malling demalling

MALL OF AMERICASource of Wallpaper: www.hangingoffthewire.blogspot.com Ana Espinosa SeguHuman Geography DepartmentUniversity of Alicante (Spain)[email protected]

Definition of the shopping mall or shopping centre (USA versus Europe)

The malling process

The demalling process

The consequences of malling and demalling urban spacesCONTENTS OF THE SEMINAR

A shopping center is a group of retail and other commercial establishments that is planned, developed, owned and managed as a single property, typically with on-site parking provided. The center's size and orientation are generally determined by the market characteristics of the trade area served by the center

International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC)(http://www.icsc.org/index.php)Definition of the shopping mall or shopping centre (USA versus Europe)

What does planned, developed, owned and managed as a single property mean?

And what does center's size and orientation determined by the market characteristics of the trade area means?

Why is the unique management so important?

Which types of shopping centres or shopping malls can you classify? According to which criteria?Definition of the shopping mall or shopping centre (USA versus Europe)

U.S. Shopping Center Definitions

(according to ICSC)Malls: Regional or Super regional

Special purpose: Airport retail

Open-air centres: Strip /convenienceNeighborhoodCommunityLifestylePower centerTheme /festivalOutlet Source: http://www.icsc.org/srch/lib/2010%20S-C%20Classification.pdf

Source: http://www.icsc.org/srch/lib/euro_standard_only.pdf

Any other classification?

According to which criteria?1.- According to the preexistent offer: opposition or complement of a urban shopping area

2.- According to its location: suburban, interurban or on the edge of urban areas

3.- According to the agents involved in the process (only private or private/public): private investors or private investors with the help and advice of public representants who want a mall as part of a bigger urban management plan

2. The malling process and the demalling process1. Innovation2. Accelerated Growth 3. Maturity4. Decline Source: own elaboration based on Davidson et al, 1976.Power on sales and consumer decision influenceEvolution of time

2. The malling process and the demalling process: the beggining Source: own elaboration based on Davidson et al, 1976.Power on sales and consumer decision influenceEvolution of timeMalling urban spacesDemalling

* Shopping malls or shopping centres were born in Western countries in a particular social, cultural, economic and urban context. Describe their features in more detail.

* Describe the state of the society, economy, retail offer and city shortly before the malling process.SOME QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSING WITH YOUR PARTNERS

The malling process began with Suburbanisation of wide territories

The increasing mobility of citizens

Rise of the number of cars per household

Advertising era The lack of service centres in the new suburbia

The traffic congestion in urban centres

The growing distance between retail activities and houses, which slowed down the act of purchasing consumer goods.

Popularisation of the One Stop Culture concept

The malling process began with Mass society / mass consumption demanded a larger market with a larger assortment

Producers needed a large net of distribution for their higher productionSource: www.cartoonstock.com - Shopping malls become the Main Street of many suburbia areas - Lack of spaces for socialisation in suburbia That's the Only Place Where You Can Hang Out (Vanderbeck & Johnson, 2000)

Street mallSource: www.boomerbabesrock.com 1 phase(USA)2 phase(USA)3 phase(USA)Community Shopping Center PLANNED SHOPPING MALLSource: http://www.tripadvisor.es/COUNTRY CLUB PLAZA OF KANSAS CITYSource: www.informationduniya.blogspot.com Between 1910-1930)Between 1920-1950)From 1940

Sun City suburbiaSource: google maps.

http://www.icsc.org/srch/rsrch/scope/current/num_shoppingcenters06.pdf

* Was it the same structure in every Western country?

* Are there any differences between the malling process in Europe and USA?

* Did every Western country have the same patterns in the malling process?SOME QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSING WITH YOUR PARTNERS

And the malling process continued with In Europe This shopping centre growth corresponded with rising incomes, increased consumer mobility and the emergence of new retail chain stores (ICSC)Source: The importance of shopping centres to the European economy, 2008, ICSC

Source: Cushman and Wakefield.

Grfico2

0.0308440.013847

0.0240.1105

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13.7836492.170967

14.38596366671.6050453333

Open Pre 2005 - millions

Open 2005- 2009 millions

Million (sq.m)

TOTAL SHOPPING CENTRE GLA (Million sq.m)

All Data

CountryPopulation Jan 2009Population Jan 2009 (000s)Total GLA Open (sqm)GLA/1,000 populationNo. Existing SchemesNew Schemes Opened During 2009 (sqm)No. New Schemes Opened During 2009Extensions Opened During 2009 (sqm)No. Extensions Opened During 2009TOTAL Space Opened During 2009 (incl Exts sqm)TOTAL No. of Schemes/Exts Opened During 2009Pipeline (New Schemes) 2010 (sqm)No Pipeline Schemes 2010Pipeline (New Schemes) 2011 (sqm)No Pipeline Schemes 2011TOTAL Pipeline Schemes 2010/11 (sqm)TOTAL No of Pipeline Schemes 2010/11Pipeline (Extensions) 2010 (sqm)No Pipeline Extensions 2010Pipeline (Extensions) 2011 (sqm)No Pipeline Extensions 2011TOTAL Pipeline Extensions 2010/11 (sqm)TOTAL No of Pipeline Extensions 2010/11% Increase in Floorspace Jan 2010 to end 2011 (excl. extensions)% Increase in Floorspace Jan 2010 to end 2011 (incl. extensions)Diff% Increase in Floorspace during 2009 incl. extensions)Floorspace as at 1st Jan 2009Estimated GLA per 1,000 Jan 2011GLA/1,000 populationEstimated GLA per 1,000 Jan 2011Rank July 2009Rank Jan 2011

