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• • I

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flALACASY FOR BEGINNERS

BICHABDSON

~7/~j 'g , , ~~

M p 72o ~ l 'Pl 5 I

1 ~ ; •

P gC

MALAGASY FOR BEGINNERS:

A SERIES OF 8RADUATED LESSONS AND EXERCISES IN

MALAOASY AS SPOKEN BY THE HOVAS.

C3>~~REV, J. RICHARDSON,

HEAD-NARTER OF THE L. AT. 8. NORNIAL 8OHOOL, ANTANANARIVO.

PA.RTS I., I I .

A NTANANARI V O :THE LONDON MISSIONARY SOCIETY.

c884.

l'SKg

I

PRE FACE.

THE want of some such book as "~ oxsv zon Bnemznns" has longbeen felt. I n the following pages an attempt has been made to

supply that want.

In many places it will be seen, by those who are conversant with theRev. W. E. Cousins' "INrnonucrroN," that I have been greatly indebtedto hirn for much that appears in this book; and in some consecutivesections I have closely followed. his order, simply because I thought i twas the best. IKr. Cousins most readily agreed to all I a sked of h im,and I desire here to express my ind.ebtedness to him.

There is much that I t h ink w i l l be found put in a new l ight andsimplifiedin the book. ' The tables aie purposely made long, for onlyby seeing and. learning the word.s can a beginner know the peculiarterminations of passive verbs, verb'al nouns, and derivative adjectives, etc.

I think I should. adopt a somewhat different grouping of the variouspassive terminations, were I t o wr i te the book again; the 6rst threegroups of passive terminations ( pp. 20-23) are undoubtedly one. I h a vefound. it very diBlcult at t imes to keep to one thing at a t ime, andt here is so much overlapping and. interweaving in the book that I l a ymyself open to the charge of "having had no fixed. purpose" in my mind..A little thought will show, I think, that "previous intention" has madethe book what it is.

I believe that any one going carefully though the book will be 'able toenjoy the reading and speaking of Malagasy in a much shorter timethan he could have done without it; and I am sure that he wil l a f ter­wards turn to such excellent books as those of the Rev. W. E . Cousinsand Pere Ailloud, and. thank rhe for having supplied a key to thosetreasures hitherto closed to beginners.

There are some very annoying slips in the way of spelling that haveescape$ me in reading the proofs. The list of errata is somewhat long.I trust that the fact that (1) this book is the lirst of its kind in lKalagasy,thit (2) it was copied by Malagasy youths, (3) printed by Malagasy, and(4) carried through the press during an exceptional pressure of otherduties, will be remembered by those who may be inconvenienced bythem.

It was intended to publish in Part II I . a s mall D ic t ionary, showingthe various forms under their proper roota. The type for pr int ing i t ,however, is shutup in Tamatave, and having waited nearly twelve monthsfor it we deem it better to issue Parts I. and II. at once.

May this little book help beginners to "lay a good foundation" in theirfirst attempts at learning Malagasy.

Faraeohitra, January 1st, l884.

C ONTRA C T I O N S .

krt.=k r t icie. kct, Indic.=kctive Indicstive.S.=Substantive. kct. Imper.=kctive Imperstive.Sing.=Singulsr. Ind.=Indicstive.Plu.=Plursl. Imp.=Imperative.POSB.=Possesslve. Rel.=Relstive.Lcc.= A.ccusstive. Rel. Imp.=Relstive Imperstive.Ldj.=kdjective. Rel. Indic.=Relstive Indicative.Reduplic.=Reduplicstive. Inf.= ln i initive.Pzes.=Present. Pass.=Passive.Fut.=Future. Psss. Imp.=Passive Imperstive.V.=Verb. Ldv.=kdverb.V. tr.=Verb Trsnsitive. Prep.=Preposition.V. int.=Verb Intransitive. Pro.=Pronoun.V. pas.=Verb Psssive. Conj.=Conjunction.Act. tr.=kc t ive Transitive. Int.= Interjection.kct. int.=kctive Intransitive.

PART I.— LESSONS 8t EX E RCISES.

PLGE1.— The klphsbet... 12. — The Diphthongs...3.— Some words with accents on second syllable4.— The euphonic i.5.— Some words with two sccents . '

6 7

6.— Ashing questions 87.— The SuSx Pronouns... . i .8.— Words of three syllsbles ending in -na 8 9

9.— Words of three syllables (or more) ending in -ka and -fra 10

10.— The Prepositions "aniy" with the sufRx pronouns. 1211.— The rest of the Personsl Pronouns............... 12

1 2.— The Prepositions "any" joined to nouns .. . . . . . . . 1313.— On the Verbs.— Root Verbs . 1514.— The repetition of words with dia between 1615.— The Psssive Verbs . 1716.— Psssive Verbs in a­ 1817.— Psssive Verbs formed by the suSx -ina 20

18.— Psssive Verbs formed by the su@x -ana or -na ... 2219.— Psssive Verbs formed by the su8ix -ena 2320.— Passive Verbs formed by the strengthened suKx -vina and -vana 24

21.— Psssive Verbs formed by the strengthened sufBX-zina snd -zana 20

22.— Psssive Verbs from roots ending in -na 2628.— Psssive Verbs from words ending in -ka 2824.— Psssive Verbs from words ending in - tra.. . . . . . . . 292o.— Psssive Verbs from prepositionsl phrase .. 802 6.— Transposed Psssives .... . . ; . . . 31

27.— Verbs in the Active voice, rni­ 8228.— Verbs in rni­ (continued) . 8429.— Verbs in mi- (continued) 35S'0.— kuxilisry Verbs with Active Verbs . 378 1.— Verbal nouns in mp- snd f-.. . . . . . 38SS.— Causative snd Reciprocal Causative Yerbs 39

34.— Psssive Verbs from the Causstive Lctive 4035. -Active Verbs from the prefix man­ 4136.— Active Verbs in man- rejecting the first consonsnt of the root . . . . . . 4237.— Active Verbs in man- strengthening the first consonsnt of the root.. 4438.— Active Verbs whereman- becomes mam-; b,f, p, snd v of th e root

being rejected 4639. -The prefix man- before words beginning with m snd n 4740.-The Verbsl Prefixes mian- snd mitan­

• • •48

41.— Auxilisry Verbs before Verbs in "man-" 5042.— Verbsl nouns from Verbs in "man-" 514 3.— Csusstive snd Reciprocsl forms of Verbs in "man-". . . . 6144.— Passive forms of Verbs in "mampan-" . . 6145.— The Irregular Verb, "hos" 5246.— The Auxilisries,"ofa," "madiva," "aoka," and " fokoey"... . . .

• •52

47.— The Relstive and Interrogstive Pronouns • • 5348.— The Demonstrstive Pronouns. 6449.— The Adjectives 6560.— Derivstive Adjectives in m- or ma­ 6651.— Compsrison of Adjectives 5752.— Derivstive Adjectives formed by Suffixes 5863.— Adjectives (continued) . 5954.— Adjectives governing the Accusstive Csse 6055.— The Numersls . 6156.— Numersls hsviug Verbsl forms 6357.— The Verbal Prefixes "miha-" snd "mana-".....;...... 64o8.— The Verbsl Prefix "maha-" 6559.— The Csusstive forms of "miha-," "mana-," and "maha-" 6660.— The Verbal Prefix "manka-" .. . 6761.— The Verbsl Prefix "ma-". 6962.— Abstract Nouns in "ha-" snd "ha-ana.". 7063.— Passive Verbs from Abstract Nouns . 7064.— Derivative Nouns ending in " -ana" .. . . . . . . 716 5.— The Definite Article .. . . . . . . . . 7266.— The omission of the Article.. . . . . . . . . . 7367.— The Personal Article... 736 8.— How the want of sn indefinite srticle is supplied .. . . . . . . . . I 469.— The Adverbs of Place 7470.— Adverbs of Time 70

71.— Adverbs of Msnner, snd Affirmation, snd Negstion, etc. 7672.— The Adverbs of Quslity or Manner . 7773.— The Prepositions 7874,— The Prepositionsl Prefixes . • • • • • 79

PL6875.— Substitutes for Prepositions •.••.. 8076.— Substitutes for Prepositions (continued) ..., •••••. 8177.— The Particie "no." • . 8278.— The Particle "no" discriminative 8279.— The Particle "ao" emphasising an adjunct, or statement 8380.— The Relative 8481. The Relative (continued).... 8482.— The Relative (continued) ... 8583.— The use of "manao" 85

. 84.— Words used in buying and selling 8785.— Names for various pieces of money 8886.— On the various Passive Forms 80

PART I I .— TRANSLATION OF E X ERCISES, PAGEs 94 — I19.

Psga 2, Vocabnlary add Fary (s), sugar Psge?l,gth word in thacane. second oolumn>

2, Exercise 1, 4th for "tberans" read to4rsna.line »? to Srstna 79, Sect. ?5, 17th

4, Voo. „crooked to ma­ word in the Srstloks. column, add between to an­

6, Voc. » angths to s n ­ lvona.gkmbca 79, slso m the second

6, Voo. » dlissle snd dris­ column, „ top to an-tam­sly to eriks pona.snd meriks. 88, Sect. 86,10th line,

» 10, Ez. zvi. see Key. for "thst» read th sn.„10, Ez. wvii. make the second xviii. 95, Ez.viii, Sent 14 add Msrar)r isy,,> 17> Tsble, add lifted up (ss of 99, Ez. xx., Sent. 18» Yes, slr.

the eyes), to 99, Ex. zxi., Sent. 12,stopy. for "entonso" >vad Ento.

» 18, in the Csble » hewntovoskspa. 99, Ez. Xxii, Sent. 5,„21, for "bsckbited» read bsckbitten. for "thyb » your.„22, for "hasssins" » hosasina. 99, Ez. zzih., Sent. 5,„24, Sect.20,9th word, for "hsve you" » sre youra

for "prevent" » prevented. 99,Ez. zziv., Sent.word m 9, add sir.

the tsble, for » 100, Ez. zxvi of the"mounted" „mounted on. key, for the 6th

» 27> E x. xzxlx, 4 t h • antence, read I will bringline, for "voan­ your ozen to­tentin' " » voatentin'. monow.

Sect.23,2nd word, » 102, Ex. zzzv., Sent.for "following" „Sogging. 8, leace out

Tsble, a dd oorrectlon t o » 102, Ex. Xzzv., Sent.snatra. 14, for cchhsro­

,> 30,Ex. XlL> tha last intsika» veadline, for "hsto­ » 102, Ez. zzzvi, Sent.lorsnao" raad hotoloranso. 1, for "the rice

» 31, Sect.26,12th word, was planted" Wss the rioefor "bested" » beaten. plsnted 7

» 32, Ex. xliii 7th line, » 106, Ez. L, Sent. 15, add Eny.for"nohiniLhsn'b» noiinsran'. „110,Ex. lzvL, after

» 40,4thline, for "mi­ "fandrenesans»fsmpihdy" » msmpisdy. in the number 3, faudresaus> s

» 4l,the last word in verbsl nounthe table, for fromtheverb"angsndrso» » angadrao. "msndresy.»

» 48, Sect.40, for "prin­ » 111, Ex. lzzii, Sent.oiple» » principaL 8, to "knife," „ large.

» 58, Ex. lxxvh 4th » 112, Ex. lzxiv., Sent.line,for the Srst 8, to "buttergy," » yellow.c'that» Chan. » 114, Ez. lxxzv., Sent.

» 60,Voa lsst line in 17, for "dark," vead darkar.the Srst column, » 115> Ex 1zzxvL>Sent.for "sum" » rum. 3, for 'wisdom," » knowledge.

