank undergrowth, riverine edge, and settled areas throughout. Occurs naturally along major rivers, and has also in man-made habitats.

Tiny Sunbird Cinnyris minullus A number of individual species around the camp

Western Black-headed Oriole Oriolus brachyrhynchus Single species observed around the gardens of the Yaligimba camp

Western Olive Sunbird Cyanomitra obscura Single individual recorded in Yaligimba camp garden

Western Nicator Nicator chloris Common throughout the secondary forested areas

Western Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava Common throughout the plantations and road infrastructure

White-crested Hornbill Tockus albocristatus Small flocks observed in secondary forest

White-throated Bee-eater Merops albicollis A small flock located around the Yaligimba camp.

White-throated Blue Swallow Hirundo nigrita A number of species observed along river and papyrus swamp area.

White-throated Greenbul Phyllastrephus albigularis Observed in the secondary forest

Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus Common in gardens of the Yaligimba offices and camp

Winding Cisticola Cisticola galactotes A number of species observed throughout the papyrus swamp

Woodland Kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis Common around Yaligimba. Generally a Woodland species but present due to clearance of



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forest.

Yellow-throated Tinkerbird Pogoniulus subsulphureus Common in forest and fairly common in heavily disturbed areas.

Distribution changes 5.3.3

Due to the limited number of avifaunal surveys having ever taken place within the Yaligimba

concession, or in the near vicinity, a number of species observed need to have their

recorded distribution ranges extended. A number of field guides were used for this survey

including Sinclair and Ryan (2008) and Van Perlo (Revised 2012). The following species

were observed within the Yaligimba concession that were not previously known to occur

within this region of the Congo River Basin (Table 5-6).



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Table 5-6: Distribution changes for the DRC

Common Name (Scientific Name) Comments

African Rail (Rallus caerulescens)

*Photograph by Mike Buckham

A single ingividual recorded in the

papyrus swamp area. Easily

distinguishable by its slightly curbed

red bill. This species is not known to

have ever occurred within the Central

Congo Basis region. This species

has an extremely large range, and

hence does not approach the

thresholds for Vulnerable under the

range size criteria.

Little Egret (Egretta garzetta)

Little Eagret (Egretta garzetta) is a

white egret with black legs and

contrasting yellow feet. Common

throughout Southern and North

Central Africa (South of the Sahara),

this species was generally not known

to occur along the Congo River. It

was observed a number of times

within the river and marsh areas

within Yaligimba.

A total of nine raptor species were recorded during the survey in Yaligimba (Table 5-7 and

Map 5-2). The raptors use the area mainly for foraging and passage during migration. The

species in the area are dictated by the nature of habitat and landscapes with passerines

being the most abundant. The passerine species present in the area could be broadly

categorised into woodland and grassland species. Breeding birds recorded were mainly

resident species with nests localised within specific areas. The passerines mostly utilised the

area for roosting mainly within the valleys. Colonial nesting or roosting species were not

recorded.



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Table 5-7: Birds of Prey observed in Yaligimba

Common Name Scientific Name Status

African Cuckoo-Hawk Aviceda cuculoides Least Concern

Black Kite Milvus migrans Least Concern

Yellow-billed Kite Milvus aegyptius Not Evaluated

Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus Least Concern

Congo Serpent-eagle Dryotriorchis spectabilis Least Concern / Near Endemic

Fraser's Eagle-owl Bubo poensis Least Concern

Lizard Buzzard Kaupifalco monogrammicus Least Concern

Red-chested Owlet Glaucidium tephronotum Least Concern

Long-tailed Hawk Urotriorchis macrourus Least Concern / Near Endemic

Palmnut Vulture Gypohierax angolensis Least Concern

Figure 5-3: A) Congo Sepent Eagle (Dryotriorchis spectabilis); B) Palmnut Vulture

(Gypohierax angolensis); C) Long-tailed Hawk (Urotriorchis macrourus); and D)

African Harrier Hawk (Polyboroides typus) Photographs by Callan Cohen and Nic

Burrow

Birds of prey encountered along the riparian areas, within or adjacent to the site, including

included species such as the Congo serpent eagle (Dryotriorchis spectabilis) (Figure 5-3).

This species is from the family Accipitridae and endemic to western and central Africa, with

its range stretching from Sierra Leone south to Angola and west to the DRC. It occurs in

upper and lower Guinean and Congolian rainforests.

A B C D



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Map 5-2: Avifaunal sightings



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5.4 Habitat Types and Associated Species

Three broad habitat types were identified to exist within the Yaligimba Concession area.

These included terrestrial and aquatic habitat:

■ Forest (including natural, secondary and swamp);

■ Riverine Forest, River Bank and Open Water; and

■ Plantations, villages and modified areas.

Of all the species observed it must be noted that some species will overlap with habitat

preferences (Table 5-8) for example the African Paradise Flycatcher was observed in

Secondary Forest, Riparian Forest and in the Plantations.

Table 5-8: Species associated with various habitats within the Yaligimba Concession

Habitat

Typical Near Endemic SSC (incl. new

distributions)

Mammals Birds Mammals Birds Mammals Birds

Secondary Forests 8 33 6 13 - 3

Riverine Banks/

Papyrus Swamp

3 44 2 18 2 4

Modified Areas

(Plantations)

2 59 - 1 - 3

Forest Habitat 5.4.1

5.4.1.1 Description

The forest habitat (Figure 5-4) comprises of a closed canopy at a height of approximately 35

to 40 meters. Epiphytes, lianes and vines provide shelter at lower levels within the trees. The

understory is not well developed as a result of the low lux. Grasses and large leaved plants

occur in areas where there is light penetration. There is an extremely thick layer of leaf litter

and little to no soil. Buttress roots and exposed root structures provide ideal habitat for

multiple mammal and bird species.

The swamp forest is typical of the study area and occurs in both seasonally and permanently

inundated areas. This forest can range from being somewhat short (10 to 20 m) to very tall

(up to 40 m) depending on the level of inundation (where land is seasonally inundated, larger

trees tend to grow). Swamps are restricted to the shallow banks of rivers and streams and

due to the low-lying nature of the study area, are very common. Where they are permanently

inundated, the swamp areas are dominated by Raphia palm. Overall, typical species in the



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swamps include the dominant Raphia palms, along with trees such as Uapaca species and

relatively small monocotyledonous species. Also found in swamp forests are Bambusa

vulgaris, Anthocleista sp, Macaranga sp and Musanga sp.

Two types of stream habitat occur in the forests:

■ very shallow sand substrate streams within these forests provide habitat to a number

of aquatic or amphibian species; and

■ deeper sand substrate streams with a thick layer of leaves.

5.4.1.2 Typical Species:

5.4.1.2.1 Mammals

The majority of all the mega fauna found within the concession exist within this habitat. The

biodiversity contained within the secondary and less disturbed forests within and surrounding

the Yaligimba Concession is still relatively unknown. The north-eastern Congolian Lowland

forests are generally known to support a rich primate diversity that can include gracile

chimpanzee (or bonobo) (Pan paniscus), and other large mammals, such as African

Elephant (Loxodonta africana) and African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer). It must be noted

however that no large species of mammals were recorded within the Yaligimba Concession.

This is not to suggest they do not exist, however due to the expansive nature of the habitat

and large distances required to travel in order to reach preferred habitat the survey did not

yield many positive results for mammals.

5.4.1.2.2 Birds

Thirty three (33) of the 76 bird species observed are associated with this habitat which

included both natural and secondary forest types. Some of these species occur in lowland

rainforest as well as the secondary and agricultural habitats, while others are extremely

sensitive and cannot survive in disturbed conditions as they require closed canopy habitats

which contain certain unique food sources. Of the 33 species observed, the majority forage

and move quickly through the middle to upper storey of the canopy thus making them

extremely difficult to identify. There are approximately ten further species that were heard, or

seen but not properly identified within this habitat.

Biologically functional natural forest patches occur on the north western boundary of the

Yaligimba Concession and are not easily accessed. Hunting trails were followed, where

possible, in order to access the less disturbed forests. These forested areas included a

number of fairly common species that were easily detected including a number of

Honeyguide and Greenbul species along with the Western Nicator (Nicator chloris), Forest

Robin (Stiphrornis erythrothorax), Blue-headed Wood Dove (Turtur brehmeri), Great Blue

Turaco (Corythaeola cristata), Mottled Spinetail (Rhapidura sabini), African Pied Hornbill

(Tockus fasciatus), and Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird (Pogoniulus atroflavus). Single individuals

of some of the less common species were observed or heard, and included Narina Trogon

(Apaloderma narina), Sladen's barbet (Gymnobucco sladeni).



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Figure 5-4 : Secondary Forest Habitat (closed canopy)

Riverine Forest, Reedbeds, River bank and Open Water 5.4.2

5.4.2.1 Description

This habitat is comprised of forest type vegetation and extensive reedbeds including papyrus

reeds, which lies north the Congo River (Figure 5-5). The tree species are of similar size to

those of the Natural Rainforest Habitat however the canopy is not as closed. The understory

is well developed and there is a thick floor of leaf litter. Vegetation is hydromorphic in nature

immediately beside the water. Small ‘beaches’ exist where the local fishermen have cleared

vegetation to make way for their boats and water access.



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Figure 5-5: Riverine Forest, River bank, Reedbed and Open Water Habitat

5.4.2.2 Typical Species:

5.4.2.2.1 Mammals

The only signs of mammals that were observed within this habitat type included the spoor of

the marsh mongoose or water mongoose (Atilax paludinosus).

A number of squirrel species were observed within the Yaligimba worker village garden and

along the riparian forests adjacent to the airstrip and on the river tributaries, however

identification was difficult due to the nature of their behaviour.

5.4.2.2.2 Birds

The taller, rank grass and reedbeds adjacent to the river had species such as Slender billed

Weaver (Ploceus pelzelzi) and Spectacled Weaver (Ploceus ocularis). Common species of

the Congo River system include Squacco Heron (Ardeola ralloides), Palm-nut Vulture



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(Gypohierax angolensis), Shining-blue Kingfisher (Alcedo quadribraches) and in particular in

the clumps of thickets a number of sunbirds were observed including the Olive-bellied

Sunbird (Cinnyris chloropygius) and Tiny Sunbird (Cinnyris minullus).

Most of the species encountered on the river surveys within the concession boundary were

typical large water birds, the density of which was surprisingly low compared with other large

African rivers. Common species include Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) which is previously not

known to occur within the central Congo Basin, Hamerkop (Scopus umbretta), Hadeda Ibis

(Bostrychia hagedash), African Fish Eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer), Common Sandpiper (Actitis

hypoleucos) and Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava). Three species were confined to flooded

thickets which border the streams located within the Yaligimba Concession, these included:

African Rail (Rallus caerulescens), a species not known to occur in the Central Congo Basin,

Chattering Cisticola (Cisticola anonymus) and squacco heron (Ardeola ralloides).