Austria8,205,5338,205.52,572,229313.514535,50035,200240,700556,5002130,0004186,500620,00010020,00017.38.00.81.62,531,529338.6313.5338.666

Belgium10,700,00010,7001,151,752107.65682,52052,500185,020656,500327,000383,50060015,400315,40037.28.61.38.01,066,732116.9107.6116.92626

Bosnia & Herzegovina4,590,3104,590134,50029.3700000046,00020046,000200000034.234.20.00.0134,50039.329.339.33233

Bulgaria7,262,6757,262.7204,68628.21157,78630057,7863456,07511152,5005608,57516000000297.3297.30.039.3146,900112.028.2112.03328

Croatia4,491,5434,491.5530,000118.019134,000315,0001149,000488,0002102,6394190,639600000036.036.00.039.1381,000160.4118.0160.42423

Czech Republic10,446,15710,446.22,006,128192.011392,000522,0001114,000654,000225,000179,000331,50020031,50023.95.51.66.01,892,128202.6192.0202.61919

Denmark5,484,7235,484.71,582,995288.69917,000129,000246,000348,00020048,00025,00015,000110,00023.03.70.63.01,536,995299.2288.6299.287

Estonia1,307,6051,307.6367,696281.2150000000016,000116,00010000004.44.40.00.0367,696293.4281.2293.499

Finland5,244,7495,244.71,543,338294.37970,10030070,100313,00010013,00012,00015,00017,00020.81.30.54.81,473,238298.1294.3298.178

France61,279,97261,280.015,991,009261.0711406,82724123,57424530,40148371,81231291,21512663,02743125,1712490,30110215,472344.15.51.33.415,460,608275.3261.0275.31212

Germany82,369,54882,369.513,117,674159.3536349,4001522,5002371,90017113,7007219,5009333,20016129,940918,0001147,940102.53.71.12.912,745,774165.1159.3165.12122

Greece10,722,81610,722.8547,90051.12923,00010023,000183,37540083,375400000015.215.20.04.4524,90058.951.158.93131

Hungary9,930,9159,930.91,181,872119.05369,50020069,500237,000221,500258,50040000004.94.90.06.21,112,372124.9119.0124.92325

Ireland4,156,1194,156.11,544,488371.69968,72540068,725448,70030048,70030030,263130,26313.25.12.04.71,475,763390.6371.6390.634

Italy58,145,32158,145.312,504,188215.1708614,3942918,7303633,12432508,91626477,19215986,1084120,31840020,31847.98.00.25.311,871,064232.4215.1232.41716

Latvia2,245,4232,245.4579,993258.33871,34844,000175,348538,00010038,00010000006.66.60.014.9504,645275.2258.3275.21413

Lithuania3,565,2053,565.2873,902245.13697,00020097,00020028,000128,000113,00010013,00013.24.71.512.5776,902256.6245.1256.61515

Luxembourg486,006486.0180,245370.9700000000000015,00010015,00010.08.38.30.0180,245401.7370.9401.742

Malta403,532403.544,691110.7500000016,13310016,133100000036.136.10.00.044,691150.7110.7150.72524

Netherlands16,645,31316,645.36,086,417365.7474305,2002874,80018380,00046123,1001464,6007187,7002141,900848,500590,400133.14.61.56.75,706,417382.4365.7382.455

Norway4,644,4574,644.53,189,840686.823665,000115,000180,000200000024,00020024,00020.00.80.82.63,109,840692.0686.8692.011

Poland38,500,69638,500.76,663,268173.1280480,00018148,4009628,40027165,6008245,0007410,6001588,700240,0001128,70036.28.11.910.46,034,868187.1173.1187.12021

Portugal10,676,91010,676.92,916,884273.2119254,315625,6953280,010956,0002111,8835167,883719,415124,200143,61525.87.31.510.62,636,874293.0273.2293.01010

Romania22,246,86222,246.92,182,47598.193246,2831067,2675313,55015257,5397128,0004385,5391132,17860032,178617.719.11.516.81,868,925116.998.1116.92727

Russia141,844,355141,844.410,302,64272.63831,535,9933656,20931,592,202391,238,608311,300,000352,538,6086600000024.624.60.018.38,710,44090.572.690.52829

Serbia10,159,04610,159259,93525.61952,50020052,500291,50050091,500500000035.235.20.025.3207,43534.625.634.63434

Slovakia5,455,4075,455.4854,749156.75062,500327,500390,0006133,896755,8002189,696934,00020034,000222.226.24.011.8764,749197.7156.7197.72220

Slovenia2,007,7112,007.7519,906259.0278,0001008,000135,0001003500019,700122,000131,70026.712.86.11.6511,906292.2259.0292.21311

Spain46,008,98546,009.09,974,436216.8391206,462900206,4629267,6008323,1756590,7751414,00010014,00015.96.10.12.19,767,974229.9216.8229.91617

Sweden9,045,3899,045.43,556,301393.221363,700231,000394,700500000057,00040057,00040.01.61.62.73,461,601399.5393.2399.523

Switzerland7,581,5207,581.51,557,339205.48754,50020054,500253,50030053,50030000003.43.40.03.61,502,839212.5205.4212.51818

Turkey71,892,80771,892.85,081,10970.7210652,6221900652,62219579,66818727,173151,306,8413300000025.725.70.014.74,428,48788.970.788.92930

Ukraine46,170,27346,170.32,495,44154.0183300,0001000300,00010158,000450,0002208,00060000008.38.30.013.72,195,44158.654.058.63032

United Kingdom60,943,91260,943.915,954,616261.8692102,2145129,9583232,1728165,7445232,9512398,695799,18240099,18242.53.10.61.515,722,444270.0261.8270.01114