» 65, Ez, lzxxv. 6 t h » 116> Ez. ze., SenC. 4,lina, for "ihs­ for"Wsitamin­reso » lharaso. ute," „That will do.

» 71,2nd word in Cha » 116, xcii., Sent. 7, forsecond column, "numbers," » number.for cchssfahins» [slkho. » 120,ov., Sent. 8, forand "hstsisho" » hasiikhinasndhs­ "Eabe " » Eakoto.

MALAGASY FOR BEGINNERS.

PART I.— LESSONS AND EXERCISES.

z .— THE A L P H A B E T .

There are only hventy one letters in the Malagasy Alphabet.They are the same as in the English; c, y, I , m, and w beingomitted. The zomels are a, e, i, and 0.

a is pronounced as a in father, Akna, a chameleon.e „

„ „ e „ there, dfa, done.

y is used for i as a final.o is pronounced as oo in boo,fo, the heart.

In the vocative case an o is prefixed with the English sound; it has also thesame sound in foreign names. The learner should make no difference in thepronunciation of these vowels beyond the difFerence between an accentuatedand an unaccentuated syllable.

The consonunts have the same sound as in English, with theexception of g, which is always hard, andg which is really dz, i.e.the word jdmba (bfind) is pronounced dzdmba.

R EAD A N D L EA RN T HE F O L L O W I N G . ­

Ba (s.), a stocking, stockings. Vary (s.), rice.Ra (s.), blood. Sary (s.), a picture, pictures.Fa (conj.), for, but, that. Tany (s.), earth.'Sa (conj.), or (particular). 'Mena (adj.), red, ho mena, (fut.).Ny (conj.), or (general). Samy (adv.), both, equally.Tana (s.), a chameleon, chameleons. Tsara (adj.), good, ho tsara, (fut.).

Sa is used for questions'and when only a particular one of two or ofa series may be chosen; while na is used in statements when any one.of aseries may be taken.' The present of the adjectives becomes future by prefixing ha.

Gaga (adj.), astonished. katsy (adj.), bad.Mamba (s.), a crocodile, crocodiles. Fery (s.), a wound, wounds.Firy (adj.), how many? Faly (adj.), glad, ho faly, (fut.).Sivy (adj.), nine. Valo (adj.), eight.Roa (adj.), two. Lamba (s.), an outer garment.'Sy (conj.), and. Sira (s.), salt.Ary (conj.), and. Dimy (adj.), five.Enina (adj.), six. 'Izy (pro.), he, she, it, they.Masaka (adj.), ripe, cooked. ,Telo (adj.), three.' Dia (conj.). Fito (adj.), seven.Maty (adj.), dead, ho faty (fut.). Folo (adj.), ten.Mamy (adj.), sweet, ho mamy (ht.). Ny (a.), the.Maso (s.), eye, eyes. Aho (pro.), I.Efatra (adj.), four. Manitra (adj.), sweet, fresh.Olona (s.), person, somebody, people. Hena (s.), beef.

N0te.— The article in English will always be omitted unless where miscon­ceptions might arise from its omission. Words not otberwise accented havethe accent on the first vowel.

EXERCISE I.— T RANSLA TE I N T O E N GL I S H.~Ba roa. 'Sira izy. Firy ny mamba? 'Olona efatra. Izy aho. Faly izy.

Tana izy, fa olona aho. Mamy ny fary. Sivy ny olona. Gaga ny olona, famaty ny mamba telo. Enina ny olona, ary roa ny ba. Tana sy mamba.Na ny mamba na ny tana dia samy maty izy. Fery telo. Masaka ny vary.Ho mena ny ra. Gaga aho. Tsara ny sary valo. Ratsy ny maso roa. Homanitra izy. Ratsy ny lamba mena dimy. Tany tsara.

EXERCISE II.— TRANSLATE 1NTO 3fALAGAS Y .

Six people. Good rice. Ten bad crocodiles. I (am) he. She (is) good.I (am) good. He ( is) bad. They (are) sweet. The salt (is) fresh. Theearth. The stockings (are) ten. The chameleons and the crocodiles (are)bad. The beef (is) cooked. Red blood. E ight people. F ive garments.How many (are) the people? They (are) nine. How many (are) the red eyes?The people (are) glad for the beef (is) fresh. It ( is) dead.Kot'e.— To emphasize the non-existence of the verb "to be," brackets are

used in this exercise; they will be omitted in the succeeding ones.

Sy is used in connecting nouns etc. when there are two or more, andary connects the last of a series of w ords, or two sentences.

' This word has very often the force of the English verb "to be."' This word is used for masculine, feminine, and neuter; and for singular

and plural.~ The adjective follows the noun.' There is no verb "to be' in the Malagasy, and the subject follows the

predicate.6 There is no change for the plural.' Two nu l ike these mean "whether.... . . . . o r ."

READ A iUD LEAR H T HE POLLOWING.Tanana (s.), hand. Boky (s.), book. Mbola (adv.), yet.Tongotra (s.), foot. Ody (s.), charm. Vaky (v.), (pres. and past.),Loha (s,), head. Vy (s.), iron. broken(in pieces), cracked,Volo (s.), hair. Resaka (s.), conversation. split.Vola (s.), money. Andro (s.), day. Ho vaky (v.), will be broken,Satroka (s.), hat. Alina (s.), night. etc.Fotsy (adj.), white. Peso (s.), peach. Tapaka (v.), broken oif, cutManga (adj.), blue. Nify (s.), tooth. off.Lalana (s.), road. Ando (s.), dew. Vorona (s.), bird.Vato (s.), stone. Volana (s.), moon, month. Mafy (adj.), hard.Vata (s.), box. Hendry (adj.), wise, good. Tsy (adv.), not.Rano (s.), water. Reny (s.), mother.Manana (v.), (I) have. Manana (v.), (We) have.

(You) have. (You) have.(He, she, it) has. (They) have.

The Malagasy verb has no changes for person and number.The past of active verbs is formed by changing "M" to "N ,"

and the future by changing "M" to "H" : i . e . M a nana, pres.;Nanana, past; Hanana, future.

.EXERCISE I I I .— TRAXSLATE I V T O E 1 VGLISH.Tanana roa sy tongotra efatra. Fotsy ny volo. Manana satroka manga

aho. Ratsy ny lalana. Mafy ny vato sy ny vy. Ratsy ny vola. Nananapeso dimy sy vato fotsy telo aho. 'Alina ny andro. Vaky ny vato. Tapakany vy. Manana vato telo izy. Mamy ny rano. Mbola tsara ny hena. Ni fyfotsy valo. Manana vorona manga efatra izy. F iry ny satroka fotsy, aryfiry ny vata manga? Maty ny vorona. Samy manana tanana roa sy ton­gotra roa ny olona. Manana loha izy. Manitra ny peso. Tsara ny ando.Hendry ny reny.

EXERCISE IV.-TRAKSLATE llVTO 3fALAGASY.

'The water is good. The charm is bad. I have ten good books. The redbeef is bad. The tooth is yet good. The nights and the days are seven.The dew, the peach, and the stone. The road is bad. The hands, the feet,t he people, and the chameleons. Five white people. N ine blue birds. H ehas a head. I have two peaches and three red stones. How many are thedays? A good head, and white hair. The moon is white. The money andthe box. The peach is sweet smelling. They have three.blue hats, and fivered peaches, but the peaches are bad. The conversation is not good. Thestone is not hard.

' Idiom for it is dark.

2.­ 'THE D I PHTHONGS.

There are only two diphthongs in the language; they almostinvariably take the accent, and words in which they occur will notbe accented unless the accent be on some other syllable. They are

ai pronounced as i in mine, and80 » ow in now.

R EAD A N D L EAR N T HE EOLLOWIN G.Ray (s.), father, Kintana (s.), star.Ao (adv.), there. Zaza (s.), child.

Tao (adv.), there (past). Zanaka (s.), offspring.Ho ao (adv.), there (future). Diso (adj.), Ho diso (fut.), wrong'.

Mainty (adj.), black. Antsy (s.), knife.Maina (adj.), dry. Ondana (s.), pillow.Aiza (adv.)? where? Lakana (s.), canoe.

Taiza (adv.), where (past). Lanitra (s.), heaven, the sky.Ho aiza (adv.), where (fut.). Inona (adv.)? what?

Maizina (adj.), dark (of darkness). Meloka (adj.), guilty.Maivana (adj.), light (of weights). ' 'Misy (v.), nisy (past), hisy(fut.) thereLaoka (s.), a relish. is, or there are.Lavitra (adj.), far. Omby (s.), ox.Sambo (s.), ship. Ondry (s.), sheep. .

Rivotra (s.), the wind. Marina (adj.), true, right.

EXERCISE V. TRANSLA TE INTO ENG LLSH.Hisy olona telo. Marina ny zaza fotsy. Tapaka ny antsy. Maizina ny

andro. Faly ny reny tsara, fa hendry ny zaza. Mbola zaza izy. M i sysambo sivyao. Tsy misy voronaao. D iso aho, fa ratsy nylalana. Gagany ray fa maivana ny vata. Aiza ny ondry sy ny omby mainty roa ary nylaoka tsara? Tao ny reny sy ny zaza ary ny ray. Manana antsy sy lakanaary ondana telo aho. Manga ny lanitra. A iza ny antsy fi'to? Inona ~nymarina? Aiza ny kintana telo? Ny sambo sy ny rivotra. Ao ny sambo, faaiza ny rivotra?

EXERCISE VI.— TRANSLA TE LNTO 3EALA GA SY.

Where is the red hat? T h e people are true. H e has a w ise child.Where is the bad money? They have six good boxes, seven white sheep, andten bad oxen. Where is the canoe? The pillow is light. The box is l ight.The night is dark. There is not anybody there. There will be a canoe there.Thetrue isgood. T he i ron is crooked, and the knife is broken. 'fhe ten

tstones are light. The sky is red, and there is (some) wind.

' When "s" is preceded and followed by "i" i t has a soft "sh" sound,3Eishy.

"Ny" before an adjective makes it a noun as in English, the true,' thegood, &c.

3.— SOME WORDS W ITH ACCENTS ON SECONDSYLLABLE.

READ AX D LEA R E T HE FOL L O F'IXG,

Noticing that nearly all the accents are on the second syllable:­Markry(adj.), ill, to be ill Ity (pro.), this. Lalkna (s.), law.Iray (adj.), one. Atslmo (s.), south. Mazkva (adj.), l i ghtAkdho (s.), fowl. Avkratra (s.), north. (of the day).At6dy (s.), egg. Andrdfana (s.), west. Akaiky (prep.), near.Madftra (adj.), stubborn. Maraina (s.), morning. Kandfa (conj:), and yet.Finkritra < (adj.), well, Harlva (s.), evening. Indray (adv.), again.

happy. Ry,... 8 (inter.), before Mahftsy(adj.), straight.Malaina (adj.), idle, lazy. nouns in vocative case. Sakaiza (s.), friend.Mal6my (adj.), soft. Ambdny (prep.), above. Izkny (pro.), that.Kaf6 (s.), coffee. Ambkpy (prep.), below. Fanjaitra (s.), needle.Ditd (s.), tea. Matdnjaka (adj.), strong Omdly(adv.), yesterday.Mahdry (adj.), strong, (of living things only). Reh6tra (adj.), all.

heavy. Angkmba {adv.), per­ Avy (v.), (ho avy, fut.),Mafkna (adj.), warm. haps. comes, is coming.Anlo (adv.), to-day (fut.). Rehhfa (adv.), whenAvy ao, comes from.Rano (s.), water. (fut.). Maloto (adj.), dirty.

EXERCISE VII.— TRA1VSLA TE INTO EKGLISH.