Plantations, Villages, Gardens and Modified Habitat 5.4.3

Disturbed areas are any areas that have been modified, including the oil palm plantations

(Figure 5-6). They no longer contain indigenous forest and although some of these areas do

contain secondary forest, which, when old, approximates to the natural forest of the region.

These areas have generally been cleared, or are currently under plantations. They typically

contain weeds and fast-growing ruderal indigenous species that would normally colonise

gaps in the forest caused by tree falls. The mosaic of secondary forest and agriculture which

results from local slash and burn agriculture practices also forms some of these areas.



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Figure 5-6: A) Plantations; B) Camp Gardens; and C) Current plantation areas

5.4.3.1.1 Mammals

Rodents, including exotic and common rat species are the most common wild mammals

found within the oil palm plantations. They are attracted to the plantations to feed on the oil

palm seeds, and flourish because all their natural predators are removed during the initial

forest clearing. Snakes and other potential predators are traditionally systematically

eliminated if they make any attempt to recolonise oil palm plantations. Once established, rats

are very difficult to remove from plantations. The only living wild mammal species observed

within the Yaligimba plantations during the January and February 2015 survey was the

Slender Mongoose (Galerella sanguinea).

5.4.3.1.2 Birds

More so than any other mega-faunal type, bird species have adapted well to the increasing

populations, habitat modification, deforestation and the approximately 9,000 ha of oil palm

plantations within the Yaligimba Concession. A total number of 59 different species were

observed throughout this habitat during the January 2015 survey.



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This habitat type included the village areas, Yaligimba worker village gardens, plantations

and other agricultural fields located throughout the concession. Species such as Red-

chested Cuckoo (Cuculus solitarius), African Emerald Cuckoo (Chrysococcyx cupreus),

Klaas’s Cuckoo (Chrysococcyx klaas), Western Black-headed Oriole (Oriolus

brachyrhynchus), Piping hornbill (Bycanistes fistulator), African Pygmy Kingfisher (Ceyx

pictus), Woodland Kingfisher (Halcyon senegalensis), White-throated Bee-eater (Merops

albicollis), all used the large trees within the village gardens for general roosting.

The plantations were generally quiet but provided a constant flow of some of the more

common anthropogenic bird species that have adapted over the past 100 years. These

species included the: Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica), African Paradise Flycatcher

(Terpsiphone viridis), Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava), red-billed Quelea (Quelea quelea) and

the extremely common Orange-cheeked Waxbill (Estrilda melpoda). A number of birds of

prey were located within the plantations presumably due to the increased amount of rodent

species available as a preferred food source.

6 Discussion and Recommendations

The negative influence on the number of forest (Riparian, Natural and Secondary)

dependent species of birds and mammals in the Yaligimba Concession relates to what has

happened to the forests of the area over the past 100 years. Forest degradation and

modification, fragmentation and loss occurred as a result of the establishment and operation

of the oil palm plantations, however much damage has also occurred to the forest habitats

by the many people and their family members who have been drawn to the area to work on

the plantation. In meeting their requirements for food, fuel, shelter and money, they have

converted large areas of natural forest to cropland and removed resources, such as wood

and prominent mammal and bird species for bush meat.

Feronia must adopt a hands-on approach in conserving the existing habitat that could

harbour many of these species, in order for them to return over time. Although the habitat is

conducive for rare and endangered species, the practices of hunting and forest clearing

must be addressed.

It is recommended that a second (summer) season survey is conducted for mammals and

avifauna, alternatively the Yaligimba management should employ an individual

(Environmental Control Officer) who can seasonally monitor the fauna and flora within the

concession and assist in education programmes to further reduce any illegal hunting. This

will also assist in getting to areas of the concession that were previously inaccessible due to

safety concerns or time constraints.

7 Conclusion

The DRC is party to a number of international treaties that directly relate to the fauna and

flora of the country. These include Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Tropical Timber, Rivers and Wetlands (WWF, 2008). With these treaties and general

environmental best practices, Feronia PHC is in a strong position to be a leader in the field



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of conservation within its concessions and will continue to rehabilitate existing plantations

without converting any new areas. With the results of this and the other ecological specialist

surveys, a conservation programme will continue to be moulded to suit the project area and

protect and maintain the current ecological state.

Only one dead species of primate, the Red-tailed Monkey (Cercopithecus Ascanius) was

observed within the Yaligimba Concession. However, within the survey of the less disturbed

forest on the western boundary other primate species were heard, but these were very

nervous and fled deeper into the forest when hearing human movement. Three bat, one

squirrel and two mongoose species were observed.

A total of 78 species of birds were found within the Yaligimba Concession area (including the

Congo River areas) over a six day period, of which 13 species are Afro-Palearctic migrants.

One species, the African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus) was observed just outside the

concession, and is listed as a Vulnerable species according to the IUCN Red List. Due to

the limited number of avifaunal surveys having ever taken place within the Yaligimba

Concession area, or in the near vicinity, two species observed need to have their currently

recorded distribution ranges extended.

It is Feronia’s plan to replant palms in already modified habitat to avoid disturbing existing

natural, secondary or riparian forest. Planting in disturbed habitat, addresses concerns about

larger mammals and some of the SSC avifaunal species which mostly live in natural forests

and are among the most commonly hunted taxonomic groups (especially primates).

Commercial bushmeat hunting in the concession remains a factor that will hinder any

conservation efforts that Yaligimba and Feronia initiates, and will need to be addressed with

education campaigns and help from other parties (e.g., the authorties, consultants, local

communities and NGOs).



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8 References

ABERNETHY, K. and NDONG OBIANG, A.M. 2013. Bushmeat in Gabon/La viande de

Brousse au Gabon. Technical Report to the Directeur Général des Eaux et Forets.

BLOM, A. ED. (1990) List of the birds of the (future) Okapi Reserve and National Park.

Okapi National Park Project. DRC (Unpubl. report.)

International Union for the Council of Nature (IUCN) Redlist of Threatened Species,

available online at www.iucnredlist.org

A Rapid Biological Assessment of Lokutu, Democratic Republic of Congo, Thomas M.

Butynski and Jennifer McCullough (Editors)

DEMEY, R., HERROELEN, P. AND PEDERSEN, T. (2000) Additions and annotations to the

avifauna of Congo-Kinshasa (ex-Zaïre). Bull. Brit. Orn.

SINCLAIR, I and RYAN, P, Birds of Africa South of the Sahara (2003 – 2008)

VAN KRUNKELSVEN, E., BILI-ISIA, I. AND DRAULANS, D. (2000) A survey of bonobos

and other large mammals in Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo.

https://ic.fsc.org/high-conservation-values-and-biodiversity.213.htm

IUCN Red Data List of Threatened Species List 2014.3

Nik Borrow and Ron Demey: Birds of Western Africa (Princeton Field Guides) Paperback –

October 26, 2014

REDFORD, K.H. 1992. The empty forest. Bioscience 42: 412–422.

Rose, A. L. (2001) Social change and social values in mitigating bushmeat commerce. In

M.I. Bakarr, G.A.B.d. Fonseca, R.A. Mittermeier, A.B. Rylands & K.W. Painemilla (Eds),

Hunting and bushmeat Utilization in the African Rain Forest. Washington DC: Conservation

International.

Sayer, A. J.et al (Revised 2004 – Chapter 8) Wildlife, Loggers and Livelihoods in the Congo

Basin

Van Perlo (Revised 2012); Birds of West Africa

World Wildlife Fund and Proforest, Juillet 2008 - 2015. Forêts de Haute Valeur pour la

Conservation en RDC, available online at www.proforest.net

http://www.proforest.net/



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Appendix A: Mammal Species



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Species Scientific name Status IUCN

Bonobo Pan paniscus Endangered

Guereza Colobus Colobus guereza Least concern

Southern Talapoin Miopithecus talapoin Least concern

De Brazzas Monkey Cercopithecus neglectus Least concern in DRC

Blue Monkey Cercopithecus mitis ssp elgonis

Least concern

Red Tailed Monkey Cercopithecus ascanius Least concern

Poto Perodicticus potto Least concern

Greater galago Otolemur crassicaudatus Least concern

Straw-coloured fruit bat Eidolon helvum Near threatened

Hammer Bat Hypsignathus monstrosus Least concern - locally common

Golden Fruit Bat Casinycteris argynnis Least concern

Black Hawk Bat Saccolaimus peli Least concern

Giant Otter Shrew Potamogale velox Least concern - sporadic distribution

Four Toed Elephant Shrew

Petrodromus tetradactylus Least concern

African Pygmy Squirrel Myosciurus pumilio Least concern but declining

Congo Rope Squirrel Funisciurus congicus Least concern

African Giant Squirrel Protoxerus stangeri Least concern

Thomas's Rope Squirrel Funisciurus anerythrus Least concern

Lord Derby's Anomalure Anomalurus derbianus Least concern

Beercroft's Anomalure Anomalurus beecrofti Least concern

Crested porcupine Hystrix cristata Least concern

Brush Tailed Porcupine Atherurus africanus Least concern hunted

Marsh Cane Rat Thryonomys gregorianus Least concern

Giant Pouched Rat Beamys emini Least concern

Velvet Rat Colomys goslingi Least concern

Target Rat Stochomys longicaudatus Least concern

Zebra Mouse Lemniscomys sp Least concern

Swamp Otter Aonyx congicus Least concern

Long Snouted Mongoose Herpestes naso Least concern

Slender Mongoose Herpestes sanguineus Least concern

Marsh Mongoose Atilax paludinosus Least concern

Blotched Genet Genetta tigrina Least concern

Servaline Genet Genetta servaline Least concern

Central African Linsang Poiana richardsoni Least concern

African Civet Civettictis civetta Least concern

African Palm Civet Nandinia binotata Least concern

Golden Cat Felis aurata Near threatened

Leopard Panthera pardus Near threatened

Long Tailed Pangolin Uromanis tetradactyla Vulnerable



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Species Scientific name Status IUCN

Tree Pangolin Phataginus tricuspis Vulnerable

Red River Hog Potamochoerus porcus Least concern

Water Chevrotain Hyemoschus aquaticus Least concern

African (Forest) Buffalo Syncerus caffer Least concern

Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus Least concern

Black-fronted Duiker Cephalophus nigrifrons Least Concern

Yellow-backed Duiker Cephalophus silvicultor Least concern

Ogilby’s duiker Cephalophus dorsalis Least concern



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Appendix B: Bird Species

Checklist of the birds of the central DRC

Key to status information

B - Breeding record confirmed M - Migrant including on passage through this country P - breeds in Palearctic