EU-15 Sum/Average88,207,220262.943092,516,837130460,457602,977,2941901,902,4471071,850,516603,752,963167548,92659221,26420770,19079262.9276.8

EU-25 Sum/Average102,316,677229.549753,479,705170664,857754,144,5622452,392,5761302,268,816774,661,392207725,82667298,664251,024,49092229.5245.3

EU-27 Sum/Average104,703,838225.650793,783,774183732,124804,515,8982633,106,1901482,549,316865,655,506234758,00473298,664251,056,66898225.6244.6

Total (all countries)784,861,795784,862128,254,644209.662236,578,389256818,333857,396,7223415,361,4662134,729,12814210,090,594355782,00475298,664251,080,668100209.6227.6

Western Europe402,744,805402,74594,016,342233.44686

Emerging Europe382,116,990382,11734,238,30289.61,537

Includes Redevelopment space






No data available for Cyprus.

Graham Porter:No data available for Cyprus.

AC: unweighted

AC: overall average

Administrator:CIA World Factbook


Administrator:CIA Factbook

Graham Porter:unweighted








AC: Schemes which are under construction only.




























































































































































AC: unweighted

AC: unweighted

AC: unweighted

AC: overall average




























































































































































































































































Space added 2009

CountryNew SchemesExtensionsTotal GLA (2009)

34. Luxembourg000

33. Malta000

32. Estonia000

31. Bosnia Herz.000

30. Slovenia8,00008,000

29. Greece23,000023,000

28. Austria35,5005,20040,700

27. Denmark17,00029,00046,000

26. Serbia52,500052,500

25. Switzerland54,500054,500

24. Bulgaria57,786057,786

23. Ireland68,725068,725

22. Hungary69,500069,500

21. Finland70,100070,100

20. Latvia71,3484,00075,348

19. Norway65,00015,00080,000

18. Belgium82,5202,50085,020

17. Slovakia62,50027,50090,000

16. Sweden63,70031,00094,700

15. Lithuania97,000097,000

14. Czech Rep92,00022,000114,000

13. Croatia134,00015,000149,000

12. Spain206,4620206,462

11. UK102,214129,958232,172

10. Portugal254,31525,695280,010

9. Ukraine300,0000300,000

8. Romania246,28367,267313,550

7. Germany349,40022,500371,900

6. Netherlands305,20074,800380,000

5. France406,827123,574530,401

4. Poland480,000148,400628,400

3. Italy614,39418,730633,124

2. Turkey652,6220652,622

1. Russia1,535,99356,2091,592,202

Space added 2009

Total GLA (2009)

GLA 1,000 inhabitants

CountryGLA/1,000 population

34. Serbia25.6

33. Bulgaria28.2

32. Bosnia Herz.29.3

31. Greece51.1

30. Ukraine54.0

29. Turkey70.7

28. Russia72.6

27. Romania98.1

26. Belgium107.6

25. Malta110.7

24. Croatia118.0

23. Hungary119.0

22. Slovakia156.7

21. Germany159.3

20. Poland173.1

19. Czech Republic192.0

18. Switzerland205.4

17. Italy215.1

16. Spain216.8

EU-27 Average225.6

15. Lithuania245.1

14. Latvia258.3

13. Slovenia259.0

12. France261.0

11. UK261.8

10. Portugal273.2

9. Estonia281.2

8. Denmark288.6

7. Finland294.3

6. Austria313.5

5. Netherlands365.7

4. Luxembourg370.9

3. Ireland371.6

2. Sweden393.2

1. Norway686.8



2010-11 Development Pipeline

CountryTotal Pipeline (New Schemes) 2010/2011Total Extensions 2010/2011Total Pipeline (New + Extensions)

34. Luxembourg015,00015,000

33. Estonia16,000016,000

32. Malta16,133016,133

31. Finland13,0007,00020,000

30. Norway024,00024,000

29. Latvia38,000038,000

28. Lithuania28,00013,00041,000

27. Bosnia & Herz46,000046,000

26. Switzerland53,500053,500

25. Sweden057,00057,000

24. Denmark48,00010,00058,000

23. Hungary58,500058,500

22. Slovenia35,00031,70066,700

21. Ireland48,70030,26378,963

20. Greece83,375083,375

19. Serbia91,500091,500

18. Belgium83,50015,40098,900

17. Czech Rep79,00031,500110,500

16. Croatia190,6390190,639

15. Austria186,50020,000206,500

14. Ukraine208,0000208,000

13. Portugal167,88343,615211,498

12. Slovakia189,69634,000223,696

11. Netherlands187,70090,400278,100

10. Romania385,53932,178417,717

9. Germany333,200147,940481,140

8. UK398,69599,182497,877

7. Poland410,600128,700539,300

6. Spain590,77514,000604,775

5. Bulgaria608,5750608,575

4. France663,027215,472878,499

3. Italy986,10820,3181,006,426

2. Turkey1,306,84101,306,841

1. Russia2,538,60802,538,608

Country% Increase in Floorspace 2010 & 2011 (incl. extensions)

Norway0.8

Finland1.3

Sweden1.6

UK3.1

Switzerland3.4

Denmark3.7

Germany3.7

Estonia4.4

Netherlands4.6

Lithuania4.7

Hungary4.9

Ireland5.1

France5.5

Czech Republic5.5

Spain6.1

Latvia6.6

Portugal7.3

Austria8.0

Italy8.0

Poland8.1

Luxembourg8.3

Ukraine8.3

Belgium8.6

Slovenia12.8

Greece15.2

Romania19.1

Russia24.6

Turkey25.7

Slovakia26.2

Bosnia & Herz34.2

Serbia35.2

Croatia36.0

Malta36.1

Bulgaria297.3


Total Pipeline (New + Extensions)