MaQnjaka ny zaza. Mazkva ny andro. Avy ao andr6fana ny rivotrama&na. Mard,ry ny omby. Manana akdho roa sy at6dy valo ny zaza.Fin6ritra aho fa manana peso mal6my fito aho. M isy akdho fotsy iray aoambdny, ary misy ondry madftra roa ao ambkny. Lavitra ny lalana omkly,fa tsy ho lavitra anlo. H isy olona maQnjaka efatra ao rehhfa harlva uyandro anlo, ary madftra sy malaina izy rehhtra. Mal6my ny peso, fa mah6ryny vato. A iza ny avdratra sy ny atslmo ary ny andrhfana? Matknjaka nyomby, fa angkmba tsy matknjaka ny ondry fotsy. Mazkva indray ny volana.Mahltsy ny lnlana anfo, fa meloka izy omd,ly. Aiza ny kafd sy ny dit6 ary nyraho mafknaP Tsara izd.ny, fa masaka ny vary. T s y marary aho, fafinAritra aho, ry sakaiza. Diso ity, fa mariha izkny. Aiza ny reny, fa markryny zaza? Manana fanjaitra aho, fa aiza ny lamba?

EXERCISE VI I I .— TRAA'SLATE I 3 T TO 3EALA GASF.I am not idle. The father and the mother have twp good children. Where

are the oxen and the sheep, the fowls and the eggs. The stone is near, butthe water is far. Perhaps the moon is earth. T hat i s r ight, but this iswrong. The wood is broken .off. I am happy. H e i s stubborn. Whereare the light boxes? He is ill. The water is not warm. They are ill. Theyare there. The oxen are not far, and yet he is idle. The garments are red,and the needle is good. The water is dirty again. What is that? I t i s anox. That is not good.

BXERCISE X.— TRAPSLATE E2VTO 3fALA GASF.

The oil is not good. I am not in a hurry, for the road is good to day. Thepeople are there. The day will not be showery. The boy is arrived. Thegirl has an ornament. The pins and the needles are broken. The bullhas aheadandfour feet. The morningis dark, and the day wil l not be warm.Much good rice. He has a little hand. Be quick; friend. There was muchoil yesterday. We are not in a hurry, for it is not yet evening. The child isnot well shaped. The meat is good, and what is its price? The people wereastonished when the canoe came (tonga). I t is like a sheep.

5 .— SOME W O R D S W ITH T W O A CCE N T S .

Some words (mostly i f no t a lways compound), take twoaccents. Learn the following:­Lhhilkhy (s.), man. Vkravkrana (s.), door.V6hivkvy (s.), woman. Skrobfdy (adj.), dear (of price).Rkhalkhy (s.), brother of a brother. Vdalavo (s.), rat.Rkhavkvy (s.), sister of a sister. Anknkiray (adj.), one, a certain one.Anadkhy (s.), brother of a sister. Ampftso

Rknadkhy (s.), in the vocative case. ) (odv.), to-morrow.

Anabkvy (s.), sister of brother. Hkzandrkno (s.), a fish; fish.Rknabkvy (s.), in the vocative case. Marknitra (adj.), sharp.

Sandry (s.), the arm. Mazdto (adj.), diligent. Loatra(adv.), too mucb.Elo (s.), umbrella. Mazotoa, be diligent. Sarotra (adj.), difficult.Sofina (s.), ear. Raraka (v.) spilled. Fit6.ratra (s.), glass.Dombo (adj.), blunt. Ahitra (s.), grass. Tanthly (s.), honey.Lasa (v.), gone. Maitso (adj.), green. Amb6a (s;), dog.Madlo (adj.), clean. Ety (adj.), narrow. Alika (s.), dog.

Madi6va, be clean. Hety (s.), scissors. Amp6ndra (s.), ass.Kirkro (s.), shoes. Mora (adj.), easy, mild, Kamboty (s.) orphau.Vbry (v.), lost. cheap. Tot6zy (s.), mouse.Tsia (adv.), no. Mork, be easy, etc. Lovfa (s.), plate.

I

EXERCISE XI.— TRA37$LA TE IÃTO EEGLISH.

Vaky ny lovia, rknabkvy. Firy ny lhhilkhy sy ny vhhivkvy? Very ny antsydombo, fa ao ny paingotra maranitra. Mazotda, ry rkhalkhy. H o t ongarkhampftso ny totozy mena ary ny v6alkvo. mainty. M isy a l ika roa ao.Maitso ny ahitra, fa mainty ny tany. A iza ny hety? Very izy. M aditra nyampdndra, ary ho raraka ny rano. Kambdty ny zaza M a d iova, ry sakaiza.Maty ny vdalkvo anAnkiray, ka faly ny totozy. Tsara ny kirkro, fa ratsy nysatroka. Vaky ny fitkratra, ary tapaka ny fanjaitra meloka. Lasa fainganaizy. Aiza ny elo, fa mafkna loatra ny andro? Maty ny hazandrAno; ary aizany lovia? Manana sofina roa ny ampdndra. Skrobidyloatra ny tanthly mamy.Ety ary ratsy ny lalana. Tsy skrobidy loatra ny antsy sy ny hety mar4nitra.

EXERCISE XII.— TRA1VSLATE IHTO 3fALA GASF.

I have a good brother and two good(wise) sisters. The money will be lost,if we are not quick. The water will be spilled, for the road is too narrow. Theroad was not bad yesterday, and yet the men have not arrived. The umbrellais too little, and the shoes are cheap. The black ass is stubborn, but theman is wise. The honey is too sweet. The rice is too dear, but the fish arecheap. I have three.knives: (the) two are sharp, but the one is blunt. Th eten plates are broken, and whereis the rice and the relish? They are alllost. How many men, brothers, sisters, and children (are there)? The birdsare gone, but one is dead.

6.— ASKING QUESTIONS.

Questions are asked by inserting "vu" between the predicateand subject, or by putting "nzoa" at the beginning of the sen­tence. A f ter ' fzry" and "z'nona," however, "m8a" and not "vu"must be used; i.e.

Masaka ny vary = The r i c e is cooked.Masaka va ny vary? = Is the rice cooked?Moa masaka ny vary?=Firy moa ny omby i' = H ow many oxen are there?

EXERCISE XIII.— TRANSLA TE IXTO EXG LISH.

Tonga va ny olona? Lasa va ny vorona? Very va ny vola? Vaky va nylovla? Hendry va ny zaza? Kely loatra va ny 6mbiv6vy? Maty va izy?Ao va ny r6halkhy? ga i n ty va ny vato? Maivana va ny vata? F i ry moanyolona? Tsy marknitra va ny antsy? Tsy ety va ny la lana? Moa tsytsara ny tanthly? Vaky va ny at6dy? Moa tsy skrobfdy ny amp6ndra? Masa­ka va ny varysynylaoka? Firymoa nyondryao? Inona moaizany? Aizanyfithratra vaky I' Tonga om6ly va ny sakaiza? Tsia, fa ho tonga anio izy. Dom­bo va ny hety kely? Tsia. Marknitra va ny antsy? Tsia, fa dombo loatra fzy.

y .— THE SU F FI X PR ON O U N S.

The suKx p ronouns (implying possession when joined tonouns, and the agent o f p assive and re la t ive ve rbs), exceptingin words of three or more sy l l ab les ending i n na , k u , a nd t r u(the rule for which see afterwards ) are as follows:­Sing.— ko =m y, o r by me. Plur.— nts?ka=our, or by us(including the

speaker and persons ad­-nao = t h y , orby thee. dressed).

-nay=our, o r by u s (excluding=his, or by him. person addressed).

-ny =h e r , or by her. -nareo=your, or by you.=its, or by it. -ny=their, or by them.

EXERCISE XXXIII.— TRANSLATE INTO 3fALA GASY,Using always ihe Passive with SuPn Pronoun ar agenI of Ihe verb,

where required.The oxen were killed by me. Did you call me, sir? Youroxen werekilled

by me. Tell meyourname. I cannot tell (to) you my name. How manyoxen did you see at the door? He was despised by his brothers and sisters.They were praised by their father. The wood was hewn by the men in the field.Bring to me the captive, captured by you. Call the servant quickly. Dn yourwork well. It is well done by me. Can you divide the peaches? Perhaps I candivide them, if you will give them to me to be divided. Weigh rny money forme. Did you not despise your friend here? No, I did not upbraid him at all.

1 8.— PASSIVE VERB S F O R M E D B Y T H E SU F FIX.-ANA OR -N A .

A secofra| group instead of tating "s'na" take "ana," or -na, andin a fevv instances do not change the accent.

Pos. Inf., ~ Post.and Iad. ' Imper.

Ssss swssh, washing ssssns to be washed nosssana hosssansOvs (vos)' changed ovhus chsnged novsns hovsns ovay

v~ f untiedVshs (vos) loosened loosened} novshsns hovahsns

Voha (voa) opened vohgna opened novohana hevohsns vohaySssy s fine ssslns fmed nosasins hasasina sssio

Tavhs f rnin'edRsvs ruined despoiled l norsvsns

Tsns (vos) heM tknsns held notsnans hotanans tanoOme given omsns given nomena homena olneoTsingins solder tsinginsna >I soiliered notsinginans hotsingi­ tsingino

nansIryt irlns desired nlrlns hirins irloVsky (voa) broken vakina broken,Tesd novakina hovskins vakio

exhaustedLany lsnina nolanina holaninsused up j lsnloVory (vos) assembled vorlns sssembled novorins hovorins vorioTory (vos) preached torlns preached notorina hotorins torioTslny blame, censure tsinlns blamed notsinina hotsinina tsinfoSolo s substitute solosns substituted nosolosna hosolosns so16yToTo 2 torbana pointed out notorosna hotoToans tersyPotsy white fotshns whitened nofotsisna hofotsisna fotsiohmpy enough amptsns added nslnplsns hampisns sulploVsly sn snsweT vallans answered novslians hovslisns vslio

hsrdy~ e har6snaf ~ e d nohsrosns hohsroansahkro shsr6ys cut addf~ f cut

nodidianas command colnmsndedTsfy (vos) olothed tsffans clothed natafy tafio

The Reduplication is the same as in group one. I

"Aza" before verbs in the indicative means "do not."

t This and the five following words might well be placed in group one, andreally belong to it, the two "I" coming together coalescing.

EXERCISE XXXIV.— TRA XSLA TE I1VTO ENGLISH.

Sasao ny lambanao. Vohay ny varavarana. Efa voavoha izy. Ampy vany volanao? Tsia, fa mbola hampiana kely izy. Rava va ny manda? Eny,noravan' ny olona omaly izy. Omeo vola aho. Hainao valiana va ny tenin'ny sakaizanao? Tsy haiko akory, tompoko. Firy moa ny lamba nosasanaoomaly? Efa nolau(nay ny peso rehetra nomenareo anay. Naharoharonaony ondriko sy ny ondrinao, ka tsy fantatro izay (which) ahy sy izay anao,Tano mafy ny amboanao. Vahao ny entanao. Novakfn' ny olona n'yfitaratra.

EXERCISE XXXV.— TRAKSLA TE IHTO 3EALA GA SF;

Using the Passs'ves arut the Sug» Prorzouss as ageutr of the verb,'mhere reguirel.

Make the box white. I cannot make it white, for it is black. Y o u werefined by your father, for you broke his good umbrella. The people will beassernbled by me quickly. Can it be preached by you? Al l the water wasused upbyusyesterday. Desirethegood. D i d you point out the road to

. us. I did not point out the road to you, for I do not know it. Do not blameus, for we did not despise you. Did you read your good book. My goodbook is lost, sft. (Let) the water and the honey be mixed by us. Clothe(yourself with) your garment. Answer my word. The meat was cut by me.Where is the solder? Was it soldered by the man. Yes, it was soldered by him.

f 9.— PASSIVE VERBS F O R M E D B Y T H E SU F FIX-ENA.