E - locally Extinct including former breeding records N - Nearctic R - Resident

I - Introduced species O - Oceanic V - Vagrant

2 RB Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 389 AV Nyanza Swift Apus niansae 778 RB Wing-snapping Cisticola Cisticola ayresii

3 R Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus 390 P Common Swift Apus apus 779 RB Buff-bellied Warbler Phyllolais pulchella

7 R Reed Cormorant Phalacrocorax africanus 391 R Bates's Swift Apus batesi 780 RB Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia subflava

8 RB African Darter Anhinga rufa 392 RB White-rumped Swift Apus caffer 781 RB Banded Prinia Prinia bairdii

9 R Great White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus 393 R Horus Swift Apus horus 782 RB White-chinned Prinia Schistolais leucopogon

10 RB Pink-backed Pelican Pelecanus rufescens 394 RB Little Swift Apus affinis 783 RB Red-winged Warbler Heliolais erythropterus

12 PV Eurasian Bittern Botaurus stellaris 395 RB Mottled Swift Tachymarptis aEquateurialis 784 RB Red-winged Grey Warbler Drymocichla incana

13 R/P Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus 405 RB Brown-hooded Kingfisher Halcyon albiventris 785 RB Black-collared Apalis Apalis pulchra

14 M Dwarf Bittern Ixobrychus sturmii 406 MB Grey-headed Kingfisher Halcyon leucocephala 786 RB Ruwenzori Apalis Apalis ruwenzorii

15 R White-crested Tiger Heron Tigriornis leucolopha 407 R Blue-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon malimbica 787 RB Yellow-breasted Apalis Apalis flavida

16 RB White-backed Night Heron Gorsachius leuconotus 408 MB Woodland Kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis 788 R Masked Apalis Apalis binotata

17 RB Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax 409 R Striped Kingfisher Halcyon chelicuti 789 RB Mountain Masked Apalis Apalis personata

18 RB/P Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides 410 RB African Dwarf Kingfisher Ceyx lecontei 790 RB Black-throated Apalis Apalis jacksoni

19 M Madagascar Pond Heron Ardeola idae 411 MB African Pygmy Kingfisher Ceyx pictus 791 RB Black-capped Apalis Apalis nigriceps

20 RB Rufous-bellied Heron Ardeola rufiventris 412 R White-bellied Kingfisher Alcedo leucogaster 792 RB Chestnut-throated Apalis Apalis porphyrolaema

21 MB Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 413 RB Malachite Kingfisher Alcedo cristata 793 RB Buff-throated Apalis Apalis rufogularis

22 RB Striated Heron Butorides striata 414 RB Shining-blue Kingfisher Alcedo quadribrachys 794 RB Gosling's Apalis Apalis goslingi



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23 R Black Heron Egretta ardesiaca 415 R Half-collared Kingfisher Alcedo semitorquata 795 RB Grey Apalis Apalis cinerea

24 R Little Egret Egretta garzetta 416 RB Giant Kingfisher Megaceryle maxima 796 RB Brown-headed Apalis Apalis alticola

25 RB Intermediate Egret Egretta intermedia 417 RB Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 797 RB Green-backed Camaroptera Camaroptera brachyura

26 R Great Egret Egretta alba 418 RB Black-headed Bee-eater Merops breweri 798 RB Yellow-browed Camaroptera Camaroptera superciliaris

27 RB Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 419 RB Blue-headed Bee-eater Merops muelleri 799 RB Olive-green Camaroptera Camaroptera chloronota

28 R Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 420 RB Black Bee-eater Merops gularis 800 RB Miombo Wren-Warbler Calamonastes undosus

29 R Black-headed Heron Ardea melanocephala 421 RB Little Bee-eater Merops pusillus 801 RB Grey-capped Warbler Eminia lepida

30 R Goliath Heron Ardea goliath 422 RB Blue-breasted Bee-eater Merops variegatus 802 R Oriole Warbler Hypergerus atriceps

31 RB Hamerkop Scopus umbretta 423 RB Cinnamon-chested Bee-eater Merops oreobates 803 RB Fraser's Forest Flycatcher Fraseria ocreata

32 RB Yellow-billed Stork Mycteria ibis 424 RB Swallow-tailed Bee-eater Merops hirundineus 804 RB White-browed Forest Flycatcher Fraseria cinerascens

33 MB African Openbill Anastomus lamelligerus 425 RB Red-throated Bee-eater Merops bulocki 805 RB White-eyed Slaty Flycatcher Melaenornis fischeri

34 PV Black Stork Ciconia nigra 426 RB White-fronted Bee-eater Merops bullockoides 806 RB Yellow-eyed Black Flycatcher Melaenornis ardesiacus

35 M Abdim's Stork Ciconia abdimii 427 M White-throated Bee-eater Merops albicollis 807 RB Northern Black Flycatcher Melaenornis edolioides

36 RB Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus 428 RB Boehm's Bee-eater Merops boehmi 808 RB Southern Black Flycatcher Melaenornis pammelaina

37 PW White Stork Ciconia ciconia 429 PW Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Merops persicus 809 RB Pale Flycatcher Bradornis pallidus

38 RB Saddle-billed Stork Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis 430 M Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 810 PW Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata

39 RB Marabou Stork Leptoptilos crumeniferus 431 P European Bee-eater Merops apiaster 811 MB Gambaga Flycatcher Muscicapa gambagae

40 RB Shoebill Balaeniceps rex 432 RB Rosy Bee-eater Merops malimbicus 812 RB Ashy Flycatcher Muscicapa caerulescens

41 M Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 433 MB Northern Carmine Bee-eater Merops nubicus 813 RB Swamp Flycatcher Muscicapa aquatica

42 R Hadada Ibis Bostrychia hagedash 434 M Southern Carmine Bee-eater Merops nubicoides 814 RB Cassin's Flycatcher Muscicapa cassini

43 R Olive Ibis Bostrychia olivacea 435 M Rufous-crowned Roller Coracias naevius 815 RB Olivaceous Flycatcher Muscicapa olivascens

44 RB Spot-breasted Ibis Bostrychia rara 436 R Blue-bellied Roller Coracias cyanogaster 816 RB Chapin's Flycatcher Muscicapa lendu

45 M Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus 437 R Abyssinian Roller Coracias abyssinicus 817 RB African Dusky Flycatcher Muscicapa adusta

46 PV Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia 438 P European Roller Coracias garrulus 818 R Little Grey Flycatcher Muscicapa epulata

47 R African Spoonbill Platalea alba 439 R Lilac-breasted Roller Coracias caudatus 819 RB Yellow-footed Flycatcher Muscicapa sethsmithi



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48 AV Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber 440 R Racket-tailed Roller Coracias spatulatus 820 RB Dusky-blue Flycatcher Muscicapa comitata

49 MB Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor 441 RB Blue-throated Roller Eurystomus gularis 821 R Tessmann's Flycatcher Muscicapa tessmanni

50 MB Fulvous Whistling Duck Dendrocygna bicolor 442 MB Broad-billed Roller Eurystomus glaucurus 822 RB Sooty Flycatcher Muscicapa infuscata

51 RB White-faced Whistling Duck Dendrocygna viduata 443 RB Forest Wood-hoopoe Phoeniculus castaneiceps 823 RB Böhm's Flycatcher Muscicapa boehmi

52 R White-backed Duck Thalassornis leuconotus 444 R White-headed Wood-hoopoe Phoeniculus bollei 824 RB Grey-throated Tit-Flycatcher Myioparus griseigularis

53 RB Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiaca 445 RB Green Wood-hoopoe Phoeniculus purpureus 825 RB Grey Tit-Flycatcher Myioparus plumbeus

54 RB Spur-winged Goose Plectropterus gambensis 446 RB Common Scimitarbill Rhinopomastus cyanomelas 826 PW European Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca

55 RB Hartlaub's Duck Pteronetta hartlaubii 447 RB Black Scimitarbill Rhinopomastus aterrimus 827 PW Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis

56 MB Comb Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos 449 R Abyssinian Ground Hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus 828 PW Semi-collared Flycatcher Ficedula semitorquata

57 RB African Pygmy Goose Nettapus auritus 450 RB Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri 829 RB Chestnut-capped Flycatcher Erythrocercus mccallii

58 PV Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope 451 RB White-crested Hornbill Tropicranus albocristatus 830 RB African Blue Flycatcher Elminia longicauda

59 PV Gadwall Anas strepera 452 R Black Dwarf Hornbill Tockus hartlaubi 831 RB White-tailed Blue Flycatcher Elminia albicauda

60 PV Common Teal Anas crecca 453 RB Red-billed Dwarf Hornbill Tockus camurus 832 RB Dusky Crested Flycatcher Elminia nigromitrata

61 AV Cape Teal Anas capensis 454 RB African Pied Hornbill Tockus fasciatus 833 RB White-bellied Crested Flycatcher Elminia albiventris

62 RB Yellow-billed Duck Anas undulata 455 RB Crowned Hornbill Tockus alboterminatus 834 RB White-tailed Crested Flycatcher Elminia albonotata

63 RB African Black Duck Anas sparsa 456 RB Pale-billed Hornbill Tockus pallidirostris 835 RB Blue-mantled Flycatcher Trochocercus cyanomelas

64 P Northern Pintail Anas acuta 457 M African Grey Hornbill Tockus nasutus 836 RB Blue-headed Crested Flycatcher Trochocercus nitens

65 R Red-billed Duck Anas erythrorhyncha 458 RB Piping Hornbill Bycanistes fistulator 837 MB African Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone viridis

66 RB Hottentot Teal Anas hottentota 459 RB Trumpeter Hornbill Bycanistes bucinator 838 RB Rufous-vented Flycatcher Terpsiphone rufocinerea

67 PW Garganey Anas querquedula 460 R Black-white-casqued Hornbill Bycanistes subcylindricus 839 R Bates's Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone batesi

68 AV Cape Shoveler Anas smithii 461 RB White-thighed Hornbill Bycanistes albotibialis 840 RB Red-bellied Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone rufiventer

69 PW Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata 462 RB Black-casqued Hornbill Ceratogymna atrata 841 RB Bedford's Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone bedfordi

70 MB Southern Pochard Netta erythrophthalma 463 RB Grey-throated Barbet Gymnobucco bonapartei 842 RB Shrike-Flycatcher Megabyas flammulatus

71 § Common Pochard Aythya ferina 464 RB Sladen's Barbet Gymnobucco sladeni 843 RB Black-and-white Flycatcher Bias musicus