Pipeline_1000

% Increase in Floorspace 2010 & 2011 (incl. extensions)

Percentage Increase Floorspace Between Jan 2010 - Jan 2012

Modern SC Provision

CountryPopulation Jan 2009 (1,000)Total Pipeline (New Schemes) 2010/2011Pipeline GLA/ 1,000 population

Norway4,644.500.0

Sweden9,045.400.0

Luxembourg486.000.0

Finland5,244.713,0002.5

Germany82,369.5333,2004.0

Ukraine46,170.3208,0004.5

Hungary9,930.958,5005.9

United Kingdom60,943.9398,6956.5

Switzerland7,581.553,5007.1

Czech Republic10,446.279,0007.6

Greece10,722.883,3757.8

Belgium10,700.083,5007.8

Lithuania3,565.228,0007.9

Denmark5,484.748,0008.8

Serbia10,159.091,5009.0

Bosnia & Herz.4,590.346,00010.0

Poland38,500.7410,60010.7

France61,280.0663,02710.8

Netherlands16,645.3187,70011.3

Ireland4,156.148,70011.7

Spain46,009.0590,77512.8

Estonia1,307.616,00012.2

Portugal10,676.9167,88315.7

Latvia2,245.438,00016.9

Italy58,145.3986,10817.0

Romania22,246.9385,53917.3

Slovenia2,007.735,00017.4

Russia141,844.42,538,60817.9

Turkey71,892.81,306,84118.2

Austria8,205.5186,50022.7

Slovakia5,455.4189,69634.8

Malta403.516,13340.0

Croatia4,491.5190,63942.4

Bulgaria7,262.7608,57583.8

Modern SC Provision

Pipeline GLA/ 1,000 population

Shopping Centre Pipeline (2010/11) Per 1,000 Inhabitants

SC Provision Growth

CountryTotal Pre-2005Open Pre 2005 - millions2005 - 2009 (existing)Open 2005- 2009 millionsTotal SpaceTotal - millionsProportion of total 2005 - 2009

Malta30,8440.013,8470.044,6910.031.0%

Bosnia & Herzegovina24,0000.0110,5000.1134,5000.182.2%

Luxembourg136,2450.144,0000.0180,2450.224.4%

Bulgaria00.0204,6860.2204,6860.2100.0%

Serbia46,6350.0213,3000.2259,9350.382.1%

Estonia295,8800.371,8160.1367,6960.419.5%

Slovenia284,2130.3235,6930.2519,9060.545.3%

Croatia180,0000.2350,0000.4530,0000.566.0%

Greece225,1500.2322,7500.3547,9000.558.9%

Latvia263,9020.3316,0910.3579,9930.654.5%

Slovakia457,0540.5397,6950.4854,7490.946.5%

Lithuania238,3950.2635,5070.6873,9020.972.7%

Belgium930,9330.9220,8190.21,151,7521.219.2%

Hungary856,5560.9325,3160.31,181,8721.227.5%

Finland1,015,5791.0527,7590.51,543,3381.534.2%

Ireland820,8950.8723,5930.71,544,4881.546.9%

Switzerland1,186,8091.2370,5300.41,557,3391.623.8%

Denmark1,288,5981.3294,3970.31,582,9951.618.6%

Czech Republic1,148,6351.1857,4930.92,006,1282.042.7%

Romania324,3190.31,858,1561.92,182,4752.285.1%

Ukraine527,4490.51,967,9922.02,495,4412.578.9%

Austria2,056,8292.1515,4000.52,572,2292.620.0%

Portugal1,906,6631.91,010,2211.02,916,8842.934.6%

Norway2,898,8282.9291,0120.33,189,8403.29.1%

Sweden3,069,7983.1486,5030.53,556,3013.613.7%

Turkey1,817,5491.83,263,5603.35,081,1095.164.2%

Netherlands5,125,5285.1960,8891.06,086,4176.115.8%

Poland3,997,4144.02,665,8542.76,663,2686.740.0%

Spain7,273,0037.32,701,4332.79,974,43610.027.1%

Russia2,080,9152.18,221,7288.210,302,64210.379.8%

Italy8,107,1158.14,397,0734.412,504,18812.535.2%

Germany11,369,42411.41,748,2501.713,117,67413.113.3%

United Kingdom13,783,64913.82,170,9672.215,954,61616.013.6%

France14,385,96414.41,605,0451.615,991,00916.010.0%

SC Provision Growth



Million (sq.m)


YearNew Shopping Centre GLA Per Annum (sq.m)Total GLA (sq.m)