A tkird group of roots ending in " p , " w i th a ccent on 6 rs tsyllable advance the accent, change "y" to "e, *' and'add "n a , "or in exceptional cases "fz6uz."

Poss. In~.and IA.

Voly voltns to be plsntss) novolena hovolena voldoTendry (voa) tendrens oh~ sp notendrena hotendrena tendrdo

pointedTery' pressed tersns p~ noterena hoterena tssdoJery (vos) looked st jersns looked st nojerens hojerena jersoIky(a) consent, ss­ ekgns assented to, nekens hekena ekto

sent eonfessedVonjy (vos) ssved vonjbna ssved novonjena hovonjens vonjeoBsby esmed on bsbgna oamed on the nobsbens hobabena bsbho

the bsok baekTeny s word tentnins spoken notenenins hotenenins tengnoTefy working in tefhns worked notefena hotefens teff

iron, ete.sn snswel'~ setr6ns sdded to hosetrens setsho

• replys fenoe fefgns fenoed nofefens hofefens fefto

These again are reduplicated in the same manner as the preceding groups.

Ald,tsinainy, Monday. Zomd, Fnday .Taldta, Tuesd ay. A sab6tsy, S a turday.Aldrob(a, %'e dnesday. Alahkdy, Su n day.Alkkamlsy, T hursday.

Tamy ny Asabotsy etc., past. Amy ny Zoma, etc., present.Before these words the preposition must be made past for a

past day

EXERCISE XXXVI.— TRANSLA TE IXTO ENG L ISH.

Voavoly va ny vary? Jereo ny kintana any an-danitra. Voavonjy ny zaza.Eny, novonjen' ny rahalahiny izy tamy ny Alarobia. Notorina tsara tamy nyAlahadyizany. Ekeo nytenikoanio, fa tsy ho azonao hekena rahampitso.Mavesatra va uy vy notefenao? Tsy fantatro, fa mbola tsy nolanjaiko izy.Tsy efa novorina tsara va ny olona tamy ny Talata? Eny, ka tafavory maroizy. Azonao jerena tsara ny olona any amy ny lakana. Nobaben' ny reninyay zaza marary. Notefena tsara ny antsinao, ka maranitra dia maranitraizy. Vonjeo aho, ry sakaiza, fa tsy hitako ny lalana. Tendreo ny t ianaohotendrena, ary alefaso izy amy ny Zoma. Teritereny mafy aho, fa tsy haikoravana ny manda.

zo.— PASSIVE VERBS FOR M E D BY TH E S T REN G T H ­ENED S U F FI X - VI N A A ND - VA N A .

A fourth group strengthen the root by t he addition of "z,"and add " - i na" o r " - a tztz."

Pas. IscL Past.

To truth, real­ to be verided notovinsity, verity

good, beau­ benested noscavinstiful, etc.

Dis s step diitvins trodden nodiavins hodisvins dit'LvoTelo three teiavins, divided into noteloina hoteloina tel6vy,

16ins Qunb tel6yDio cleanliness di6vina cleansed nodiovina hodiovina di6vyLs (voa) refused, etc Hivina refused nolavins holavins lh,voTets s drop tet6vans dropped by notetevana hotetevs­ tetkvo

dlopas wheel wheeled nokodisva. hokodisva­ kodQvo

over, rolled na nss defence' defended, narovana harovans ardvy

preventLslo (vos) passed by lal6vans paased by nolslovana holslovana la16vyTsiihy (voa) teiahivina. noteiahivi­ hotsiahivi­ tsisblvo

remem­ or tsabivina remembe­ tsahivoTsuixo (voa) Qiar6~ uotssrovs­ hotsarova­ t svy

or tssx4 na

The reduplication is the same as in the preceding groups.

When two verbs, pr a verb and adjective foilow each other, the latterextendin'g the meaninp or showing the result of the former, the conjunction".ksz" pr "ka 4rls" is used, as

Lasa ka tsy hita = G one and not seen.Noderaina ka dia faly = ( H e) was praised and so was glad.

EXERCISE XXXVII.— TRAMLA TE IXTO EKG LISH.

Nosoavin' ny rainy ny zanaky ny sakaizany. Diovy tsara ny tranonao, faPo tonga rahampitso maraina ny anabavinao. Tsarovy ny haja nomeko anaoolrraly, ary valionao tsara ny ahy. Nokodiavan' ny vato ny zaza. Lavo nyfomba(custom) ratsy. Tsy azo diavina ny lalana, fa be (many) loatra qy

' vato. Tovynyteninaoamy nyataonao. Tsy notsarovany angambany tenyvoalazakotaminy tao an-tranonao omaly. Tsy nolaviko akory ny teninao.Notelqvina ny peso, ka pomeny anay. Notetevan' ny rano ny lamba, ka diarnaloto loatrS izy. Arovy ny ombinao. Nolalovantsika izany omaly. Hp­tsarovan' ny olona ny zaza navela tao an-trano.

sx.— PASSIVE VERBS F OR3EED BY T HE S T R E N G T H ­gNED SU P F/X - E I N A r -ZANA.

Afifth grqtlp are strengthened by the addition of "z' * or "s,"add "z'zz1z" or "rzzzrz," and sometimes change the last vovrel of theroot.

Poa I'nf., Part.'and Ind.

Fohs (voa) aroused, fohiislns to be sroused nofohasins hofohasins fohhsyawsked from sleep

Fsfy (vos) sown fafiisana to be sown nofafessns hofafssansTohy s joint, s tohisans „joined to, notohissns hotehissm

knot lengthenedborne, en­ tanQsans to be borne, notantasans hotsntassns

dured received inthe hsnd

Topy (vos) to be sprink­ notopsssns hotopasanaled, lifted up(as the eyes)

hovelemnsI vehlsoVely (voa) velesins tobebeaten novelesins

veltsoFehy a cord fehdsins tied up, nofehesina hofehesins fehesoHety sclseors hetdrsns shorn nohetessns hohetessna hetdsoLao (ilao) gone away ilaossna forssken nilaossns hilaossna ilsosyBe, or Habe much, ma­ habiasins msde nohsbihina hohabiasins habitso

ny, grest lsrgeRohy a co~ a rohissna bound norohisana horohissns

ropeTakiQo barter takaldsans „bartered notakaiosanshqtakalossna

Pss. Znf.,snd End. . Em~.

hstched, foisins to be hatohed nofoisina hofoisins fotsoleft

dndbvo a slsve sndevbsina enslaved nsndevosins hsndevosina andevdsyRefy s fathom reftsina measnred norefesins horefesins refeso

(in fsthoms)Andry (voa) wsited for sndldsans to be waited nsndrsssna hsndrassna andrhso

forFono (voa) s cover, s fondsins to be wrspped nofonosins hofono'sina fonbsy

wrspper, iipcovered

Mainty blsck msinttsina „blackeneg nomsintisins homaintisins maintfsoHosy' s tresdins hoskna trodden nohosena hohosena hosho

The first syllable of the derivative of roots accented on thesecond is not repeated in the redupli'cation, the rest follow themethod of the preceding group; i.e., takalo, becomes takdloka­ldzana.

Tdnimbdry (s.), rice fields. I Lam6kany (adj.), addled. ~ Voa (s.), seed.Tady, kofhhy (s.), a cord. ~ Koa (conj.), also.

EXERCISE XXXVIII.— TRANSLA TE IXTO ENG LISH..

Fohazyahorahampitsomaraina. Fonosy ao amy ny lambanao ny boki­nao. Ento aty ny hety, ka hetezo ny voloko. Notakalozana vary ny ondriny.Noveleziny mafy dia mafy ny vato. Andraso aho, ry sakaizako. Hohabia­zinao va ny sahako? Topazy rano aho. Tsy tanty izany. Hohetezana koava ny volon' ny zanakao? Ilaozy ny sakaiza ratsy. Norohizan' ny tady nysaka. Tohizo ny tady andrao tapaka izy. Afafazo maraina ny voanao.Handrasako any an-tranon' ny anabavinao hianao, ka faingdna. Hohosen'ny omby ny tanimbarinao rahampitso, ka vorio izy anio. Voafehinao an­gamba ny entanao. Eny, nofeheziko tamy ny kofehy nomenao ahy izy. Foyavokoa va ny atodiny i' Tsia, fa misy dimy lamokany.

2 2.— PASSIVE VERBS FR O M R O O T S EN D IN G

IN N A .

A sixth group ending in "na" advance the accent and add"ina" or "ana," and occasionally change the "n" of the root to"m" and change an "i" t o " d"

This belongs to the third group, p. 23.I

Paas. Zsf., Psture.snd Emd.

Fantina (vcs) selected fantdnsnatcbe selected nofsntena­ hofsntenana fsntdnona

Tslnglna placed upon, tsingdns­ mounted notaingens­ hctaingena­ taingdno(vos) mounted na na

Tandrina tsken care o tsndrt­ taken csre nctsndre­ hotsndrema­ tandrdmo(vca) msns of msna

Velcna, i Ve­ hving, slive veldmins supported, novelemins hovelomins veldmyIdms (Imp.) quickened

Tentina stained tentdnsna besmesred nctentens­ hotentenana tentdno

Tslnilrons pierced tsindrdni­ „p i erced nctsindrc­ hctsindroni­ tsindr'dn(vca) ns ns

Taona (vos) enticed, led tscmina enticed notsomins hotscmins tsomyhdina (vcs) exsmined adhuns enquired nadinms hadinins adinc

about, ex­smmedmade to gc aSnoslowly,retsrded

Hstons (vca) approached hatcnins „spprosched nohatcnins hstdnyhndrana (vca) tasted, tried sndrhna­ tssted nsndrams­ andriLmo

Ds nssintdnina drswn oilt nosintcnina hcsintcnina

The "a" o f t he. root is rejected in reduplication; n and fcoming togetlier are changed to "mP;" n and v to mb; asfdn­

:tz'mpantdnana, vÃombeNmina, n arfd h become nk.

Sdavdly (s.), a horse. Lefona (s.), a spear.Tava (s.), face. Tsy .. . . . intsony (adv.), no longer.Ints6ny (adv.), any more. Mahay (adj.), clever.

EXERCISE XXXIX.— TRAXSLA TE IKTO EIi IGLISH.

Nofantenana ny peso, ka hita ny tsara sy ny ratsy. N o taingenako nyampondrako omaly, fa tsy mbola notaingenanao angaha ny soavalinao?Tsy manana soavaly intsony aho, fa namidiko ny ahy. Velomin' ny ray tsarany zanany. V o anteutin' inona ny tavanao? N o tentenan' ny reniko tanyfotsy. Voatsindron' ny lefona ny omby, ka Gto ny maty. N ad inina omalyny ankizy tauy aminay, l-a tsy nisy nahay. H a touy aho raha maraina, fahomeko vola hianao. Andramo ny sira. E fa nandramako ka tsara izy.Tandremo tsara ny hataonao, andrao diso hianao. Hotandremako tsara izayrehetra nasainao hatao. Sintony aho, fa tafalatsaka amy ny rano lalina aho.Eny, hosintoniko tokoa hianao. Veloma, ry sakaiza.

' An optative imperative: May you live! Also used in saying "Good bye."

sg.— PASSIVE VKRBS F R O M W O R D S E N D I NG

IN A A .

. A segent'h group ending in "ka," reject the "ka," advance theaccent (except in words of two syllables), and add "kina," some­times "kona;" but there are a few which add "fana" or "fina,"see the seven words at the bottom of the list.

Pos. Inf.,snd Isd.