72 PV Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula 465 R Bristle-nosed Barbet Gymnobucco peli 844 RB Chestnut Wattle-eye Dyaphorophyia castanea



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73 R Maccoa Duck Oxyura maccoa 466 R Naked-faced Barbet Gymnobucco calvus 845 RB White-spotted Wattle-eye Dyaphorophyia tonsa

74 PW Osprey Pandion haliaetus 467 RB Anchieta's Barbet Stactolaema anchietae 846 RB Jameson's Wattle-eye Dyaphorophyia jamesoni

75 RB African Cuckoo Hawk Aviceda cuculoides 468 RB Speckled Tinkerbird Pogoniulus scolopaceus 847 RB Yellow-bellied Wattle-eye Dyaphorophyia concreta

76 PW European Honey Buzzard Pernis apivorus 469 R Western Green Tinkerbird Pogoniulus coryphaeus 848 RB Brown-throated Wattle-eye Platysteira cyanea

77 R Bat Hawk Macheiramphus alcinus 470 RB Red-rumped Tinkerbird Pogoniulus atroflavus 849 RB Black-throated Wattle-eye Platysteira peltata

78 RB Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus 471 RB Yellow-throated Tinkerbird Pogoniulus subsulphureus 850 RB Rwenzori Batis Batis diops

79 MB Black Kite Milvus migrans 472 RB Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird Pogoniulus bilineatus 851 R Margaret's Batis Batis margaritae

80 RB African Fish Eagle Haliaeetus vocifer 473 RB Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird Pogoniulus chrysoconus 852 RB Chinspot Batis Batis molitor

81 RB Palm-nut Vulture Gypohierax angolensis 474 R Yellow-spotted Barbet Buccanodon duchaillui 853 RB Black-headed Batis Batis minor

82 § Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus 475 RB Hairy-breasted Barbet Tricholaema hirsuta 854 RB Angola Batis Batis minulla

83 RB Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus 476 § Red-fronted Barbet Tricholaema diademata 855 RB Ituri Batis Batis ituriensis

84 RB White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus 477 RB Miombo Pied Barbet Tricholaema frontata 856 RB Pale-breasted Illadopsis Illadopsis rufipennis

85 AV Rüppell's Vulture Gyps rueppellii 478 RB Spot-flanked Barbet Tricholaema lacrymosa 857 RB Brown Illadopsis Illadopsis fulvescens

86 § Cape Vulture Gyps coprotheres 479 RB Vieillot's Barbet Lybius vieilloti 858 RB Mountain Illadopsis Illadopsis pyrrhoptera

87 RB Lappet-faced Vulture Torgos tracheliotus 480 RB White-headed Barbet Lybius leucocephalus 859 RB Scaly-breasted Illadopsis Illadopsis albipectus

88 RB White-headed Vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis 481 RB Black-billed Barbet Lybius guifsobalito 860 RB Puvel's Illadopsis Illadopsis puveli

89 § Short-toed Snake Eagle Circaetus gallicus 482 RB Black-collared Barbet Lybius torquatus 861 RB Grey-chested Illadopsis Kakamega poliothorax

90 R/M Black-chested Snake Eagle Circaetus pectoralis 483 RB Black-backed Barbet Lybius minor 862 RB African Hill Babbler Pseudoalcippe abyssinica

91 RB Brown Snake Eagle Circaetus cinereus 484 RB Double-toothed Barbet Lybius bidentatus 863 RB Spotted Thrush-Babbler Ptyrticus turdinus

92 R Western Banded Snake Eagle Circaetus cinerascens 485 R Black-breasted Barbet Lybius rolleti 864 RB Brown Babbler Turdoides plebejus

93 R Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus 486 R Yellow-billed Barbet Trachyphonus purpuratus 865 RB Arrow-marked Babbler Turdoides jardineii

94 RB Congo Serpent Eagle Dryotriorchis spectabilis 487 RB Crested Barbet Trachyphonus vaillantii 866 AV Blackcap Babbler Turdoides reinwardtii

95 RB African Harrier Hawk Polyboroides typus 488 RB Cassin's Honeybird Prodotiscus insignis 867 RB Dusky Babbler Turdoides tenebrosa

96 PW Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus 489 R Green-backed Honeybird Prodotiscus zambesiae 868 RB Hartlaub's Babbler Turdoides hartlaubii

97 PW Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus 490 R Brown-backed Honeybird Prodotiscus regulus 869 R Black-lored Babbler Turdoides sharpei



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98 R African Marsh Harrier Circus ranivorus 491 RB Zenker's Honeyguide Melignomon zenkeri 870 RB Capuchin Babbler Phyllanthus atripennis

99 P Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 492 RB Lyre-tailed Honeyguide Melichneutes robustus 871 RB Red-collared Babbler Kupeornis rufocinctus

100 RB Gabar Goshawk Micronisus gabar 493 RB Spotted Honeyguide Indicator maculatus 872 RB Chapin's Babbler Kupeornis chapini

101 R Dark Chanting Goshawk Melierax metabates 494 RB Scaly-throated Honeyguide Indicator variegatus 873 RB Stripe-breasted Tit Parus fasciiventer

102 RB African Goshawk Accipiter tachiro 495 RB Greater Honeyguide Indicator indicator 874 RB Miombo Tit Parus griseiventris

103 RB Red-chested Goshawk Accipiter toussenelii 496 RB Lesser Honeyguide Indicator minor 875 RB Dusky Tit Parus funereus

104 RB Chestnut-flanked Sparowhawk Acipiter castanilius 497 RB Thick-billed Honeyguide Indicator conirostris 876 RB Rufous-bellied Tit Parus rufiventris

105 RB Shikra Accipiter badius 498 RB Least Honeyguide Indicator exilis 877 RB White-winged Black Tit Parus leucomelas

106 PV Levant Sparrowhawk Accipiter brevipes 499 R Willcocks's Honeyguide Indicator willcocksi 878 RB Forest Penduline Tit Anthoscopus flavifrons

107 R Red-thighed Sparrowhawk Accipiter erythropus 500 R Dwarf Honeyguide Indicator pumilio 879 R Yellow Penduline Tit Anthoscopus parvulus

108 R Little Sparrowhawk Accipiter minullus 501 R Pallid Honeyguide Indicator meliphilus 880 RB Grey Penduline Tit Anthoscopus caroli

109 R Ovampo Sparrowhawk Accipiter ovampensis 502 PV Eurasian Wryneck Jynx torquilla 881 RB Tit-hylia Pholidornis rushiae

110 R Rufous-chested Sparrowhawk Accipiter rufiventris 503 RB Red-throated Wryneck Jynx ruficollis 882 RB Spotted Creeper Salpornis spilonotus

111 RB Black Sparrowhawk Accipiter melanoleucus 504 R African Piculet Sasia africana 883 RB Western Violet-backed Sunbird Anthreptes longuemarei

112 RB Long-tailed Hawk Urotriorchis macrourus 505 RB Fine-spotted Woodpecker Campethera punctulig 884 RB Violet-tailed Sunbird Anthreptes aurantium

113 M Grasshopper Buzzard Butastur rufipennis 506 RB Nubian Woodpecker Campethera nubica 885 RB Mouse-brown Sunbird Anthreptes gabonicus

114 RB Lizard Buzzard Kaupifalco monogrammicus 507 R Bennett's Woodpecker Campethera bennettii 886 RB Green Sunbird Anthreptes rectirostris

115 P Common Buzzard Buteo buteo 508 R Golden-tailed Woodpecker Campethera abingoni 887 RB Little Green Sunbird Anthreptes seimundi

116 RB Mountain Buzzard Buteo oreophilus 509 RB Green-backed Woodpecker Campethera cailliautii 888 R Anchieta's Sunbird Anthreptes anchietae

117 RB Red-necked Buzzard Buteo auguralis 510 RB Tullberg's Woodpecker Campethera tullbergi 889 RB Fraser's Sunbird Deleornis fraseri

118 RB Augur Buzzard Buteo augur 511 RB Buff-spotted Woodpecker Campethera nivosa 890 R Reichenbach's Sunbird Anabathmis reichenbachii

119 SAT Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina 512 RB Brown-eared Woodpecker Campethera caroli 891 RB Green-headed Sunbird Cyanomitra verticalis

120 R Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax 513 RB Speck-breasted Woodpecker Dendropicos poecilola 892 R Bannerman's Sunbird Cyanomitra bannermani

121 P Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis 514 RB Gabon Woodpecker Dendropicos gabonensis 893 RB Blue-throated Brown Sunbird Cyanomitra cyanolaema

122 AV Verreauxs' Eagle Aquila verreauxii 515 RB Cardinal Woodpecker Dendropicos fuscescens 894 RB Blue-headed Sunbird Cyanomitra alinae



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123 MB Wahlberg's Eagle Aquila wahlbergi 516 RB Bearded Woodpecker Dendropicos namaquus 895 RB Western Olive Sunbird Cyanomitra obscura

124 R African Hawk Eagle Hieraaetus spilogaster 517 RB Yellow-crested Woodpecker Dendropicos xantholophus 896 RB Green-throated Sunbird Chalcomitra rubescens

125 P Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus 518 RB Elliot's Woodpecker Dendropicos elliotii 897 RB Carmelite Sunbird Chalcomitra fuliginosa

126 R Ayres's Hawk Eagle Hieraaetus ayresii 519 RB Grey Woodpecker Dendropicos goertae 898 RB Amethyst Sunbird Chalcomitra amethystina

127 RB Long-crested Eagle Lophaetus occipitalis 520 RB Olive Woodpecker Dendropicos griseocephalus 899 RB Scarlet-chested Sunbird Chalcomitra senegalensis

128 R Cassin's Hawk Eagle Spizaetus africanus 521 RB Brown-backed Woodpecker Picoides obsoletus 900 RB Golden-winged Sunbird Drepanorhynchus reichenowi

129 R Crowned Eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus 522 RB Grauer's Broadbill Pseudocalyptomena graueri 901 RB Bocage's Sunbird Nectarinia bocagii

130 R Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus 523 RB Grey-headed Broadbill Smithornis sharpei 902 R Purple-breasted Sunbird Nectarinia purpureiventris

131 R Secretary Bird Sagittarius serpentarius 524 RB Rufous-sided Broadbill Smithornis rufolateralis 903 RB Bronzy Sunbird Nectarinia kilimensis

132 PW Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni 525 RB African Broadbill Smithornis capensis 904 RB Scarlet-tufted Malachite Sunbird Nectarinia johnstoni

133 PW/RB Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus 526 RB Green-breasted Pitta Pitta reichenowi 905 RB Malachite Sunbird Nectarinia famosa