< 1960892,299892,299

196181,573973,872

1962114,0931,087,965

1963246,0021,333,967

1964470,0471,804,014

1965675,0362,479,050

1966351,2022,830,252

1967407,2103,237,462

1968996,5784,234,040

19691,225,4555,459,495

19701,730,2257,189,720

19711,549,2318,738,951

19722,348,27611,087,227

19732,211,65513,298,882

19742,383,64015,682,522

19751,989,81617,672,338

19761,748,47719,420,815

19771,154,60020,575,415

19781,124,55621,699,971

19791,067,00722,766,978

1980858,99623,625,974

1981950,61424,576,588

19821,242,35725,818,945

1983755,28826,574,233

19841,452,83828,027,071

19851,136,77529,163,846

19861,154,64030,318,486

19871,340,02631,658,512

19881,998,40133,656,913

19892,030,61235,687,525

19902,548,33738,235,862

19912,356,43440,592,296

19922,870,03543,462,330

19933,128,49246,590,822

19942,729,56149,320,383

19953,485,16052,805,543

19962,726,85555,532,398

19972,905,88858,438,286

19983,453,48361,891,769

19994,006,66065,898,429

20004,520,64070,419,069

20014,093,92174,512,990

20023,919,88478,432,874

20035,139,67983,572,554

20044,582,21688,154,769

20055,932,76794,087,536

20068,207,687102,295,223

20079,230,759111,525,982

20089,331,939120,857,922

20097,396,722128,254,644

Est. 20106,143,471134,398,115

Est. 20115,027,792139,425,906

892299892299

81573973872

1140931087965

2460021333967

4700471804014

6750362479050

3512022830252

4072103237462

9965784234040

12254555459495

17302257189720

15492318738951

234827611087227

221165513298882

238364015682522

198981617672338

174847719420815

115460020575415

112455621699971

106700722766978

85899623625974

95061424576588

124235725818945

75528826574233

145283828027071

113677529163846

115464030318486

134002631658512

199840133656913

2030611.835687524.8

254833738235861.8

235643440592295.8

2870034.543462330.3

312849246590822.3

272956149320383.3

348516052805543.3

272685555532398.3

290588858438286.3

345348361891769.3

400666065898429.3

452064070419069.3

409392174512990.3

391988478432874.3

5139679.3333333383572553.6333333

4582215.7647058888154769.3980392

5932766.9333333394087536.3313725

8207687102295223.331373

9230759111525982.331373

9331939.42120857921.751373

7396722128254643.751373

6143471134398114.751373

5027791.57142857139425906.322801

New Shopping Centre GLA Per Annum (sq.m)

Total GLA (sq.m)

Million (sq.m)

Million (sq.m)

Source: Cushman and Wakefield.

Gross Leasable Area (GLA) per 1.000 population

Grfico1

25.5865560605

28.1832795767

29.3008533193

51.0966522227

54.0486516075

70.6761804418

72.63342979

98.1025998183

107.6403738318

110.749581198

117.9995382433

119.009376276

156.679235848

159.2539271916

173.0687673802

192.0445959217

205.4125030337

215.0506315031

216.7932198461

225.5708619474

245.119705599

258.3001064833

258.9546005376

260.9500050033

261.7917930834

273.1955219254

281.198068224

288.6189512214

294.2634623697

313.4749442845

365.6535025806

370.8699069559

371.6178482859

393.1617534636

686.8057988264

All Data

CountryPopulation Jan 2009Population Jan 2009 (000s)Total GLA Open (sqm)GLA/1,000 populationNo. Existing SchemesNew Schemes Opened During 2009 (sqm)No. New Schemes Opened During 2009Extensions Opened During 2009 (sqm)No. Extensions Opened During 2009TOTAL Space Opened During 2009 (incl Exts sqm)TOTAL No. of Schemes/Exts Opened During 2009Pipeline (New Schemes) 2010 (sqm)No Pipeline Schemes 2010Pipeline (New Schemes) 2011 (sqm)No Pipeline Schemes 2011TOTAL Pipeline Schemes 2010/11 (sqm)TOTAL No of Pipeline Schemes 2010/11Pipeline (Extensions) 2010 (sqm)No Pipeline Extensions 2010Pipeline (Extensions) 2011 (sqm)No Pipeline Extensions 2011TOTAL Pipeline Extensions 2010/11 (sqm)TOTAL No of Pipeline Extensions 2010/11% Increase in Floorspace Jan 2010 to end 2011 (excl. extensions)% Increase in Floorspace Jan 2010 to end 2011 (incl. extensions)Diff% Increase in Floorspace during 2009 incl. extensions)Floorspace as at 1st Jan 2009Estimated GLA per 1,000 Jan 2011GLA/1,000 populationEstimated GLA per 1,000 Jan 2011Rank July 2009Rank Jan 2011

Austria8,205,5338,205.52,572,229313.514535,50035,200240,700556,5002130,0004186,500620,00010020,00017.38.00.81.62,531,529338.6313.5338.666

Belgium10,700,00010,7001,151,752107.65682,52052,500185,020656,500327,000383,50060015,400315,40037.28.61.38.01,066,732116.9107.6116.92626

Bosnia & Herzegovina4,590,3104,590134,50029.3700000046,00020046,000200000034.234.20.00.0134,50039.329.339.33233

Bulgaria7,262,6757,262.7204,68628.21157,78630057,7863456,07511152,5005608,57516000000297.3297.30.039.3146,900112.028.2112.03328

Croatia4,491,5434,491.5530,000118.019134,000315,0001149,000488,0002102,6394190,639600000036.036.00.039.1381,000160.4118.0160.42423

Czech Republic10,446,15710,446.22,006,128192.011392,000522,0001114,000654,000225,000179,000331,50020031,50023.95.51.66.01,892,128202.6192.0202.61919

Denmark5,484,7235,484.71,582,995288.69917,000129,000246,000348,00020048,00025,00015,000110,00023.03.70.63.01,536,995299.2288.6299.287

Estonia1,307,6051,307.6367,696281.2150000000016,000116,00010000004.44.40.00.0367,696293.4281.2293.499

Finland5,244,7495,244.71,543,338294.37970,10030070,100313,00010013,00012,00015,00017,00020.81.30.54.81,473,238298.1294.3298.178

France61,279,97261,280.015,991,009261.0711406,82724123,57424530,40148371,81231291,21512663,02743125,1712490,30110215,472344.15.51.33.415,460,608275.3261.0275.31212

Germany82,369,54882,369.513,117,674159.3536349,4001522,5002371,90017113,7007219,5009333,20016129,940918,0001147,940102.53.71.12.912,745,774165.1159.3165.12122