Tspsks cut off tapiihina tobecut oif notspahins hotspahina tspiihoKspoks a following ksp6hina Sogged nokspohina hokapohins ksp6hyHelota crootedness, hel6hins guilty, msde nohelohins hohelohina helbh

guilt guiltybent, tsmed foliLhins bent, tsmed, nofolshins hofolshins foBhy

broken inaccording to arkhins followed narahina harahum ar)Lhosmart, sde­ marlhina nultted nomarihina homarihhm marlho

signRessta eonversstion resthiua tsiked of noresshms horesahina reskhoTsrits (vos) drsgged s­ tsrihina led notarihina hotsrihins tariho

longPetsks(voa) stuct petthsns stuct nopetahsna hopetshana pet(LhoPitats deceit, fraud Stkbins deceived noStahina hogtshina. SQhoRsrsks spilling rsriLhina spilled on the narsrska hararata rarkho

groundswollen (ss s tondriL­ overSown notondra­ hotondraha tondrh­

river) hsna hana hywlped fsohana wlped nofsohana hofsohans fsohystruck, best­ pehins chipped (ss nopehins hopehina pgho

en stones)Hoholrs turned up­ hoh6fana covered by nohofsna hohofans

side down somethingupside down

Tonats 2 toniifsns besten hard notonsfans hotonsfsns tonILfySesita stuSLng, sau­ sestfsns be pushed in nosesefsna hosesefans seetfo

sagesDonata ? doniifans enveloped by nodonafsns doniify

smoteTshaks like tahiLSns htened notahssns hotahasns tah)LfoTehata s pst w i th tehksns pstted, clsp­ notehsSna hotehsSna tehkfo

the hand pedReboks phlegm reh6fans spat upon norehofana horehofsns rehbfy

I n redupl icat ion th e " k a '* of the r oo t i s r e j ected, an d t h efollowing changes take' place in the derivative, k becomes k,(hdlokel6hina), f becomes P, (fblaPoldhina), r is strengthened bythe addition of d, (resadresahina), and s by d (sdsitsesdfana);should the root begin with a vowel, however, the k remains(drakardhgna) .

Setroka (s.), smoke. Lambsina (s.), the back.Vava, (s.), the mouth. ! Tamy (v. int.), at hand, approaches

EXEKCISE 3K.­' ' TRANSLA TE I N T O E N G L I SH .Tondraka ny rano omaly, ka tsy afaka izahay. Voafolaka ny soavaly

ohialy, fa tsy mbola nofolahina ny ampondra. Araho aho. Inona moa izanynoresahinareo teo izany P Ny hazo tsy mbola voakapa. Notarihin' ny olonany omby, ka tsy nisy very. Nopehinao tsara ny vato hatao trano. Hohofyny rano,' ry sakaiza. H okapohina hianao raha maditra. Nohelohin' nympitsara ny olon-dratsy (olona ratsy). Tandremo andrao raraka ny ranoe ritinalo. Hohofan' ny vehivavy ny zanany, fa tamy ny omby maditia. M a ­riho izay tianao liosoratako. Lelafin' ny alika ny tanany. Notonafako nyampondra malaina. Nodonafan' ny setroka izahay. Sesefo hena ny vavany.Notehafiko ny lamosiny, ka dia narahiny aho. Norehofany ny lambako, kanofaohako. Faohy ny lovia, ka apetraho ao am-bata izy.

2 4.— PASSIVE VERBS FROM WORDS ENDING IN TR A .The eigkth group from roots ending in "tra," change the "tra"

to "r," advance the accent one syllable (except in d issyllabicwords when it remaifis in the root ), and add " inu" or "ana," .

with a few exceptions marked.»Pos. Inf., Euturc.and Ind.

Anatra advice, counsel snkrins tobe advised nanarms hanarins snkroFantstrs known fsntsrins known nofsntarina hofsntsrina fautfuoVelatra (vos opened velkrina » opened novelarina hovelarins veltuoSambotrs s csptive ssmbbrina » osptured nossmbori­ hosambori­ ssmb6­

ns ns rySssstrs tired sssgrina „ t ired by nosssarins hosasarins saalroZsitrs sewing, stitching „stitched nossirins hossirina sairoKsikitrs s bite keksrins » bitten nokekerina hotekerina kek6roVesatrs vesikrans » loaded noveearaus hovessrana veskroTaitrs sfrsid, etsrtled tairins » startled notairins hotsirina tairoFaditrs an offering to fadirans nofsdirarm hofsdirsns fadiro

avert evilFetra sn sppointedfsrana „ l imited noferans hofersns

time, limitFototra root, ori g in, fot6rsna » sesrched nofotorans hofotorsns fotbry

eource outTolotrs (voa) given, presented to16rans given notolorani hotolorsns tolory«Soratrs, writing sorktana „wr i t ten nosoratans boeorstsna sorhty«Soritra s mark soritans „engraven nosoritana hoeoritana sorito«Tsenteitrs drawn inwiththe tseutssfina eucked notsentsefi­ hotsentsefi­ teen­

mouth na ts6io• Sotatra opened wide „ opened nosokafans hosoksfans eokiLfy

(voa)«Rskotra s cover rskofana „covered noratofsns horskofana rakdfyTsratra reSection tarfiflus » refiected notsrafina hotara6ns tsrtfo

In reduplication the same rules apply to the dra as to the kain the seventh group.

Akknjo (s.), a coat. ) H avana (s.), relative. ) T ompo, The Lord.' Put your mouth to the water, i.e. turn your face down on the water.

30

EXERCISE 'XI I.— TRAXSLATE INTO EXG L ISH.T sara ny anatra nataonao tamy ny olona. V e laro ny eloko. Tsy a z o

fantarina izay hataony. Nosamborin' ny zaza ny vorona. Tairo ny vorona,k a sambory ny maty. Zairo ny akdnjonao. Taitra angaha hianao? T a f a ­petraka ao an-trano ny havantsika. Sokafy ny vavanao. Nofotorako tsarai zany. Nokekerin' ny saka ny tanan' ny zaza, ka dia marary izy. R a k o fyl amba aho, ry havako. Saro-bidy ny elo novelarintsika. N otsentsefiko nypeso malemy ka mamy dia mamy izy. Nosokafanay ny vata, ka hitanay nyz avatra tsara tao. Tsy azo fantarina izay maty. Soraty ny anarako, t o m ­poko. Hosoratako amy ny Alarobia ny anaranao, fa tsy azoko soratanaanio. Asain' ny rainao hatoloranao hena izahay.

/

z5.— PASSIVE VERBS F R O M P R E PO S ITIONALPHRASE.

The fzifzt'k group are passives formed from a prepositionalphrase.

CompoundI Pas Isd. Pacg Puturc.Ncrd.

aldhs Srzt, before alohsins tobe gone before nalchsina hslohsins alchsya snd lchaaldlans (z.)' medisticn » medisted nslalsnina hslalsnins alabtnos snd lglsnasntena antenains » hoped for nantenains hantensina antensosn snd tena

„ fsce, down­wsrdz (sz of spaper, or hoot),

ambdho behindany smbohd­ tobeturned bsck hsmbeheinaan snd vcho thing tns toanything,

» pahn u p ­wsrd (of thehsnd)

ampdfo 'n the lsp ampcfoina „ in the lsp nsmpcfcins hsmpofeina smpofdysn and fofosmpd in thehesrt ampcizina expected nampeizins hampcizins smpcizoan and fosmbdzy Sstteringly smbosins „deceived by nambozins hambczina ambcsioam and bczy flattery

Ray, (God) The father. I Indr6a, twice. ~ Inhny, a familar name forJesdsy, Jesus, I Rakoto, aman'sname. I m o ther.

EXERCISE XLII.— TRAESLATE IXTO ENG L ISH.

Soraty aloha ny taratasy. Alohay ny hena sy ny vorona ary ny vary,andrao avy ny ranonorana. Antenao, ry havako, fa ho tonga aho raham­pitso. Ampoizo ny hatao anio. Hariva loatra ny andro, ka tsy nantenaikony raiko. Ampofoy ny zanakao, ry ineny; ary ambohoy ny tananao. Azaambosina ny namanao, andrao laniny ny volany. A lalantsika amy ny Ray

S1

Jesosy. Nalainao va Rakoto? Eny, efa nalaiko izy. Ka aiza iky? Tsyhitako izy. Tsy naka azy angaha hianao. Nalaiko izy, ary nohalalaninayindroa. Antenao fa ho tonga izy. Tsy azo ampoizina intsony izy. A l a lanoindray, raha fantatrao fa tsy ho tonga izy. Efa nambohoinao va ny tarata­sinao? Tsy nambohoiko izy, fa nampoiziko hojerenao.

z6.— TRANSPOSED P A S SIVKS.A class of passive verbs, much m ore c ommonly h e ard t h an

seen in writing, is formed by adding "ni" or "no" to a root, andthen making the 6rst consonant of the root and the "n " ch a ngeplaces. Thus

Valy bec omes nivaly, an d by t ransposition vindly.Sokalra „ nos'okalra son'okalra,

Tmua Puss. Jtcduptic.

Binkbo babo binabobkbo> tsken csptiveBindts bets binetabdts lifted upDinkly didy dinidididy outDiniks dika dinidiniks jumped overFinhntma fzntins finsntimpiintins selectedFinitska fitsks finitapttska deceivedGindhy gehy ginehigdhy tied upGindja gejs ginejagdjs bound fastJindry jery jinerijdry looked atJininja jinja jininjajinja reapedKiniips kapa kinapakkps hewnKinkpoka kapoks kinapokkpoka beatedPinaiks psika pinaikspstka chipped, tapped

' Piniska piaks piniapiaka snappedPinaoks paoka pinaokapaoka swooped upRiniingitrs rangitrs rinangidrangitra sharpened witb a knifeRinirotrs rirotrs rinirodrirotra stretched outSinintons sintona sinintontsintona dragged outSinotro sotro sinotrosdtru drunkTindry tery tineritery pressed, squeezedTin6ry tory tinoritdry preschedTriniungo traingo trinaingotrktngo houghedTsiudutsina tsentsins tsinentsitsdntsins corkedTsinlriks tstriks tsiniritsirika peeped stVinidy vidy vinidiv'idy boughtVon6no vono vononov6no killedZinkrs zsrs zinarasiirs dividedZindzika zeziks zinezijezika beaten

These are all made past by adding "no;" they have neitherfuture nor imperat ive.

Fandrika (s.), a net, a snare. Orona (s.), the nose.

These all take two accents, the 6rst on the second syllable, and thesecond as marked.

EXERCISE X LI I I .— TRHHSLd TE ?ATO E & g Ll SH .Nodinldin' ny ankizy ny hena, ka nozinarazaraina. Fa nosinlmbako ay

anjaran' ny ankiziko. Nofehezinao mafy va ny entana? Efa nogindhikomafy izy, tompoko. Nopinaoky ny voroaa ay fandrika, ka noginhjan' nytady izy. Madio va ny rano? Efa notsinlriko, ka madio. Notrinaingonayny ombiny, ka nokindpoky ny rainay mafy izahay. Notineritdriny foana nyorony, ka marary. Zinhzikao mafy loatra ny soavalinay, ka andrao maty.Nohind.han' ny olona ny ombiny. Nopinaikako kely ny zanako. Azasotroina ny rano, fa nodinlkan' ay al ika izy. N o fi n i taky ny ankizy nyzazakely, ka dia nosindtrony ny rano maloto. I n ona (no) notindrin',nyrainao tamy ny Alahady? Nopinfakanay ay fary, ka tapaka telo izy, Notsi­niintsinao ny sofinao, ka tsy nandre izay aotinoriko hianao. Noriniridriritrony sofiny, ka nokinailriny aho.