134 M Fox Kestrel Falco alopex 527 RB African Pitta Pitta angolensis 906 RB Collared Sunbird Hedydipna collaris

135 R Grey Kestrel Falco ardosiaceus 528 RB White-tailed Lark Mirafra albicauda 907 RB Pygmy Sunbird Hedydipna platura

136 R Dickinson's Kestrel Falco dickinsoni 529 RB Rufous-naped Lark Mirafra africana 908 RB Olive-bellied Sunbird Cinnyris chloropygius

137 R Red-necked Falcon Falco chicquera 530 RB Angola Lark Mirafra angolensis 909 RB Tiny Sunbird Cinnyris minullus

138 P Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus 531 RB Flappet Lark Mirafra rufocinnamomea 910 RB Miombo Double-collared Sunbird Cinnyris manoensis

139 PV Amur Falcon Falco amurensis 532 M Rufous-rumped Lark Pinarocorys erythropygia 911 RB Ruwenzori Double-collared Sunbird Cinnyris stuhlmanni

140 SAT Eleonora's Falcon Falco eleonorae 533 MB Dusky Lark Pinarocorys nigricans 912 RB Northern Double-collared Sunbird Cinnyris reichenowi

141 § Sooty Falcon Falco concolor 534 AV Spike-heeled Lark Chersomanes albofasciata 913 RB Regal Sunbird Cinnyris regius

142 P Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo 535 PV Greater Short-toed Lark Calandrella brachydactyla 914 R Rockefeller's Sunbird Cinnyris rockefelleri

143 RB African Hobby Falco cuvierii 536 MB Red-capped Lark Calandrella cinerea 915 RB Beautiful Sunbird Cinnyris pulchellus

144 R Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus 537 RB Sun Lark Galerida modesta 916 R Shelley's Sunbird Cinnyris shelleyi

145 R/P Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus 538 AV Grey-backed Sparrow Lark Eremopterix verticalis 917 RB Congo Sunbird Cinnyris congensis

146 RB Black Guineafowl Agelastes niger 539 RB Fischer's Sparrow Lark Eremopterix leucopareia 918 RB Red-chested Sunbird Cinnyris erythrocercus



CDC2950


147 R Plumed Guineafowl Guttera plumifera 540 MB African River Martin Pseudochelidon eurystomina 919 RB Purple-banded Sunbird Cinnyris bifasciatus

148 RB Crested Guineafowl Guttera pucherani 541 RB Square-tailed Saw-wing Psalidoprocne nitens 920 RB Orange-tufted Sunbird Cinnyris bouvieri

149 RB Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris 542 RB Black Saw-wing Psalidoprocne pristoptera 921 M Palestine Sunbird Cinnyris osea

150 RB Congo Peacock Afropavo congensis 543 MB White-headed Saw-wing Psalidoprocne albiceps 922 R White-bellied Sunbird Cinnyris talatala

151 RB/PW Common Quail Coturnix coturnix 544 RB Brazza's Martin Phedina brazzae 923 RB Variable Sunbird Cinnyris venustus

152 MB Blue Quail Coturnix adansonii 545 RB Plain Martin Riparia paludicola 924 RB Johanna's Sunbird Cinnyris johannae

153 M Harlequin Quail Coturnix delegorguei 546 RB Congo Sand Martin Riparia congica 925 RB Superb Sunbird Cinnyris superbus

154 R Stone Partridge Ptilopachus petrosus 547 PW Common Sand Martin Riparia riparia 926 RB Splendid Sunbird Cinnyris coccinigastrus

155 R Forest Francolin Francolinus lathami 548 MB Banded Martin Riparia cincta 927 RB Bates's Sunbird Cinnyris batesi

156 RB Coqui Francolin Francolinus coqui 549 RB Grey-rumped Swallow Pseudhirundo griseopyga 928 RB Copper Sunbird Cinnyris cupreus

157 RB White-throated Francolin Francolinus albogularis 550 MB Red-breasted Swallow Cecropis semirufa 929 RB African Yellow White-eye Zosterops senegalensis

158 RB Red-winged Francolin Francolinus levaillantii 551 RB Mosque Swallow Cecropis senegalensis 930 RB Common Fiscal Lanius collaris

159 RB Finsch's Francolin Francolinus finschi 552 RB Lesser Striped Swallow Cecropis abyssinica 931 RB Mackinnon's Shrike Lanius mackinnoni

160 R Shelley's Francolin Francolinus shelleyi 553 M Greater Striped Swallow Cecropis cucullata 932 PV Masked Shrike Lanius nubicus

161 R Crested Francolin Francolinus sephaena 554 MB Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica 933 RB Grey-backed Fiscal Lanius excubitorius

162 RB Scaly Francolin Francolinus squamatus 555 R Preuss's Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon preussi 934 P Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor

163 RB Nahan's Francolin Francolinus nahani 556 MB Red-throated Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon rufigula 935 P Isabelline Shrike Lanius isabellinus

164 R Hildebrandt's Francolin Francolinus hildebrandti 557 M South African Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon spilodera 936 P Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio

165 RB Heuglin's Francolin Francolinus icterorhynchus 558 RB Rock Martin Ptyonoprogne fuligula 937 RB Emin's Shrike Lanius gubernator

166 RB Handsome Francolin Francolinus nobilis 559 M Blue Swallow Hirundo atrocaerulea 938 RB Souza's Shrike Lanius souzae

167 RB Red-necked Spurfowl Francolinus afer 560 RB Black-and-Rufous Swallow Hirundo nigrorufa 939 PW Woodchat Shrike Lanius senator

168 RB Kurrichane Buttonquail Turnix sylvaticus 561 RB Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 940 R Yellow-billed Shrike Corvinella corvina

169 MB Black-rumped Buttonquail Turnix hottentottus 562 RB White-throated Blue Swallow Hirundo nigrita 941 RB Fiery-breasted Bush-Shrike Malacanotus cruentus

170 RB Nkulengu Rail Himantornis haematopus 563 RB Pearl-breasted Swallow Hirundo dimidiata 942 RB Grey-headed Bush-Shrike Malacanotus blanchoti

171 RB Grey-throated Rail Canirallus oculeus 564 § Ethiopian Swallow Hirundo aethiopica 943 RB Lagden's Bush-Shrike Malacanotus lagdeni



CDC2950


172 RB White-spotted Flufftail Sarothrura pulchra 565 M White-throated Swallow Hirundo albigularis 944 RB Many-coloured Bush-Shrike Telophorus multicolor

173 MB Buff-spotted Flufftail Sarothrura elegans 566 RB Angola Swallow Hirundo angolensis 945 RB Black-fronted Bush-Shrike Telophorus nigrifrons

174 RB Red-chested Flufftail Sarothrura rufa 567 R Red-chested Swallow Hirundo lucida 946 RB Grey-green Bush-Shrike Telophorus bocagei

175 R Chestnut-headed Flufftail Sarothrura lugens 568 PW Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica 947 RB Orange-breasted Bush-Shrike Telophorus sulfureopectus

176 MB Streaky-breasted Flufftail Sarothrura boehmi 569 P Common House Martin Delichon urbicum 948 RB Gorgeous Bush-Shrike Telophorus viridis

177 MB African Crake Crex egregia 570 PW Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava 949 RB Doherty's Bush-Shrike Telophorus dohertyi

178 P Corncrake Crex crex 571 RB Cape Wagtail Motacilla capensis 950 RB Marsh Tchagra Tchagra minutus

179 R African Rail Rallus caerulescens 572 PW Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea 951 R Brown-crowned Tchagra Tchagra australis

180 R Baillon's Crake Porzana pusilla 573 RB Mountain Wagtail Motacilla clara 952 RB Black-crowned Tchagra Tchagra senegalus

181 P Spotted Crake Porzana porzana 574 PW White Wagtail Motacilla alba 953 R Sabine's Puffback Dryoscopus sabini

182 M Striped Crake Aenigmatolimnas marginalis 575 RB African Pied Wagtail Motacilla aguimp 954 R Pink-footed Puffback Dryoscopus angolensis

183 RB Black Crake Amaurornis flavirostra 576 RB African Pipit Anthus cinnamomeus 955 RB Red-eyed Puffback Dryoscopus senegalensis

184 M Allen's Gallinule Porphyrio alleni 577 R Jackson's Pipit Anthus latistriatus 956 RB Black-backed Puffback Dryoscopus cubla

185 RB Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 578 RB Long-billed Pipit Anthus similis 957 RB Northern Puffback Dryoscopus gambensis

186 RB Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 579 RB Woodland Pipit Anthus nyassae 958 RB Sooty Boubou Laniarius leucorhynchus

187 M Lesser Moorhen Gallinula angulata 580 RB Plain-backed Pipit Anthus leucophrys 959 R Mountain Sooty Boubou Laniarius poensis

188 R Red-knobbed Coot Fulica cristata 581 MB Buffy Pipit Anthus vaalensis 960 RB Lühder's Bush-Shrike Laniarius luehderi

189 RB Wattled Crane Bugeranus carunculatus 582 RB Long-legged Pipit Anthus pallidiventris 961 RB Tropical Boubou Laniarius aethiopicus

190 AV Black Crowned Crane Balearica pavonina 583 RB Short-tailed Pipit Anthus brachyurus 962 R Swamp Boubou Laniarius bicolor

191 RB Grey Crowned Crane Balearica regulorum 584 § Bush Pipit Anthus caffer 963 R Papyrus Gonolek Laniarius mufumbiri

192 RB African Finfoot Podica senegalensis 585 PW Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis 964 RB Black-headed Gonolek Laniarius erythrogaster

193 MB Denham's Bustard Neotis denhami 586 P Red-throated Pipit Anthus cervinus 965 RB Brubru Nilaus afer

194 R White-bellied Bustard Eupodotis senegalensis 587 RB Striped Pipit Anthus lineiventris 966 RB White Helmet-Shrike Prionops plumatus

195 RB Black-bellied Bustard Lissotis melanogaster 588 RB Fülleborn's Longclaw Macronyx fuellebornii 967 RB Yellow-crested Helmet-Shrike Prionops alberti



CDC2950


196 RB African Jacana Actophilornis africanus 589 RB Yellow-throated Longclaw Macronyx croceus 968 RB Rufous-bellied Helmet-Shrike Prionops rufiventris

197 RB Lesser Jacana Microparra capensis 590 RB Rosy-throated Longclaw Macronyx ameliae 969 RB Retz's Helmet-Shrike Prionops retzii

198 RB Greater Painted-snipe Rostratula benghalensis 591 RB Grimwood's Longclaw Macronyx grimwoodi 970 RB Black-winged Oriole Oriolus nigripennis