Greece10,722,81610,722.8547,90051.12923,00010023,000183,37540083,375400000015.215.20.04.4524,90058.951.158.93131

Hungary9,930,9159,930.91,181,872119.05369,50020069,500237,000221,500258,50040000004.94.90.06.21,112,372124.9119.0124.92325

Ireland4,156,1194,156.11,544,488371.69968,72540068,725448,70030048,70030030,263130,26313.25.12.04.71,475,763390.6371.6390.634

Italy58,145,32158,145.312,504,188215.1708614,3942918,7303633,12432508,91626477,19215986,1084120,31840020,31847.98.00.25.311,871,064232.4215.1232.41716

Latvia2,245,4232,245.4579,993258.33871,34844,000175,348538,00010038,00010000006.66.60.014.9504,645275.2258.3275.21413

Lithuania3,565,2053,565.2873,902245.13697,00020097,00020028,000128,000113,00010013,00013.24.71.512.5776,902256.6245.1256.61515

Luxembourg486,006486.0180,245370.9700000000000015,00010015,00010.08.38.30.0180,245401.7370.9401.742

Malta403,532403.544,691110.7500000016,13310016,133100000036.136.10.00.044,691150.7110.7150.72524

Netherlands16,645,31316,645.36,086,417365.7474305,2002874,80018380,00046123,1001464,6007187,7002141,900848,500590,400133.14.61.56.75,706,417382.4365.7382.455

Norway4,644,4574,644.53,189,840686.823665,000115,000180,000200000024,00020024,00020.00.80.82.63,109,840692.0686.8692.011

Poland38,500,69638,500.76,663,268173.1280480,00018148,4009628,40027165,6008245,0007410,6001588,700240,0001128,70036.28.11.910.46,034,868187.1173.1187.12021

Portugal10,676,91010,676.92,916,884273.2119254,315625,6953280,010956,0002111,8835167,883719,415124,200143,61525.87.31.510.62,636,874293.0273.2293.01010

Romania22,246,86222,246.92,182,47598.193246,2831067,2675313,55015257,5397128,0004385,5391132,17860032,178617.719.11.516.81,868,925116.998.1116.92727

Russia141,844,355141,844.410,302,64272.63831,535,9933656,20931,592,202391,238,608311,300,000352,538,6086600000024.624.60.018.38,710,44090.572.690.52829

Serbia10,159,04610,159259,93525.61952,50020052,500291,50050091,500500000035.235.20.025.3207,43534.625.634.63434

Slovakia5,455,4075,455.4854,749156.75062,500327,500390,0006133,896755,8002189,696934,00020034,000222.226.24.011.8764,749197.7156.7197.72220

Slovenia2,007,7112,007.7519,906259.0278,0001008,000135,0001003500019,700122,000131,70026.712.86.11.6511,906292.2259.0292.21311

Spain46,008,98546,009.09,974,436216.8391206,462900206,4629267,6008323,1756590,7751414,00010014,00015.96.10.12.19,767,974229.9216.8229.91617

Sweden9,045,3899,045.43,556,301393.221363,700231,000394,700500000057,00040057,00040.01.61.62.73,461,601399.5393.2399.523

Switzerland7,581,5207,581.51,557,339205.48754,50020054,500253,50030053,50030000003.43.40.03.61,502,839212.5205.4212.51818

Turkey71,892,80771,892.85,081,10970.7210652,6221900652,62219579,66818727,173151,306,8413300000025.725.70.014.74,428,48788.970.788.92930

Ukraine46,170,27346,170.32,495,44154.0183300,0001000300,00010158,000450,0002208,00060000008.38.30.013.72,195,44158.654.058.63032

United Kingdom60,943,91260,943.915,954,616261.8692102,2145129,9583232,1728165,7445232,9512398,695799,18240099,18242.53.10.61.515,722,444270.0261.8270.01114

EU-15 Sum/Average88,207,220262.943092,516,837130460,457602,977,2941901,902,4471071,850,516603,752,963167548,92659221,26420770,19079262.9276.8

EU-25 Sum/Average102,316,677229.549753,479,705170664,857754,144,5622452,392,5761302,268,816774,661,392207725,82667298,664251,024,49092229.5245.3

EU-27 Sum/Average104,703,838225.650793,783,774183732,124804,515,8982633,106,1901482,549,316865,655,506234758,00473298,664251,056,66898225.6244.6

Total (all countries)784,861,795784,862128,254,644209.662236,578,389256818,333857,396,7223415,361,4662134,729,12814210,090,594355782,00475298,664251,080,668100209.6227.6

Western Europe402,744,805402,74594,016,342233.44686

Emerging Europe382,116,990382,11734,238,30289.61,537








Graham Porter:No data available for Cyprus.

AC: unweighted

AC: overall average



Administrator:CIA Factbook





































































































































































AC: unweighted

AC: unweighted

AC: unweighted

AC: overall average




























































































































































































































































Space added 2009

CountryNew SchemesExtensionsTotal GLA (2009)

34. Luxembourg000

33. Malta000

32. Estonia000

31. Bosnia Herz.000

30. Slovenia8,00008,000

29. Greece23,000023,000

28. Austria35,5005,20040,700

27. Denmark17,00029,00046,000

26. Serbia52,500052,500

25. Switzerland54,500054,500

24. Bulgaria57,786057,786

23. Ireland68,725068,725

22. Hungary69,500069,500

21. Finland70,100070,100

20. Latvia71,3484,00075,348

19. Norway65,00015,00080,000

18. Belgium82,5202,50085,020

17. Slovakia62,50027,50090,000

16. Sweden63,70031,00094,700

15. Lithuania97,000097,000

14. Czech Rep92,00022,000114,000

13. Croatia134,00015,000149,000

12. Spain206,4620206,462

11. UK102,214129,958232,172

10. Portugal254,31525,695280,010

9. Ukraine300,0000300,000

8. Romania246,28367,267313,550

7. Germany349,40022,500371,900

6. Netherlands305,20074,800380,000

5. France406,827123,574530,401

4. Poland480,000148,400628,400

3. Italy614,39418,730633,124

2. Turkey652,6220652,622

1. Russia1,535,99356,2091,592,202

Space added 2009

Total GLA (2009)