This does not exhaust the passive forms; there are yet otherswhich will be illustrated hereafter, when treating of active verbs.

2 y.— VERBS IN TH E A CT IV E V OI C E , 3E E-.We now proceed to the active and relative voices, which we

propose to t ake together in l earning the construction and. derivation.

The two prefixes we propose to take first are mi- and ntun-.Of these the mi- is the simpler form. I t i s a dded to the rootwithout any change of accent. I n t h e i mperative the accentusually advances one step, and if it end in a there is no addi­t ion ; i f no t in u, an a is added, but there are many characterist icterminations for the i tnperative which must be learned.

The relative indicative may be formed by rejecting the initial"m" of the active imperative, keeping the accent, and adding naas a suffix; "o" generally takes the place of "na" for the impera tive; i f t h e r e b e "o " i n t h e w o r d t h e n ' y ; " som e t i mes t h ewhole "una" goes for "o" or 'y ."

Jtoot.

Lasa s report mihlsa s in t 4o tell milasiL ilasans ilssaoLsnjs s weight mi&njs to csrry milanjk ilsnjans jaoHira s song mihirs e to sing mm ihirans ihirsoEra consen4 mitrs to ssk lesve mierb ierans lersoDera pislse midtra e 40 pl'slse miderk idersns ideraoKsps a blow mikgps e to cut mikspk ikapans ikapaoVory assembled mivdry to assemble nnvorls ivorisns ivorioJaks meat e t c . mijlLks toest the "js mijakh ijaksns ijakso

presented ka'st the newpesr

Tssngsns erect mitstngsna to stand up mitsanghna itsangsnana itssnghnomitekngan­ to wsik about mitsangsn­ itssngsn­ itsiingsn­tssngsna tssngkns tssnganana tssngkno

SS

Es&e. 3rcod.

Janons mijhnoua in t . t o stop, t o mijandns ijanony(voa) pause

Trangs appearance, nlltrtnga to sppear (ss mitrangil itraujpmrieing something

just ahowingup)

Solo s eubrhtute nnsdlo to eubstitute ieoloens ieoldyAdy s Sght mitdy to Sght iadiaua isdloAls (vos) removed miius o to go swsy ialaus ialaoAnteo a call IBltnteo to call isnteoaua iantedyTssla judged nllt+rs to judge itearana itearao(vos)

Hsino heard nBhamo to listen mihainda(vos)

Hanius(t) mihfnans e to est ' mihintna

These verbs are mostly intransitive and are followed by thepreposition "amy;" bu t in some cases they are transitive, andgovern a d i rect accusative, but sometimes with a d i fferentmeaning from the intransitive. T h us

Milkza aho I tell.Milkza aminao aho = I te l l to thee.Milkza azy aho = I t e l l it , or tell of it.Mihlra aho I sing.Mih(ra aminao aho = I si n g to thee.Mih(ra azy aho = I s ing it, or sing of it.

These verbs are made past by substituting "n" for "m," andfuture by substituting "h" for "m," milaza, pres.; ni laza, past.;hilazu, fut. T he indicative is used where in English we shoulduse a participle, an infinitive, a conditional, and a p rohibit ivem ood. T ho s e w i t h an as t e r isk a r e b o t h t r a n s i t ive an d i n ­transitive.

EXERClSE XLIV.— TRA2VSLA TE IXTO EXG LISH.

Milanja vato ny olona. H i laza aminao rahampitso aho. Tsy nihira omalyizahay. Mihainoa ahy, rankizy. M i tsangkna. N i tsangantsangana omalyny anadahiko. N i jaka ny olona tamy ny Alatsinainy. M i janona kely nyomhy. Niady ny ondry. N iala tamy ny Alarohia ny raiko. M i tskra nyolona izy. M i t ranga any atsinanana ny masoandro. Miantsoa ny namanao,ka avia hihinana. M isolo ahy izy anio, fa noso16ako izy omaly. M ieraaminao aho. M ih irk, rankizy. M i voria, ry havako. M i k apk ny hazo.Mihinkna ny peso. Mialk fa tsy tiako hianao.

28.— VERBS IN $/E- C ON T I N U E D

The past of the relative is made by adding "n" to the present,and the future by adding "k," i .e.

Ilazkna, pres. 2V i lazkna, past. H ila zana, fut.

The active voice of course takes the pronoun in the nomin­a tive case, or a n o u n i n t h e n o m i n a t ive case as i t s sub jec t ;while the relative follows the passive and t akes the suffzxpronoun as its agent.

As to the meaning of the relative, I would advise learnersnot to trouble themselves at present with i ts var ious meanings ,but to rest content with us ing i t when the t ime,' manner, p l ace,or cause of the act is to be expressed in the indicative; and thei mperative as a part i t ive. I t is ' g enerally preceded in t h eindicative by the particle "n0" of emphasis.

I went away yesterday = Omal y no nialako.Cut off some of the wood = I ka pao ny hazo.

Of course there are other meanings which wil l be s tudiedafterwards.

In adding the suffix pronouns to the relative the syllable "nu"is rejected and the full suffix added.

Ovfana (adv.), when (past.). Any (prep.), before proper nouns.Fatratra (adv.), very much. Foana (adv.), foolishly, in vain, for nothing.Dia (conj.), and, then. Andr l a mknitra (s.), God.

EXERCISE XLV.— TRANSLA TE I1VTO EKGLISH.

Aza mikapa ny hazo, andrao simbasimbknao foana izy. Tamy ny Alahady(no) nialkko tany. Milaza aminao tokoa aho, fa raha tsy mazoto hianao diahokapohin' ny rainao mafy. N iantso ny namako aho fa tsy tonga izy.Omaly hariva (no) niderkko anao fatratra tamy ny namako tafavory tao.Aza mitsangana foana ao hianao, andrao hitan' ny o lona ka tenhniny.Omaly (no) nilazkko tsara ny teninao taminy, ary nekeny tsara izay rehetravoalazako taminy. M iderk ny Tomponao. Miantsoa ny namanao. Mivoria,ry olona. M isaora ny Andriamanitra ao am-ponao. H iala aty aho raham­pitso Alarobia. M i h irk ao an-tranon' Andriamanitra. N y o l ona mideraan' Andriamanitra mivory ao an-tranony izao. Izao (no) nilazako azy.

EXERCISE XLVI.— TRANSLATE IXTO AfALAGAS Y ,

Using ach've rehere hn0ten.

Come here and sing (act.), my children. Go away. I d o not love you.Do not call out foolishly, but tell me what you wish (irlnao). When did yougo away (rel.)? We shall assemble in the house on Sunday. We told youthat on Friday. Do not judge and you will not be judged. Do not tell me

what he said. I w i l l not go away to-day, if you will wait for me to-morrow.This was how I sang (rel.) it. He quick, lest your father goes away and youd o not speak to him. I w i l l t el l i t to you, if you will tell i t to me. W el istened to him. My father was walking about in the field when I came.The' child was standing up when I spoke. I w i l l eat my r ice, for I am.hungry.

29.— VERBS IN AEI - C ON T I N U E D .

The terminations of the imperative (and relative) are quite ascomplex as in the passive derivatives; they fol low, however,much on the same l ines, and the s tudent may c o nsole h i m sel fw ith the thought that hav ing mastered the passives, the a c t i veimperatives are more than hal f l e a rned, and t h e re lat ive f r omthat is most easy. A n a s t e r isk shows a verb to be both t r a n s­i tive and in t ransit ive.

Indic. If»L Iwp.

s wheel mikodis to wheel ikodisvans iskodiilvoresponsibility miadidy» to be responsi­ iadidisva­ iadidio

ble for, to cen­sure

Foha awske mifdhs to swske mifohilss ifohasans ifohilzyTony st rest mitony to be at rest mitonla itonisus itonloJery s look mijdry» to look at mijere ijerena ijerdoTeny a word mit6ny» to speak mitendus itenenans itendnoTete s drop mitetd to drop, to lesk mitetdva itetevans itetdvoFafs (vos) swept mifQs» to sweep mifafil ifafana ifsfsoTohy s jolnmg mitdhy» to join mitohiza itohizans itoidsoTsnty (voa) c sught, re ­mitIlnty to receive in themltantdsa itantasana itanQzo

ceived in the hsnd etc.hsnd, or bss­ket, etc.

Lndry (vos) wsited for miandry» to wait, to talrecare of

Fono s cover mifdno to cover mifondsa ifouossna ifondsyFona mifdna to beg psrdou, mifond ifonsna ifdny

to entreatTopy mitdpy» t o lift up t hemitopdzs itopazsna itopgzy

eyesVely s blow mively» t o pound, t o miveleza ivelesana iveldzo

bestRohy a cord, a rope mirdhy to bind, to en­ miruhiza irohizana irohizo

tangleFantins (voa) selected mifdntina» to select mifantena ifantenans ifantenoTaingina set upon mitaingin»­ to mount on mitaingdna itsingensns itaingenoTandrina (vos) tsken care of mitdndri­ to take care of mitandrd. itandrema­ itandre­

us" ms na moKspoka a blow mikapuks» to beat mikapohs ikspohsns ikapdhy

$6

Ifcct. Isdic.

krats (tsfa) sccordmg to>going to­gether

Bessts conversation mirssaks tc converse mireifihs iresalmns iresthoTarika (vcs) lead mitiLrfks» tc lesd, tc drag mitarlhs itarihana itarihoHohoks (voa)subverted mih6hoka to turn upside mihoh6fa ihohofana ihohdfy

dcv>>nVidy prrce miv(dy» to buy mividitns' IvidumsJtm lvidihno1My (vos) chosen mifidy» tc pick cut mifidltna1 ifidianana ifidiilnohnstrs counsel n>isnstrs» tc lesru misniirs iau4oVelatra (voa)spread cut mivelstrs to spresd out mivelkra ivelsrana ucacHambotra s captive mistmbc­ to catch, to bor­ mi>uutrbo­ isambcrs­ isambsry

trs» rcw (money)Iditrs mlditra to enter midlrs idirsna idtroFotctrs a root, sstem mif6tctra to turn sbcut mifot6rs ifotorans ifcttro

back to frontRskotrs s cover mirfikctrs to cover mirat6fa irslrofaua iralr6fySokatrs (vos) opened mis6kstra tc open Inlsoktfs isctafaus iscktfyVsdiks turned over mivtdiks tc turn over mivsdjhs ivadihana ivsdlho>tro s prctecticn misro» tc protect, tc 161srevs lsrcvsns Qlrcvy

prevents shelter, tc shelter mislcfa ialofsnashade

Fasana (s.), tolnb, grave. Tdfon-trd.no(s.), roof of a house.Rankfzy (s.), children (in Vocative Seza (s.), a chair.

case). Lain-tskmbo (s.), sails.

EXERCISE XLVII.— TRAKSLA TE INTO EI>IGLISII.'

Hitaingin-tsoavaly aho rahampitso. H ividy vary any an-tsena'amy nyZoma isika. N i fidianana izay tsara. M iarova anay. M i a raha aminay.Rakofy ny zanakao. Misokatra ny fasana. Mi fototra ny boky. I zao(no)nianarako izany. M i fohaza hianao raha maraina. M i kapoha ny amboa­nao, tompoko. Nahoana (no) irohizanao ny saka? M i tohiza ny kofehy.Nitanty vola ny olona omaly. M i tony tsara ny r ivotra. H i resaka izanyisika raha tonga ny sakaizantsika. M i tari-bato (mitarika vato) ny havanayhanaovana trano. M i fantina ny peso tsara sy ratsy ny ankizy. M i tenymafy ny olona. M i tenena, fa mihaino aho. M i foha maraina ny olonamazoto, ka dia mifohaza, rankizy. Mividiana soavaly.