199 PV Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus 592 RB Red-shouldered Cuckoo-Shrike Campephaga phoen 971 RB Western Black-headed Oriole Oriolus brachyrhynchus

200 R Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 593 MB Black Cuckoo-Shrike Campephaga flava 972 RB Mountain Oriole Oriolus percivali

201 AV Pied Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta 594 RB Petit's Cuckoo-Shrike Campephaga petiti 973 RB Eastern Black-headed Oriole Oriolus larvatus

202 PV Eurasian Thick-knee Burhinus oedicnemus 595 RB Purple-throated CuckooShrike Campephaga quisca 974 MB African Golden Oriole Oriolus auratus

203 RB Senegal Thick-knee Burhinus senegalensis 596 RB Eastern Wattled Cuckoo-Shrike Lobotos oriolinus 975 P Eurasian Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus

204 RB Water Thick-knee Burhinus vermiculatus 597 RB Grey Cuckoo-Shrike Coracina caesia 976 RB Square-tailed Drongo Dicrurus ludwigii

205 R Spotted Thick-knee Burhinus capensis 598 RB White-breasted Cuckoo-Shrike Coracina pectoralis 977 RB Shining Drongo Dicrurus atripennis

206 M Egyptian Plover Pluvianus aegyptius 599 RB Grauer's Cuckoo-Shrike Coracina graueri 978 RB Fork-tailed Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis

207 RB Temminck's Courser Cursorius temminckii 600 RB Blue Cuckoo-Shrike Coracina azurea 979 RB Velvet-mantled Drongo Dicrurus modestus

208 M Bronze-winged Courser Rhinoptilus chalcopterus 601 R Shelley's Greenbul Andropadus masukuensis 980 R Cape Crow Corvus capensis

209 RB Collared Pratincole Glareola pratincola 602 RB Eastern Mountain Greenbul Andropadus nigriceps 981 RB Pied Crow Corvus albus

210 P Black-winged Pratincole Glareola nordmanni 603 RB Little Greenbul Andropadus virens 982 RB White-necked Raven Corvus albicollis

211 MB Rock Pratincole Glareola nuchalis 604 R Little Grey Greenbul Andropadus gracilis 983 R Piapiac Ptilostomus afer

212 MB Grey Pratincole Glareola cinerea 605 R Ansorge's Greenbul Andropadus ansorgei 984 RB Narrow-tailed Starling Poeoptera lugubris

213 PW Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius 606 RB Plain Greenbul Andropadus curvirostris 985 RB Stuhlmann's Starling Poeoptera stuhlmanni

214 PW Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula 607 RB Slender-billed Greenbul Andropadus gracilirostris 986 RB Waller's Starling Onychognathus walleri

215 RB Kittlitz's Plover Charadrius pecuarius 608 RB Yellow-whiskered Greenbul Andropadus latirostris 987 RB Chestnut-winged Starling Onychognathus fulgidus

216 RB Three-banded Plover Charadrius tricollaris 609 RB Golden Greenbul Calyptocichla serina 988 RB Red-winged Starling Onychognathus morio

217 R Forbes's Plover Charadrius forbesi 610 RB Honeyguide Greenbul Baeopogon indicator 989 RB Slender-billed Starling Onychognathus tenuirostris

218 PV Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus 611 RB Sjöstedt's Greenbul Baeopogon clamans 990 RB Purple-headed Starling Lamprotornis purpureiceps

219 RB White-fronted Plover Charadrius marginatus 612 R Spotted Greenbul Ixonotus guttatus 991 RB Purple Starling Lamprotornis purpureus

220 PV Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus 613 R Joyful Greenbul Chlorocichla laetissima 992 AV Cape Starling Lamprotornis nitens



CDC2950


221 P Caspian Plover Charadrius asiaticus 614 R Prigogine's Greenbul Chlorocichla prigoginei 993 RB Bronze-tailed Starling Lamprotornis chalcurus

222 PV Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva 615 RB Yellow-bellied Greenbul Chlorocichla flaviventris 994 RB Greater Blue-eared Starling Lamprotornis chalybaeus

223 P Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola 616 R Falkenstein's Greenbul Chlorocichla falkensteini 995 RB Lesser Blue-eared Starling Lamprotornis chloropterus

224 RB African Wattled Lapwing Vanellus senegallus 617 RB Simple Greenbul Chlorocichla simplex 996 RB Sharp-tailed Starling Lamprotornis acuticaudus

225 RB White-headed Lapwing Vanellus albiceps 618 RB Yellow-throated Leaflove Chlorocichla flavicollis 997 RB Splendid Starling Lamprotornis splendidus

226 R Blacksmith Lapwing Vanellus armatus 619 R Swamp Palm Bulbul Thescelocichla leucopleura 998 RB Rüppell's Starling Lamprotornis purpuroptera

227 RB Spur-winged Lapwing Vanellus spinosus 620 RB Leaf-love Pyrrhurus scandens 999 R White-collared Starling Grafisia torquata

228 M Brown-chested Lapwing Vanellus superciliosus 621 R Terrestrial Brownbul Phyllastrephus terrestris 1000 RB Sharpe's Starling Pholia sharpii

229 MB Senegal Lapwing Vanellus lugubris 622 § Northern Brownbul Phyllastrephus strepitans 1001 MB Violet-backed Starling Cinnyricinclus leucogaster

230 MB Crowned Lapwing Vanellus coronatus 623 R Grey-olive Greenbul Phyllastrephus cerviniventris 1002 MB Wattled Starling Creatophora cinerea

231 R Long-toed Lapwing Vanellus crassirostris 624 R Pale-olive Greenbul Phyllastrephus fulviventris 1003 RB Yellow-billed Oxpecker Buphagus africanus

232 P Sanderling Calidris alba 625 R Toro Olive Greenbul Phyllastrephus hypochloris 1004 R Red-billed Oxpecker Buphagus erythrorhynchus

233 PW Little Stint Calidris minuta 626 RB Sassi's Olive Greenbul Phyllastrephus lorenzi 1005 RB Northern Grey-headed Sparrow Passer griseus

234 P Temminck's Stint Calidris temminckii 627 R Cabanis's Greenbul Phyllastrephus cabanisi 1006 R House Sparrow Passer domesticus

235 P Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea 628 RB Icterine Greenbul Phyllastrephus icterinus 1007 RB Yellow-throated Petronia Petronia superciliaris

236 PV Dunlin Calidris alpina 629 RB Xavier's Greenbul Phyllastrephus xavieri 1008 § White-headed Buffalo-Weaver Dinemellia dinemelli

237 PW Ruff Philomachus pugnax 630 R White-throated Greenbul Phyllastrephus albigularis 1009 RB Chestnut-crowned -Weaver Plocepasser superciliosus

238 PW Jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus 631 RB Yellow-streaked Greenbul Phyllastflavostriatus 1010 RB Chestnut-backed Weaver Plocepasser rufoscapulatus

239 PW Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago 632 RB Red-tailed Bristlebill Bleda syndactylus 1011 RB Cassin's Malimbe Malimbus cassini

240 R African Snipe Gallinago nigripennis 633 R Lesser Bristlebill Bleda notatus 1012 RB Red-bellied Malimbe Malimbus erythrogaster

241 P Great Snipe Gallinago media 634 R Eastern Bearded Greenbul Criniger chloronotus 1013 RB Red-crowned Malimbe Malimbus coronatus

242 P Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa 635 RB Red-tailed Greenbul Criniger calurus 1014 RB Crested Malimbe Malimbus malimbicus

243 PV Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica 636 R White-bearded Greenbul Criniger ndussumensis 1015 RB Blue-billed Malimbe Malimbus nitens

244 P Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus 637 RB Common Bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus 1016 RB Red-headed Malimbe Malimbus rubricollis

245 PW Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata 638 RB Black-collared Bulbul Neolestes torquatus 1017 RB Red-headed Weaver Anaplectes rubriceps



CDC2950


246 P Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus 639 RB Western Nicator Nicator chloris 1018 RB Yellow-legged Weaver Ploceus flavipes

247 P Common Redshank Tringa totanus 640 R Eastern Nicator Nicator gularis 1019 RB Baglafecht Weaver Ploceus baglafecht

248 PW Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis 641 R Yellow-throated Nicator Nicator vireo 1020 R Black-chinned Weaver Ploceus nigrimentus

249 PW Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia 642 RB White-starred Robin Pogonocichla stellata 1021 RB Little Weaver Ploceus luteolus

250 PW Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus 643 RB Forest Robin Stiphrornis erythrothorax 1022 RB Slender-billed Weaver Ploceus pelzelni

251 PW Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola 644 RB Bocage's Akalat Sheppardia bocagei 1023 R Loango Weaver Ploceus subpersonatus

252 P Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus 645 RB Lowland Akalat Sheppardia cyornithopsis 1024 RB Black-necked Weaver Ploceus nigricollis

253 PW Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 646 R Equateurial Akalat Sheppardia aEquateurialis 1025 RB Spectacled Weaver Ploceus ocularis

254 P Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres 647 P Thrush Nightingale Luscinia luscinia 1026 RB Black-billed Weaver Ploceus melanogaster

261 AV/PV Caspian Tern Sterna caspia 648 PW Common Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos 1027 RB Strange Weaver Ploceus alienus

262 M Royal Tern Sterna maxima 649 R White-bellied Robin-Chat Cossyphicula roberti 1028 R Bocage's Weaver Ploceus temporalis

263 P Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis 650 R Archer's Robin-Chat Cossypha archeri 1029 RB Holub's Golden Weaver Ploceus xanthops

264 P Common Tern Sterna hirundo 651 RB Cape Robin-Chat Cossypha caffra 1030 RB Orange Weaver Ploceus aurantius

265 PV Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea 652 R Grey-winged Robin-Chat Cossypha polioptera 1031 RB Northern Brown-throated Weaver Ploceus castanops

266 M Damara Tern Sterna balaenarum 653 RB Blue-shouldered Robin-Chat Cossypha cyanocampter 1032 RB Northern Masked Weaver Ploceus taeniopterus

267 PW Little Tern Sterna albifrons 654 RB White-browed Robin-Chat Cossypha heuglini 1033 RB Lesser Masked Weaver Ploceus intermedius

268 AV Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida 655 MB Red-capped Robin-Chat Cossypha natalensis 1034 RB Vitelline Masked Weaver Ploceus vitellinus

269 PV Black Tern Chlidonias niger 656 R White-headed Robin-Chat Cossypha heinrichi 1035 RB Tanzania Masked Weaver Ploceus reichardi