CountryGLA/1,000 population

34. Serbia25.6

33. Bulgaria28.2

32. Bosnia Herz.29.3

31. Greece51.1

30. Ukraine54.0

29. Turkey70.7

28. Russia72.6

27. Romania98.1

26. Belgium107.6

25. Malta110.7

24. Croatia118.0

23. Hungary119.0

22. Slovakia156.7

21. Germany159.3

20. Poland173.1

19. Czech Republic192.0

18. Switzerland205.4

17. Italy215.1

16. Spain216.8

EU-27 Average225.6

15. Lithuania245.1

14. Latvia258.3

13. Slovenia259.0

12. France261.0

11. UK261.8

10. Portugal273.2

9. Estonia281.2

8. Denmark288.6

7. Finland294.3

6. Austria313.5

5. Netherlands365.7

4. Luxembourg370.9

3. Ireland371.6

2. Sweden393.2

1. Norway686.8




CountryTotal Pipeline (New Schemes) 2010/2011Total Extensions 2010/2011Total Pipeline (New + Extensions)

34. Luxembourg015,00015,000

33. Estonia16,000016,000

32. Malta16,133016,133

31. Finland13,0007,00020,000

30. Norway024,00024,000

29. Latvia38,000038,000

28. Lithuania28,00013,00041,000

27. Bosnia & Herz46,000046,000

26. Switzerland53,500053,500

25. Sweden057,00057,000

24. Denmark48,00010,00058,000

23. Hungary58,500058,500

22. Slovenia35,00031,70066,700

21. Ireland48,70030,26378,963

20. Greece83,375083,375

19. Serbia91,500091,500

18. Belgium83,50015,40098,900

17. Czech Rep79,00031,500110,500

16. Croatia190,6390190,639

15. Austria186,50020,000206,500

14. Ukraine208,0000208,000

13. Portugal167,88343,615211,498

12. Slovakia189,69634,000223,696

11. Netherlands187,70090,400278,100

10. Romania385,53932,178417,717

9. Germany333,200147,940481,140

8. UK398,69599,182497,877

7. Poland410,600128,700539,300

6. Spain590,77514,000604,775

5. Bulgaria608,5750608,575

4. France663,027215,472878,499

3. Italy986,10820,3181,006,426

2. Turkey1,306,84101,306,841

1. Russia2,538,60802,538,608

Country% Increase in Floorspace 2010 & 2011 (incl. extensions)

Norway0.8

Finland1.3

Sweden1.6

UK3.1

Switzerland3.4

Denmark3.7

Germany3.7

Estonia4.4

Netherlands4.6

Lithuania4.7

Hungary4.9

Ireland5.1

France5.5

Czech Republic5.5

Spain6.1

Latvia6.6

Portugal7.3

Austria8.0

Italy8.0

Poland8.1

Luxembourg8.3

Ukraine8.3

Belgium8.6

Slovenia12.8

Greece15.2

Romania19.1

Russia24.6

Turkey25.7

Slovakia26.2

Bosnia & Herz34.2

Serbia35.2

Croatia36.0

Malta36.1

Bulgaria297.3


Total Pipeline (New + Extensions)

Pipeline_1000

% Increase in Floorspace 2010 & 2011 (incl. extensions)

Percentage Increase Floorspace Between Jan 2010 - Jan 2012

Modern SC Provision

CountryPopulation Jan 2009 (1,000)Total Pipeline (New Schemes) 2010/2011Pipeline GLA/ 1,000 population

Norway4,644.500.0

Sweden9,045.400.0

Luxembourg486.000.0

Finland5,244.713,0002.5

Germany82,369.5333,2004.0

Ukraine46,170.3208,0004.5

Hungary9,930.958,5005.9

United Kingdom60,943.9398,6956.5

Switzerland7,581.553,5007.1

Czech Republic10,446.279,0007.6

Greece10,722.883,3757.8

Belgium10,700.083,5007.8

Lithuania3,565.228,0007.9

Denmark5,484.748,0008.8

Serbia10,159.091,5009.0

Bosnia & Herz.4,590.346,00010.0

Poland38,500.7410,60010.7

France61,280.0663,02710.8

Netherlands16,645.3187,70011.3

Ireland4,156.148,70011.7

Spain46,009.0590,77512.8

Estonia1,307.616,00012.2

Portugal10,676.9167,88315.7

Latvia2,245.438,00016.9

Italy58,145.3986,10817.0

Romania22,246.9385,53917.3

Slovenia2,007.735,00017.4

Russia141,844.42,538,60817.9

Turkey71,892.81,306,84118.2

Austria8,205.5186,50022.7

Slovakia5,455.4189,69634.8

Malta403.516,13340.0

Croatia4,491.5190,63942.4

Bulgaria7,262.7608,57583.8

Modern SC Provision

Pipeline GLA/ 1,000 population

Shopping Centre Pipeline (2010/11) Per 1,000 Inhabitants

SC Provision Growth

CountryTotal Pre-2005Open Pre 2005 - millions2005 - 2009 (existing)Open 2005- 2009 millionsTotal SpaceTotal - millionsProportion of total 2005 - 2009