EXERCISE XLVIII; — TRAKSLATE IZVTO 3IALA GASY,Using the active voice.

We are responsible (for) him. The book is covered (with) paper. Turnyour chair round. The bottle is turned upside down. Do not turn the plateover fahohokaj. We w i l l spread out the sails of the ship, when ('rahagthe wind comes from the north. I wi l l talk to you on Monday. The boy is

' Note the exceptional forms of these two words; instead of a,'ana isadded.

catching the mouse. The man caught the rat yesterday. Spe.k,, father, forthy child listens. Wait for us. Select the ripe peaches. We wil l beat thedog, if it bites you. We'will go together to your father's house. The roofo f the house leaks. The people are entering (in) the house. Learn well. Ibeg pardon (of) you.

3 o.— AUXILIAR Y VER B S W I TH A CT I V E VER BS .

With all these active forms the words makazo, makay, yaety,and h'a, are ofteq used in the following sense:­

3Eukazo, (Imp. makazda), can, or may, implying practicability.SXakay, (Imp. makaz'za), can, „ ability or skill .

3le/y, may, consent.Tia, wishing to „ desire.

Tia is contracted to 'Ve" before "mi a nd is joined to the futureform by a hyphen. T h us : te-hilaza aho, I wish to tell.

Mahkzo mihfra aho, = I m a y sing.Mahay mithny aho, = I can speak.Mety hit6ry aho, = I a m wil l ing to preach.Mahaiza mihlra, = B e clever to sing.

The student should take particular care not to put azo andkay before aptive verbs, but always yyzakazo and makay.

Mahkntra (adj.), poor.Mitdry teny, to preach.Mba, a softening particle, should, or almost like please, that (con].).Kely, after verbs, also means please.

kntrs pity, oompseeion, Imnltrs,» to pity, eto. misntrit (imp.)Tsny (tomhny) s ory, lsmentstion, mitomkny, to cry, mitomania „Vsvsks prsyer> mivkvaks, to prsy> nnvsvllhsLalko phy milslso,» to plsy, milsllovsLaollio milsoMo>» mllsoQovs „

EXERCISE XLIX.— TRANSLA TE INTO ENG LISiK

.Mabay miresaka ny zanakao. Te-hiditra aho. Mahazo miteny aminaova aho? Mety mijery ny zaitranao aho. Aza mety hofltahina hianao. 1 'symahazo mifafa ny trano anio izy. Tsy mahay mitaingina soavaly aho. Tsynety nitarika ny vato ny olona omaly. Mety mitory'teny va hianao? Omaly(no) nitoriako teny, ka sasatra aho anio. Te-hilaza zavatra kely aminao aho,ka mba mihainoa ahy tsara. Eny, mety mihaino anao hiauy aho, ka mbalazao izay tianao holazaina. Mahazo mijery kely ny bokinao va aho, tom­pokolahy? Eny, anaka, mijere izay tianao hojerena. Tsy mbola voaresa­

38

tsika ny teny voalazanao tamikot omaly. Sny, fa rahampitso hiany (no)hiresahantsika azy, raha mba tianao izany. Mba omeo vola kely aho,tompoko, fa mahantra aho. Tsy mety miantra anao intsony aho, fa malainatsy mety miasa akory hianao. Aza mitomany anaka, fa homeko peso mamyhianao. Eny, tompoko, fa ny raiko maty (no) itomaniako izao.

EXERCISE L — TRA1VSLATE IXTO AEALA GASY.I wish to converse with you, sir. That is good, and so tell me what you.

wish. What(no) is the price of your house? My horse is very cheap, doyou wish tobuy it? Yes, sir, I should (nsba) like to buy it, i f i t i s not toodear. Why (1nona no) does the child weep (rel.)? I do not know whatthe child is crying (weep) for., May I sing? Yes, sing. Can you take careof my oxen? The men woke up soon. The boy is beating his l i ttle dog.Do not beat your little dog, child. Do you wish to look at my house. Yes,please let (aoelao) me look at your house, sir. Come in and look. W ' ecannot go together to-day, for I am not at l iberty (afaka). Does yourbrother wish to converse with you. We may play to-day, and we will prayto-morrow.

3 l.— V ERBAL N O U N S I N M P- A ND F-.

There are three common kinds of nouns formed from theactive indicative and relative indicative which should now benoticed, as they will extend the student's list of words consider­ably:

By inserting '~P" between the ' nz" and "i". of the prefixrni we get the habitual noun of the agent.

Mihlra, I sing. • MPihira, a s inger.By substituting " f" for ' nz" we get the habitual noun of

the mode; i .e.mitdny, I speak. fiSdny, speech.By placing "f " before the relative indicative we get the

h abitual relat ive noun ; i . e .ieor?ana, . pl a ce etc. of assembling.fizoriana, usual place of assembling.

The nouns (l ), ',z) take the suffix pronouns according to ru lesalready learned, and the relat ives reject the na l i ke the r e l a t i veverb.

Toetra stste, condition, mitoetrs to remsin, to reside, to mitoera (imp. )dwell etc., to appear ss,

Hevitrs thought, ' mihevitra to think, mihevtrs „Tsens a market, etc. mitstns to go out to meet, mitseniLVsrotra selling, mivgrotra to selL mivsrdts „

EXERCISE LI.— TRAXSLATE IKTO EPG L ISH.

Maro ny mpihira, tsara ny fihirkna nataony, ka nidera azy ny olona. Nyfithninao dia tsara, ary ny fi lad'knao ny tenin' ny rainao dia t iany avokoa.Miaraka amy ny fivavkhana izaho sy izy. Maro ny olona tao am-pivorfana(any f-) omaly. Lasa any an-ala ny mpikkpa hazo. Ny f ivhlinao ny hazodia mafy tokoa. Aza mianatra ny fithny ratsy hianao; ary aza avela hitoetraao am-ponao ny fihevhrana maloto. V i tsy ny mpivfdy, ka dia mora avokoany zavatra namidy tany an tsena. Vory betsaka tany an-tsena ny mpivfdysy ny mpivkrotra tamy ny Zoma. Tsara va ny rakotra novidinao tany an­tsena? Eny, tsara tokoa izy, ka azo atao firkkotra tsara. M afy loatra nyfikkpokao ny omhy, ka mba mihevera, andrao matinao izy. M i toetra ao anytrano ny havanao. Malaina ny mpiksa, ary ratsy ny fiksany.iVote.— The accents of words occurring for the first time are marked.

33. C AUSATIVE A ND R ECI P R O CA L CA U S A T I V EVERBS.

Every verb in "mi" has a causative form, made by inserting" amP" between the "m" and " z ; " i t f or m s i t s I m p e ra t ive a n dR elative exactly after the pattern of the simple verb in "m i ; " i . e .

Mithny aho, I speak; m - amP-ithny — mamgithny azy aho, Icause him to speak. It must of course be always followed by theaccusative case.

A reciprocal causative is f o rmed b y i n sert ing " ifamp-"between the "m" and "i ; " i .e .

M ihira aho, I s i ng ; m - ifamP-ihira — mifamgihira isika, wecause one another to sing. It must have a plural pronoun ornoun for its subject, and of course has no objective case.

For practise make (r) the habitual noun of the agent of fi rst4 words in the list under section z7; (z) an habitual noun ofthe mode of the verbs in "mz" frorn g'd'ry, t'eny, resaka, tarika,dnrlry, zrely; a n d (3) the habitual relative noun from todtra,hdvz'tra, vdrotra, dntra, vdvaka, lalao.

EXERCISE LII.— TRA1VSLATE IXTO EKG L ISH.

Mifampirhsaka ny olona. Mampivfdy soavaly anao aho. Mifampijhryisika. Mampiasa ny olona va hianao? M i fampilalko isika. Mifampikntsony ankizy. Mampikkpa hazo isika. M i fampihlra ny zaza.' Mifampiknatraizahay. Mampivkvaka ny olona ny mpitori-teny. M i fampitkrika vato nysakaizantsika sy ny havantsika. Tsara ny nampivelhzantsika ny vato omaly.

Milalao ka mifampiskmbotra ny ankizy. Tsara ny fiEampiankrana. Metydia mety ny mifampid6ra. M i fampitkingina soavaly ny zazalahy; arymifampilalao ny zazavavy. Tsy mety ny mifampij6ry foana, Ny fihain6akonyteninao dia mampifklyahy. Aza mifampikdy akoholahy, rankizy, fa tsytsara izany. H i fampiandry isika. Mi f ampithny ny olona. M a mpikdyondrilahy ny zaza. Mifampij6ry foana ny olona. Mifampiankra, ry havako.

34.— PASSIVE VERBS FROM TH E CA U SATIVEACTIVE.

A passive verb is formed from the form in "mamPi-." T heinitial "m" is rejected and the passive termination of the root isadded, while the accent follows the rule of the passive, i.e.

Teny, gives tondnzna as its passive, hence from mamgikey weget amPikrdnina, to be caused to speak.

E XERCISE LI I I .

SFrite ogt thePassioe causatioes of thefolloauing, correc'ts'ngand cerify­ing from the hey.

Mihira milkza mif6ha mijhry.Miksa mikdy mikraka mitkrika.Mikntso mikndry mikkpoka mirkkotraMivkdika miknatra mitdhy mikodfaMiSfa mirdhy mifkntina mitkndrina

EXERCISE LIV.— TRAKSLATE INTO ENG L ISH.

Hampiandrksiko ahy ny ankizy. Nampifohkziko ny olona tamy ny fito.Hampivadihiko ny latabatra. Nampiasaiko tao an-tanim-bariko ny ombinao.Hampihos6ko ny soavaly ny tanim-bariko amy ny Alarobia. Nampiankrikohivavaka ny zanako tamy ny Alahady. Tsy hampidlriko ho ao an tranon­tsika va ny olona? Eny, ampidlro izy. N ampitohfziko ny tady, ka voarohyny saka. Nampisamb6riny vola aho, ka mbola tsy nomeko ny azy. Nampi­t andrhmako ny zanako ny trano. Nampiarkhiko olona ny ombiko H a m ­pivadihina ny latabatra rahampitso. Ampifafao ny ankizy ny trano. Nam­pihiraiko ny zanako ny hira nampianarinao ahy. Ampiadln' ny olona ratsyfanahy ny akoholahy. Nampirak6fana lamba ny zaza.

41

gg.— ACTIVE V E R B S FR O M TH E PR EF I X 3f A N ­

While most verbs in the active voice beginning with "ffst-"~e i n t ransitive, those with the prefix "man-," or by euphonicchanges "mun-," are transitive. The "m an-" is more di8icultthan the "mi-" jrom the fact that in many cases it either changesor rejects the initial consonant of the root.

Before roots commencing with a vowel, or the consonantsct,g,g, the "mun-" is 'simply added, and the imperatives andrelat ives are formed as in verbs in "f f s i-."