270 PW White-winged Tern Chlidonias leucopterus 657 RB Snowy-crowned Robin-Chat Cossypha niveicapilla 1036 R Katanga Masked Weaver Ploceus katangae

271 § Brown Noddy Anous stolidus 658 RB Collared Palm-Thrush Cichladusa arquata 1037 RB Lake Lufira Weaver Ploceus ruweti

272 MB African Skimmer Rynchops flavirostris 659 RB Rufous-tailed Palm-Thrush Cichladusa ruficauda 1038 RB Heuglin's Masked Weaver Ploceus heuglini

273 RB African Green Pigeon Treron calvus 660 R Spotted Palm-Thrush Cichladusa guttata 1039 RB Vieillot's Black Weaver Ploceus nigerrimus

274 R Bruce's Green Pigeon Treron waalia 661 RB Forest Scrub Robin Cercotrichas leucosticta 1040 RB Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus

275 RB Blue-headed Wood Dove Turtur brehmeri 662 RB Miombo Scrub Robin Cercotrichas barbata 1041 R Weyns's Weaver Ploceus weynsi

276 RB Tambourine Dove Turtur tympanistria 663 RB Brown-backed Scrub Robin Cercotrichas hartlaubi 1042 RB Black-headed Weaver Ploceus melanocephalus



CDC2950


277 RB Blue-spotted Wood Dove Turtur afer 664 RB White-browed Scrub Robin Cercotrichas leucophrys 1043 R Golden-naped Weaver Ploceus aureonucha

278 R Black-billed Wood Dove Turtur abyssinicus 665 PV Rufous-tailed Scrub Robin Cercotrichas galactotes 1044 RB Yellow-mantled Weaver Ploceus tricolor

279 RB Emerald-spotted Wood Dove Turtur chalcospilos 666 PW Common Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus 1045 RB Maxwell's Black Weaver Ploceus albinucha

280 M Namaqua Dove Oena capensis 667 RB Common Stonechat Saxicola torquatus 1046 RB Dark-backed Weaver Ploceus bicolor

281 RB Western Bronze-naped Pigeon Columba iriditorq 668 PW Whinchat Saxicola rubetra 1047 RB Brown-capped Weaver Ploceus insignis

282 RB Lemon Dove Columba larvata 669 PW Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe 1048 R Yellow-capped Weaver Ploceus dorsomaculatus

283 RB African Olive Pigeon Columba arquatrix 670 MB Capped Wheatear Oenanthe pileata 1049 RB Preuss's Weaver Ploceus preussi

284 RB White-naped Pigeon Columba albinucha 671 P Isabelline Wheatear Oenanthe isabellina 1050 R Bar-winged Weaver Ploceus angolensis

285 RB Afep Pigeon Columba unicincta 672 RB Familiar Chat Cercomela familiaris 1051 RB Compact Weaver Ploceus superciliosus

286 R Speckled Pigeon Columba guinea 673 RB Congo Moor Chat Myrmecocichla tholloni 1052 RB Grosbeak Weaver Amblyospiza albifrons

287 RB Rock Dove / Feral Pigeon Columba livia 674 RB Sooty Chat Myrmecocichla nigra 1053 RB Cardinal Quelea Quelea cardinalis

288 RB Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata 675 RB White-fronted Black Chat Myrmecocichla albifrons 1054 MB Red-headed Quelea Quelea erythrops

289 RB African Mourning Dove Streptopelia decipiens 676 RB White-headed Black Chat Myrmecocichla arnotti 1055 MB Red-billed Quelea Quelea quelea

290 R Vinaceous Dove Streptopelia vinacea 677 RB Mocking Cliff Chat Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris 1056 RB Bob-tailed Weaver Brachycope anomala

291 RB Ring-necked Dove Streptopelia capicola 678 RB Miombo Rock Thrush Monticola angolensis 1057 RB Northern Red Bishop Euplectes franciscanus

292 PV European Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur 679 PW Rufous-tailed Rock Thrush Monticola saxatilis 1058 RB Southern Red Bishop Euplectes orix

293 R Dusky Turtle Dove Streptopelia lugens 680 RB Fire-crested Alethe Alethe diademata 1059 RB Black-winged Bishop Euplectes hordeaceus

294 RB Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis 681 RB Red-throated Alethe Alethe poliophrys 1060 RB Black Bishop Euplectes gierowii

295 RB Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus 682 RB Brown-chested Alethe Alethe poliocephala 1061 RB Yellow-crowned Bishop Euplectes afer

296 RB Brown-necked Parrot Poicephalus robustus 683 RB Red-tailed Ant Thrush Neocossyphus rufus 1062 RB Yellow Bishop Euplectes capensis

297 RB Red-fronted Parrot Poicephalus gulielmi 684 R White-tailed Ant Thrush Neocossyphus poensis 1063 RB White-winged Widowbird Euplectes albonotatus

298 R Meyer's Parrot Poicephalus meyeri 685 R Rufous Flycatcher-Thrush Stizorhina fraseri 1064 RB Yellow-mantled Widowbird Euplectes macroura

299 R Niam-Niam Parrot Poicephalus crassus 686 RB Oberlaender's Ground Thrush Zoothera oberlaenderi 1065 RB Red-collared Widowbird Euplectes ardens

300 R Red-headed Lovebird Agapornis pullarius 687 R Black-eared Ground Thrush Zoothera cameronensis 1066 RB Fan-tailed Widowbird Euplectes axillaris

301 RB Black-collared Lovebird Agapornis swindernianus 688 RB Grey Ground Thrush Zoothera princei 1067 RB Marsh Widowbird Euplectes hartlaubi



CDC2950


302 RB Great Blue Turaco Corythaeola cristata 689 RB Crossley's Ground Thrush Zoothera crossleyi 1068 RB Long-tailed Widowbird Euplectes progne

303 R Green Turaco Tauraco persa 690 R Orange Ground Thrush Zoothera gurneyi 1069 R Pale-fronted Negrofinch Nigrita luteifrons

304 RB Schalow's Turaco Tauraco schalowi 691 R Abyssinian Ground Thrush Zoothera piaggiae 1070 RB Grey-headed Negrofinch Nigrita canicapillus

305 RB Black-billed Turaco Tauraco schuetti 692 AV Spotted Ground Thrush Zoothera guttata 1071 RB Chestnut-breasted Negrofinch Nigrita bicolor

306 R Yellow-billed Turaco Tauraco macrorhynchus 693 RB Groundscraper Thrush Psophocichla litsitsirupa 1072 RB White-breasted Negrofinch Nigrita fusconotus

307 RB White-crested Turaco Tauraco leucolophus 694 RB Olive Thrush Turdus olivaceus 1073 R Woodhouse's Antpecker Parmoptila woodhousei

308 RB Rwenzori Turaco Ruwenzorornis johnstoni 695 RB African Thrush Turdus pelios 1074 R Jameson's Antpecker Parmoptila jamesoni

309 RB Ross's Turaco Musophaga rossae 696 RB Kurrichane Thrush Turdus libonyanus 1075 RB White-collared Oliveback Nesocharis ansorgei

310 R Grey Go-away Bird Corythaixoides concolor 697 RB Neumann's Warbler Hemitesia neumanni 1076 RB Grey-headed Oliveback Nesocharis capistrata

311 R Bare-faced Go-away Bird Corythaixoides personatus 698 RB Little Rush Warbler Bradypterus baboecala 1077 RB Green Twinspot Mandingoa nitidula

312 R Western Grey Plantain-eater Crinifer piscator 699 RB White-winged Swamp Warbler Bradypterus carpalis 1078 R Shelley's Crimsonwing Cryptospiza shelleyi

313 RB Eastern Grey Plantain-eater Crinifer zonurus 700 RB Grauer's Swamp Warbler Bradypterus graueri 1079 RB Dusky Crimsonwing Cryptopsiza jacksoni

314 M Jacobin Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 701 R Bamboo Warbler Bradypterus alfredi 1080 R Abyssinian Crimsonwing Cryptospiza salvadorii

315 MB Levaillant's Cuckoo Clamator levaillantii 702 R Evergreen-Forest Warbler Bradypterus lopezi 1081 RB Red-faced Crimsonwing Cryptospiza reichenovii

316 M Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius 703 RB Cinnamon Warbler Bradypterus cinnamomeus 1082 RB Yellow-bellied Waxbill Estrilda quartinia

317 RB Thick-billed Cuckoo Pachycoccyx audeberti 704 RB Black-faced Rufous Warbler Bathmocercus rufus 1083 RB Grey Waxbill Estrilda perreini

318 MB Red-chested Cuckoo Cuculus solitarius 705 RB Moustached Grass Warbler Melocichla mentalis 1084 RB Fawn-breasted Waxbill Estrilda paludicola

319 M Black Cuckoo Cuculus clamosus 706 RB Fan-tailed Grassbird Schoenicola brevirostris 1085 RB Orange-cheeked Waxbill Estrilda melpoda

320 P Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus 707 PV River Warbler Locustella fluviatilis 1086 RB Crimson-rumped Waxbill Estrilda rhodopyga

321 M African Cuckoo Cuculus gularis 708 PW Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus 1087 R Black-rumped Waxbill Estrilda troglodytes

322 P Lesser Cuckoo Cuculus poliocephalus 709 PW/RB Eurasian Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus 1088 RB Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild

323 M Madagascar Cuckoo Cuculus rochii 710 RB African Reed Warbler Acrocephalus baeticatus 1089 RB Black-lored Waxbill Estrilda nigriloris

324 RB Dusky Long-tailed Cuckoo Cercococcyx mechowi 711 PW Marsh Warbler Acrocephalus palustris 1090 RB Black-crowned Waxbill Estrilda nonnula

325 RB Olive Long-tailed Cuckoo Cercococcyx olivinus 712 PW Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus 1091 RB Black-headed Waxbill Estrilda atricapilla



CDC2950


326 R Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo Cercococcyx montanus 713 RB Greater Swamp Warbler Acrocephalus rufescens 1092 RB Grant's Bluebill Spermophaga poliogenys

327 RB African Emerald Cuckoo Chrysococcyx cupreus 714 RB Lesser Swamp Warbler Acrocephalus gracilirostris 1093 R Western Bluebill Spermophaga haematina

328 R Yellow-throated Cuckoo Chrysococcyx flavigularis 715 RB African Yellow Warbler Chloropeta natalensis 1094 RB Red-headed Bluebill Spermophaga ruficapilla

329 RB Klaas's Cuckoo Chrysococcyx klaas 716 RB Mountain Yellow Warbler Chloropeta similis 1095 RB Black-bellied Seedcracker Pyrenestes ostrinus