Malta30,8440.013,8470.044,6910.031.0%

Bosnia & Herzegovina24,0000.0110,5000.1134,5000.182.2%

Luxembourg136,2450.144,0000.0180,2450.224.4%

Bulgaria00.0204,6860.2204,6860.2100.0%

Serbia46,6350.0213,3000.2259,9350.382.1%

Estonia295,8800.371,8160.1367,6960.419.5%

Slovenia284,2130.3235,6930.2519,9060.545.3%

Croatia180,0000.2350,0000.4530,0000.566.0%

Greece225,1500.2322,7500.3547,9000.558.9%

Latvia263,9020.3316,0910.3579,9930.654.5%

Slovakia457,0540.5397,6950.4854,7490.946.5%

Lithuania238,3950.2635,5070.6873,9020.972.7%

Belgium930,9330.9220,8190.21,151,7521.219.2%

Hungary856,5560.9325,3160.31,181,8721.227.5%

Finland1,015,5791.0527,7590.51,543,3381.534.2%

Ireland820,8950.8723,5930.71,544,4881.546.9%

Switzerland1,186,8091.2370,5300.41,557,3391.623.8%

Denmark1,288,5981.3294,3970.31,582,9951.618.6%

Czech Republic1,148,6351.1857,4930.92,006,1282.042.7%

Romania324,3190.31,858,1561.92,182,4752.285.1%

Ukraine527,4490.51,967,9922.02,495,4412.578.9%

Austria2,056,8292.1515,4000.52,572,2292.620.0%

Portugal1,906,6631.91,010,2211.02,916,8842.934.6%

Norway2,898,8282.9291,0120.33,189,8403.29.1%

Sweden3,069,7983.1486,5030.53,556,3013.613.7%

Turkey1,817,5491.83,263,5603.35,081,1095.164.2%

Netherlands5,125,5285.1960,8891.06,086,4176.115.8%

Poland3,997,4144.02,665,8542.76,663,2686.740.0%

Spain7,273,0037.32,701,4332.79,974,43610.027.1%

Russia2,080,9152.18,221,7288.210,302,64210.379.8%

Italy8,107,1158.14,397,0734.412,504,18812.535.2%

Germany11,369,42411.41,748,2501.713,117,67413.113.3%

United Kingdom13,783,64913.82,170,9672.215,954,61616.013.6%

France14,385,96414.41,605,0451.615,991,00916.010.0%

SC Provision Growth



Million (sq.m)


YearNew Shopping Centre GLA Per Annum (sq.m)Total GLA (sq.m)

< 1960892,299892,299

196181,573973,872

1962114,0931,087,965

1963246,0021,333,967

1964470,0471,804,014

1965675,0362,479,050

1966351,2022,830,252

1967407,2103,237,462

1968996,5784,234,040

19691,225,4555,459,495

19701,730,2257,189,720

19711,549,2318,738,951

19722,348,27611,087,227

19732,211,65513,298,882

19742,383,64015,682,522

19751,989,81617,672,338

19761,748,47719,420,815

19771,154,60020,575,415

19781,124,55621,699,971

19791,067,00722,766,978

1980858,99623,625,974

1981950,61424,576,588

19821,242,35725,818,945

1983755,28826,574,233

19841,452,83828,027,071

19851,136,77529,163,846

19861,154,64030,318,486

19871,340,02631,658,512

19881,998,40133,656,913

19892,030,61235,687,525

19902,548,33738,235,862

19912,356,43440,592,296

19922,870,03543,462,330

19933,128,49246,590,822

19942,729,56149,320,383

19953,485,16052,805,543

19962,726,85555,532,398

19972,905,88858,438,286

19983,453,48361,891,769

19994,006,66065,898,429

20004,520,64070,419,069

20014,093,92174,512,990

20023,919,88478,432,874

20035,139,67983,572,554

20044,582,21688,154,769

20055,932,76794,087,536

20068,207,687102,295,223

20079,230,759111,525,982

20089,331,939120,857,922

20097,396,722128,254,644

Est. 20106,143,471134,398,115

Est. 20115,027,792139,425,906

892299892299

81573973872

1140931087965

2460021333967

4700471804014

6750362479050

3512022830252

4072103237462

9965784234040

12254555459495

17302257189720

15492318738951

234827611087227

221165513298882

238364015682522

198981617672338

174847719420815

115460020575415

112455621699971

106700722766978

85899623625974

95061424576588

124235725818945

75528826574233

145283828027071

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New Shopping Centre GLA Per Annum (sq.m)

Total GLA (sq.m)

Million (sq.m)

Million (sq.m)

Source: www.dutycalculator.com THE DEMALLING PROCESS ISTo convert an indoor mall into an open-air shopping center where stores have street-level access, and which may also include non-retail buildings (such as apartments) (Source: wordspy.com)It can be also the transformation of old fashioned shopping malls for introducing other services.

The consequences of malling and demalling urban spaces Growth of suburban centralities

Lighten the pressure of the Main Street

Approach of shopping activities to suburban consumer residences

Increase of retail space for consumers and offer Reinvestment in the city centre or at least, in other spaces with more centrality

Recycle old shopping malls for other uses

Reduction of retail competition for the city centre(if there is a public/private investment in the city centre)

The consequences of malling and demalling urban spaces Large dependence on private mobility

Scarce use of the city centre for shopping and urban public spaces

Incentive to revalue housing in suburbian areas

Consumers forget the city life

Local government can not invest in city centre if it allows more and more shopping malls in the outskirts Disposable city

Generation of greyfields

Demalling shows the quick speed of changes and need for innovations of the retail sector, irrespective of the urban patrimony or the mix of uses of the city centre

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