ORGANS:TestisDuct systems - epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts & urethaAccessory sex glands- seminal vesicles, prostate & bulbourethral glandsSupporting structures- scrotum & penis

TESTIS:Size: 5 cm long & 2.5 cm diameterWeight: 10-15 gmLocation: Near kidneys & posterior portion of the abdomen Begin descent into the scrotum through inguinal canals 7th month pregnancyLayers of membrane covering testes:a) Tunica vaginalis serous membraneb) Tunica albuginea dense irregular connective tissue, extends inwards forming septa that divides into lobules that contains 200-300 seminiferous tubules

HISTOLOGY OF TESTIS

Seminiferous tubules Coiled tubules2 types of cells: a) Spermatogenic cells- develop from primordial germ cells (yolk sac) & enter testes during 5th week development- remains during childhood & begin produce sperm during puberty - spermatogenesis & spermiogenesis occur b) Sertoli cells- extend from membrane basement to tubule lumen- tight junction blood-testis barrier- support & protect spermatogenic cells- produce fluid for sperm transport, secrete inhibin hormone & mediate effects of testosterone & FSH

Seminiferous tubules Leydig cells:- between seminiferous tubules- secrete testosterone (androgen) development of masculine characteristics & libido

EPIDIDYMIS Size: 4 cm longConsists of tightly coiled ductus epididymis 3 parts:Head superiorBody midportionTail inferiorPseudostratified columnar with stereocilia Site of sperm maturation stores sperm until ejaculate

HISTOLOGY OF EPIDIDYMIS

DUCTUS DEFERENS Vas deferensSize: 45 cm longAscends along posterior of epididymis, passes through inguinal canal, enters pelvic cavity, loops over ureter & passes over the side & down the posterior surface of the urinary bladderPseudostratified columnar epithelium & areolar connective tissue Conveys sperms during sexual activity Store sperm until ejeculation

SPERMATIC CORDSupporting structure ascends out of scrotumConsists of vas deferens, testicular arteries & veins, autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels & cremaster muscle

EJACULATORY DUCTSSize: 2 cm longUnion ducts of seminal vesicle & ampulla of vas deferensForm superior to base of prostate & pass inferiorly & anteriorly through prostateEject sperm with seminal vesicles secretions before release semen into urethra

URETHRASize: 2-3 cm long Shared terminal duct of reproductive & urinary systems passage for semen & urinePasses through prostate, descend inferiorly into the membranos urethra - passes through corpus spongiosum of the penis (spongy urethra)

SEMINAL VESICLES Size: 5 cm longLocation: - posterior to the base of urinary bladder - anterior to the rectumSecretes (60% of semen volume):a) Alkaline neutralize acidic environment in the female reproductive tractb) Fructose ATP productionc) Prostaglandins sperm motility & viability, stimulate muscle contractions within female reproductive tract d) Clotting proteins semen coagulation

HISTOLOGY OF SEMINAL VESICLES

PROSTATESingle, size of golf ball Location:- inferior to urinary bladder - surrounds prostatic urethra Slowly increases size from birth to pubertySecretes (25% semen volume): a) Citric acid ATP productionb) Proteolytic enzymes break down clotting proteinsc) Acid phosphate d) Seminalplasmin antibiotic that destroy bacteria

BULBOURETHRAL GLANDSCowpers glandsLocation:- inferior to the prostate - side of membranous urethra - ducts open to into spongy urethraSecretes:a) Alkaline fluid b) Mucus lubricate end of penis & lining of urethra

SCROTUMSingle pouch separated by rapheInternal: Scrotum septum divides into 2 sacs where each contain testis Septum- smooth muscle fibers (dartos muscle)Skeletal muscle of scrotum- cremaster muscle

PENISContains urethra, passageway of semen ejaculation & excretion of urinaryShape: cylinder3 parts:a) Root- consists of bulb of penis, expanded base of corpus spongiosum penis & crura of the penis b) Body- consists of 3 cylinder tissues:i) tunica albugineaii) corpus cavernosa penisiii) corpus spongiosum penis c) Glans - consists of prepuce (foreskin) - terminal opening external urethral orifice

SPERMATOGENESIS2 types of spermatogonia:a) Spermatogonia A-mitoticly active-give rise to spermatogonia Bb) Spermatogonia B -undergo meiotic division-primary spermatocyte Meiosis start after pubertyAfter complete processsperm enter lumina tubule & then move to epididymis to store & become functionally matureProcess -65-75 days

SPERM

ABNORMAL SPERMATOGENESIS ABNORMAL SPERM FORMATIONNondisjunction will cause error in cell division22 autosomes & XY chromosomes22 autosomes & no chromosomes

SEMEN Mixture of sperm & seminal fluid WHO GUIDELINE - normal rangeVolume: 2.0 5.0 mlCount: 20 x 106/mlTotal count: 40 x 106/mlMotility: 50% rapid & slow progressionMorphology: 50% pH: 7.2-8.0 Liquefy: < 60 minutes