330 MB Dideric Cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius 717 R Papyrus Yellow Warbler Chloropeta gracilirostris 1096 RB Blue Waxbill Uraeginthus angolensis

331 RB Yellowbill Ceuthmochares aereus 718 PW Eastern Olivaceous Warbler Hippolais pallida 1097 RB Red-cheeked Cordon-bleu Uraeginthus bengalus

332 RB Black-throated Coucal Centropus leucogaster 719 PV Olive-tree Warbler Hippolais olivetorum 1098 R Dybowski's Twinspot Euschistospiza dybowskii

333 RB Gabon Coucal Centropus anselli 720 PW Icterine Warbler Hippolais icterina 1099 RB Dusky Twinspot Euschistospiza cinereovinacea

334 R Coppery-tailed Coucal Centropus cupreicaudus 721 RB Grauer's Warbler Graueria vittata 1100 RB Peters's Twinspot Hypargos niveoguttatus

335 RB White-browed Coucal Centropus superciliosus 722 RB Yellow-bellied Eremomela Eremomela icteropygialis 1101 RB Brown Twinspot Clytospiza monteiri

336 RB Black Coucal Centropus grillii 723 RB Salvadori's Eremomela Eremomela salvadorii 1102 R Yellow-winged Pytilia Pytilia hypogrammica

337 RB Senegal Coucal Centropus senegalensis 724 RB Green-backed Eremomela Eremomela canescens 1103 R Red-winged Pytilia Pytilia phoenicoptera

338 RB Blue-headed Coucal Centropus monachus 725 RB Green-capped Eremomela Eremomela scotops 1104 RB Green-winged Pytilia Pytilia melba

339 R Congo Bay Owl Phodilus prigoginei 726 RB Rufous-crowned Eremomela Eremomela badiceps 1105 RB Orange-winged Pytilia Pytilia afra

340 RB African Grass Owl Tyto capensis 727 R Turner's Eremomela Eremomela turneri 1106 RB Red-billed Firefinch Lagonosticta senegala

341 R Barn Owl Tyto alba 728 RB Black-necked Eremomela Eremomela atricollis 1107 RB Bar-breasted Firefinch Lagonosticta rufopicta

342 RB Sandy Scops Owl Otus icterorhynchus 729 RB Northern Crombec Sylvietta brachyura 1108 RB Brown Firefinch Lagonosticta nitidula

343 P Eurasian Scops Owl Otus scops 730 RB Long-billed Crombec Sylvietta rufescens 1109 R Black-faced Firefinch Lagonosticta larvata

344 R African Scops Owl Otus senegalensis 731 RB Red-capped Crombec Sylvietta ruficapilla 1110 R Black-bellied Firefinch Lagonosticta rara

345 RB Northern White-faced Owl Ptilopsis leucotis 732 RB Green Crombec Sylvietta virens 1111 RB African Firefinch Lagonosticta rubricata

346 RB Southern White-faced Owl Ptilopsis granti 733 RB Lemon-bellied Crombec Sylvietta denti 1112 RB Jameson's Firefinch Lagonosticta rhodopareia

347 RB Maned Owl Jubula lettii 734 RB White-browed Crombec Sylvietta leucophrys 1113 R African Quailfinch Ortygospiza fuscocrissa

348 RB Spotted Eagle Owl Bubo africanus 735 PW Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus 1114 RB Black-chinned Quailfinch Ortygospiza gabonensis

349 RB Greyish Eagle Owl Bubo cinerascens 736 PV Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita 1115 RB Locust Finch Ortygospiza locustella

350 RB Fraser's Eagle Owl Bubo poensis 737 PW Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix 1116 RB Zebra Waxbill Amandava subflava



CDC2950


351 R Shelley's Eagle Owl Bubo shelleyi 738 RB Brown Woodland Warbler Phylloscopus umbrovirens 1117 RB Bronze Mannikin Lonchura cucullata

352 RB Verreaux's Eagle Owl Bubo lacteus 739 R Laura's Woodland Warbler Phylloscopus laurae 1118 RB Black-and-White Mannikin Lonchura bicolor

353 RB Akun Eagle Owl Bubo leucostictus 740 RB Red-faced Woodland Warbler Phylloscopus laetus 1119 RB Magpie Mannikin Lonchura fringilloides

354 R Pel's Fishing-owl Scotopelia peli 741 RB Uganda Woodland Warbler Phylloscopus budongoen 1120 RB Parasitic Weaver Anomalospiza imberbis

355 RB Vermiculated Fishing-owl Scotopelia bouvieri 742 PV Barred Warbler Sylvia nisoria 1121 RB Pin-tailed Whydah Vidua macroura

356 R Pearl-spotted Owlet Glaucidium perlatum 743 PW Garden Warbler Sylvia borin 1122 R Exclamatory Paradise Whydah Vidua interjecta

357 RB Red-chested Owlet Glaucidium tephronotum 744 PW Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla 1123 RB Broad-tailed Paradise Whydah Vidua obtusa

358 RB Chestnut Owlet Glaucidium castaneum 745 PW Common Whitethroat Sylvia communis 1124 R Eastern Paradise Whydah Vidua paradisaea

359 R Albertine Owlet Glaucidium albertinum 746 RB Brown Parisoma Parisoma lugens 1125 R Village Indigobird Vidua chalybeata

360 RB Sjöstedt's Owlet Glaucidium sjöstedti 747 RB Yellow Longbill Macrosphenus flavicans 1126 R Wilson's Indigobird Vidua wilsoni

361 RB African Wood Owl Strix woodfordii 748 RB Grey Longbill Macrosphenus concolor 1127 R Jambandu Indigobird Vidua raricola

362 R African Long-eared Owl Asio abyssinicus 749 RB Yellow-bellied Hyliota Hyliota flavigaster 1128 R Cameroon Indigobird Vidua camerunensis

363 R Marsh Owl Asio capensis 750 RB Southern Hyliota Hyliota australis 1129 R Variable Indigobird Vidua funerea

364 RB Bates's Nightjar Caprimulgus batesi 751 RB Violet-backed Hyliota Hyliota violacea 1130 R Purple Indigobird Vidua purpurascens

365 Rs Brown Nightjar Caprimulgus binotatus 752 RB Green Hylia Hylia prasina 1131 RB Western Citril Serinus frontalis

366 R Prigogine's Nightjar Caprimulgus prigoginei 753 RB Red-faced Cisticola Cisticola erythrops 1132 RB Black-faced Canary Serinus capistratus

367 RB Swamp Nightjar Caprimulgus natalensis 754 RB Singing Cisticola Cisticola cantans 1133 R Papyrus Canary Serinus koliensis

368 RB Long-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus climacurus 755 RB Whistling Cisticola Cisticola lateralis 1134 R White-rumped Seedeater Serinus leucopygius

369 AV Slender-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus clarus 756 RB Trilling Cisticola Cisticola woosnami 1135 RB Black-throated Canary Serinus atrogularis

370 RB Square-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus fossii 757 RB Chattering Cisticola Cisticola anonymus 1136 RB Yellow-fronted Canary Serinus mozambicus

371 MB Fiery-necked Nightjar Caprimulgus pectoralis 758 RB Bubbling Cisticola Cisticola bulliens 1137 RB Brimstone Canary Serinus sulphuratus

372 MB Black-shouldered Nightjar Caprimulgus nigiscapul 759 RB Chubb's Cisticola Cisticola chubbi 1138 RB Streaky Seedeater Serinus striolatus

373 RB Ruwenzori Nightjar Caprimulgus ruwenzorii 760 R Lazy Cisticola Cisticola aberrans 1139 RB Thick-billed Seedeater Serinus burtoni

374 M Plain Nightjar Caprimulgus inornatus 761 RB Rattling Cisticola Cisticola chiniana 1140 RB Black-eared Seedeater Serinus mennelli

375 RB Freckled Nightjar Caprimulgus tristigma 762 R Tinkling Cisticola Cisticola rufilatus 1141 RB Streaky-headed Seedeater Serinus gularis



CDC2950


376 P European Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus 763 RB Winding Cisticola Cisticola galactotes 1142 RB Reichard's Seedeater Serinus reichardi

377 M Rufous-cheeked Nightjar Caprimulgus rufigena 764 RB Chirping Cisticola Cisticola pipiens 1143 RB Cape Canary Serinus canicollis

378 MB Standard-winged Nightjar Marodipteryx longipen 765 RB Carruthers's Cisticola Cisticola carruthersi 1144 RB Oriole-Finch Linurgus olivaceus

379 MB Pennant-winged Nightjar Marodipteryx vexilarius 766 RB Levaillant's Cisticola Cisticola tinniens 1145 RB Cabanis's Bunting Emberiza cabanisi

380 RB Sabine's Spinetail Rhaphidura sabini 767 RB Stout Cisticola Cisticola robustus 1146 RB Golden-breasted Bunting Emberiza flaviventris

381 R Black Spinetail Telacanthura melanopygia 768 RB Croaking Cisticola Cisticola natalensis 1147 RB Brown-rumped Bunting Emberiza affinis

382 R Mottled Spinetail Telacanthura ussheri 769 RB Short-winged Cisticola Cisticola brachypterus 1148 RB Cinnamon-breasted Bunting Emberiza tahapisi

383 RB Cassin's Spinetail Neafrapus cassini 770 R Foxy Cisticola Cisticola troglodytes 1149 AV Lark-like Bunting Emberiza impetuani

384 RB Böhm's Spinetail Neafrapus boehmi 771 R Piping Cisticola Cisticola fulvicapilla 400 RB Speckled Mousebird Colius striatus

385 RB Scarce Swift Schoutedenapus myoptilus 772 R Tabora Cisticola Cisticola angusticauda 401 RB Bar-tailed Trogon Apaloderma vittatum

386 R Schouteden's Swift Schoutedenapus schoutedeni 773 RB Black-tailed Cisticola Cisticola melanurus 402 RB Narina's Trogon Apaloderma narina

387 RB African Palm Swift Cypsiurus parvus 774 RB Zitting Cisticola Cisticola juncidis 403 RB Bare-cheeked Trogon Apaloderma aEquateuriale

388 RB African Black Swift Apus barbatus 775 RB Black-backed Cisticola Cisticola eximius 404 RB Chocolate-backed Kingfisher Halcyon badia

397 R Red-faced Mousebird Urocolius indicus 776 RB Dambo Cisticola Cisticola dambo

398 RB Blue-naped Mousebird Urocolius macrourus 777 RB Pale-crowned Cisticola Cisticola cinnamomeus

399 R Red-backed Mousebird Colius castanotus

mammal and avifaunal study for feronia, yaligimba oil palm ......2018/02/08 · march 2015 rudi...

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