malaria history the disease how people get malaria ( transmission) symptoms and diagnosis treatment...
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MALARIA
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MALARIAHistoryThe diseaseHow people get Malaria
( transmission)Symptoms and DiagnosisTreatmentPreventive measuresWhere malaria occurs in the world
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HistoryDiscovery of the Malaria Parasite (1880):Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
Discovery That Mosquitoes Transmit Malaria Parasites (1897-1898):Ronald Ross
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What is malaria?It ’s a disease caused by a parasite called
Plasmodium, which is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes.
In the human body, the parasites multiply in the liver, and then infect red blood cells.
4 kinds of malaria parasites : Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae.
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How is Malaria transmitted?Infected mosquito's bites (only
infective female Anopheles mosquito). Other rares cases : *blood transfusion, *organ transplantation, *needles, syringes, *mother to her unborn child( congenital
malaria)
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Anophele mosquito feeding on a human arm.
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SymptomsMore commonly, the patient presents a
combination of the following symptoms: *Fever, chills * Headaches, sweats * Nausea and vomiting * Body aches * General malaise
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Diagnosis Microscopic examination of blood films
because each of the four parasite species has distinguishing characteristics(it’s the most economic, prefered, and reliable diagnosis ).
Antigen detection tests that require only a drop of blood (In areas where microscopy is not available, or where laboratory staff are not experienced at malaria diagnosis ).
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TreatmentTreatment for malaria depends on several
factors: the species of malaria causing infection, severity of infection, the age of the infected individual…
There are several families of drugs used to treat malaria:
* Chloroquine (therapy and prophylaxis) * Quinine (Therapy only) * Doxycycline (Therapy and prophylaxis)
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PreventionPersonal measures to avoid
mosquitoes: *Sleeping under bed nets * Wear protective clothing ( for example
Wear light-coloured because dark colours attract mosquitoes).
*Using insect repellent Antimalarial medication
(prophylaxis)There is currently no malaria vaccine
approved for human use.
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Where malaria occurs in the world
Malaria is found in warmer regions of the world, in tropical and subtropical countries including Americas, Asia and Africa(malaria-risk areas).
Malaria causes about 400–900 million cases of fever
approximately 1 to 3 million deaths annually this represents at least one death every 30
seconds.
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Distribution and impact of malaria in the world