Indicative. 12e/. Indic. ~ Eet. Iraper.

to invite toa meal, tosharpen

afaka ' ~ free mautfaks to set free msnsfkbs anafshans anafiiboEfs , 'done mantfs to complete menefg snefsns anefsoEeo ' scorn manteo" to ecorn anesoans anee6yOntkny manontkuy to question manonteuis anontsuisus snontsnioOvs (voa) , changed msn6va to change manovh snovsns anovayOmt ' given manomt to give msuomtsa anomesans anomseo

enoughq an msnhnpy to sdd mansmp)s ansmpisns anampioaddition

Iry manirye to deeire msruria aBlHSQa anirioEky coneent mantky" to consent msuekt snekens snekeoEeotra (voa) tsken swsy manteotrs totakeaway, maneebrs aneeorans snee6ry

to remove~ tr s couneel to give sd­ snankro

anttns msnantbns to bope msnanteng snsntensua ansnteneoDimby • ucceeelonp mandimby to succeed mandimbiit. andimbiasanaandimbikeo

changeDona (voa) etruok, mand6ns to etrilre, to manddna sndonana anddny

knooked irnoclrDMy a command mandidy tocommsnd, andidisns andidio

outGshy (voa) msngehy to tie, hold maugehtss angehesana angehbso

fset, bindbeef, manjii3rs to preeent manjakk anjskana snjsksoor money, the jakapreeentedst the newyear

chains

Entana (s.), goods. ) Vahoaka (s.),' people. ( Le f ona (s.), a spear.

' This npun is frequently used fully with the suSr pronouns: i.e. vahba­kako, etc., not vahdako, as per rule.

EXERCISE LV.— TRAXSLATE IZTO EZVGLISH.

Manasa ny antsiny ny raiko. Maneso ny olona ny ankizy ratsy. Manefa.ny hsany ny rahalahiko. Manafaka ny ondriny ny mpiandry. Maneke nyanatra tsara nomeny anao. Manahtena aho, fa ho tonga faingana ny olonaandrasanao. Manesotra ny entana ny olona. Mandidy ny vahoaka nympitsara. Manjakanyhavany ny raike. Mangadra ny olona meloka nympitsara. Mandona ny varavarana ny anabaviko. Mangeheza ny entaaao.Mananara ny zanakao mba tsy hiteny amy ny sakaiza ratsy izy. Aza manasany antsinao anio, fa rahampitso (no) hanasa azy isika. Tsy mety ny manomevola ho any ny olona malaina.

EXERCISE I.VI.— TRAKSLA TE INTO AfALA GASY.

He will invite our friends to-morrow. Your advice to (advising) the peoplein the house of God yesterday was good. We will take away the plates andthe rice. The servant will give you ten peaches. They despised their brotheraad would not agree to their father's advice. My friend is knocking (at) thedoor. The spear weat through the ox. I desire to work. My friend set mefree. He added ten oxen last evening. Cut the meat. Hope for the good.Acknowledge your guilt and the judge will set you free. The water covered(rtartafoh a) the house. Complete your work quickly. The servant is comiagto take away the rice and the fowls.

36.— ACTIVE V E R B S IN 3E A l V - R E J E CTING TH EF IRST CONSON AN T O F TH E R O O T .

The consonants k, s, 8, 4 ',and occasionally k) of the root arerejected in forming verbs in man-.

ItetetteeItcot. Act. Irsper IteL Indic. Imper.

I Hsjs respect to respect msnajk snsjans ansjsoi Hetsika (vos) sbaken, to sbske, to manetetha anetsehsna snetsgho

moved, etc. slilr npHety scissors to shesr, to msnetbsa snetessns

out hairKaikttrs (voa) bitten to bite msnekers anekersns snektroKsriuna vrsges to hire f o r mansramk 4narsmana

wages msoKtpoktpoks the soundof manspokt­ to orackle in msnepoke­ snepokepo­ snepoke­

anything poka the teeth pobs hsns pbhybetvreenthe teeth

rice plants to transplsntrioe

Zct. Indic. Jfci. Indic.

a wach manflcs to waah msneaka fine msnhsy to fine manaeasia anaciowandering, manissia to wsnder msnisciiLvs sniaiikvoturningabout

8okatrs (voa) opened msn6kstrs to open msnokiifa snoksfans suokiLfy8olo s cubetitute msndlo tc cubctitntemsnolda snolosns anolty8orstra writing msnorstrs to write mauoritta snorstsua snorittyTshQO snexchange manakklo to barter, to msnakal6. snakaloss­ ansks)6­

exchange nsTanty endured, a to collect in a msnantiiss ansntsaa­ anantiico

little bsc- I backet, the nsket hsnd, etc.

Tapsks bmken oif to brest oif> manspiLhato goveru

Tsfy (voa) clothed to clothe msnsfis anefisns snsfioTefy malleable to work in maneft anefens anefeo

work metsle, orpottery

Tendry (voa) appointed mautndry te appoint msnendr6 snendrena anendrtoTery (voa) pressed lnanery to preccL coln manere sncreus anerto

pela spot, • to becmear msnenQBS snenttno

naTsfiks msnilfika to make wsr msnshha snsfihsns anafihoTohy s joint man6hy to 'JolR) to manohiss snohieans anohlco

extendTolotrs (vos) give+ pre msn61otrs 'to give, to meno16rs anolorans snol6ry

cented deliver toTompo a master msn6mpo to cerve lnanolnp6s anompoanaanompoyTopy l ifted u p msndpy I to sprinkle, manopiias suopsslm snopiLsy

the eyes, to liftup shecprinkled eyec

Tohitrs (voa) opposed msndhitra to oppose, to manoh6ra anoheranarechlt

Txd dmna( oa)~pie~ manindro­ ,to pierce, to snindmna­ snlnd15­gcsded J gosd ns ny

Tclnglns colder msningina to colder Smnglluuls snlRglnoTesngsBs upright msugnga­ to plsce up­ snsngsus IMlsngsno

right ns

Vy fotsy (s.), tin. Add la (s.), fool. Aka njo (s.), a coat.Tifitra (voa), shot; Indic. mitifitra, to shoot; Imp. mitif(ra.

EXERCISE LVII.— TRANSLATE IKTO ZKG L ISIK

Hanetsa isika anio. Hanarama olona valo hilanja azy ny I'ainao raham­pitso. Tsy mety manaikitfa anao ny saka, ka aza taitra foana. Hanasalarnba ny ankizy anio hariva. Ny andro maina (no) tsara anasana lamba.Maniry tsara ny hazo novidiko taminao tamy ny Alakamisy. Manolo nyanao aho. M aningina ny vata vy fotsy ny lehilahy. M anao trano ny

anabaviko. Manindrona ny ombiny ny ankizy. N anorkta ny anarako,tompoko. Omaly (no) nanoratako ny anaranao ka hosoratana indray vaanio? Manokafanyvata hanesorako ny akanjoko. Manangkna ny ombyhotofirin' ny mpitifitra. Manapaka ny zanany ny rainy' .Aza manao ahy hoadala. Ny teninao foana (no) nanaovako anao ho adala.

EXERCISE LVIII.— TRAXSLATE E1VTO 3EALAGAS Y.

My father will fine the lazy. His brother lifted up his eyes. He deliveredten oxen to me. I wi l l w r i te your word in my heart. He c ompelled thepeople to work. Do notpointout'the road. Put up the wood. My f r iend.clothed the poor man. He is besmearing my face. We' will join the cord,and catch the rat. Exchange your money. Deliver (to) me your hat andyour coat. Do not wash your clothes here, for the water is dirty.' Saturdayis the (no) day (on which) the people wash their clothes. Sunday is the (no)day (on which) we assemble in the house (of) prayer. Friday is the (no) day(on which) we buy and sell in the market.

37.— ACTIVE V E R B S I N iV A 1V - S T R E N G THE N I N GT HE FIRST CO N S O NA N T O F TH E R O O T .

The consonants h, l,' r, and z are substituted or strengthenedafter "man-," k becoming g, I becoming d, f being strengthenedby d, and z (strengthened by d'l becoming j.

2het. ,Act. Impcr m I n d ~ . ! ~ 'Imper.Hslatra theft msngklstrs to etesl msnga l krs sngalsrana ! angalilroHsro a mixture manipiro to mix mangsrds angsrosna sni(sroy

! Hataka a request msngktaka to beg, to sak msngaQha angatahsus, angati!ho' La (voa) refused msndk to refuse, to~ maudkvs andikvana ! andgvo

deny! Lamins(vos)ordered, ar­ msndhnins to put in or.' mandamins andaminans sndamino '

ranged der, arrangeLsnjs s weight msndimjs to weigh msnd anj iL andsnjans audsnjaoLany ueed up msndkny to uee up ~ msndania andanisna andsnioLao forsaken mandko to forsake I mandsoss sudaorsns sndaozyLatea s reproach mancbktsa te repweuk ~ maudateil sndataana sndateao lLstesks fallen mandiitsska to asst down, mandatskha andateahana andatekho!

Leha s step (I) mandgha" to go ~ mandehg­ns'

sudehanana sndehiLno ~

' 3Eandehana is used frequently for Go amay; there is another irregularimperative, andPha, meaning, Go a&ng,you «taygo.

45

BcfetircAet, Indic. Be/. Indie.

Lens wet manddns to wet msnddms sndemana andtmoLona (vos) eosted msndsns to soak mand6ma sndomans snddmyLoeitrs deeeriaon msndosi­ to See, to run mandoe(ra sndosirans andoslro

trse awayRspsts (voa) snatched msndrtpa­ to snstch by mandrspt­ sndrapaha­ andraps­

ta the mouth ha ns hoRatra (vos) s hurt , s mandrhtrs to hurt mandratrh sndratrana andratrao

woundRsrats (voa) spilled mandrsrsts to spill mandranlha andrsrshans andrarahoRavs spoiled, de­ msndriLvs to u l l down7 mandraviL andravans andrsvso

etroyed ~ to destroyhesrd msndre ito hesr msndrentea andreneeanaandrenteoa fathom mandrsfy t o measure by mandrefdes andrefeesna andrefheo

fsthomeovercome, msndrdey to conquer mandreee andresens andreetoconquered

driven out, msndrbsta,to drive out mandroths androahsna sndroghyforth, eto.

gone, de­ msndrdso .to go on, to mandroeba androeoana androebypsrtnre proceed

eewmg, nee.manjaitrs t o aew snjairodle-wort

manjtta to reign msnjaH, anjstans anjatsos chitl, mo­ manjimats~ to put out manjantha anjanahans anjsnilho

ney at in­ ~ mt reettereet

Zato s hundred manjilto ',to get rich manjatos (2)snjatoans (1)' ,.snjstdy (2)Zera (vos) thrown manjdra tothrowdown manjeril anjerana anj e rao

downs epsn msnjdhy t o epau msnjehb anjebena s n j ehfo

EXERCISE LIX.— TRA XSLA TE IVTO EXG LISH.

Manjanaha vola aminy. Mandena ny tany ny ranonorana. Aza manga­latra. Mangataha dia homena. Mandondona dia hovohana. Mandrosoa,ry havako. Mandehana'raha mbola {while) mazava ny andro. Tsy mandreaho. Mandrava ny nataon' ny zaza ny vehivavy. Handresy azy hiany isikarahamiadyamintsikaizy. Nanjera ny manda nataon' ny olona omaly nyranonorana. Mandrefesa lamba hovidiko, tompoko, fa tsy mety ny nanjai­rako ny lambanao. Nandrapaka ny amboa ny mamba, ka laniny. Nandao'ny Rainyanyan-danitrany Tompo, ka tonga taty an-tany Izy. N andatsaahy ny zanakao, ka nandrara azy tsy hanao izany intsony aho.

EXERCISE LX.— TRAXSLATE IXTO KA L A GASY.

I cannot span the heavens. I wil l go forward. We soaked the rice, and 'it is growing. He will forsake his bad friends. The gir l spilled the water.

46

She cannot sew well. Measure the heavens if you can. It was yesterday webegged that. He is mixing the rice and honey. He drove me away, yet Iw as not reproaching him. We threw the knife down and ran away. T h ec at snatched the meat. The dog ran away and I could uot catch it . C a nyou throw that stone down. No, I cannot throw it down, for I am too l i t t le.We will go to-morrow, and the people will follow us. Overcome the bad.Refuse the advice of bad friends. Do uot spend your money foolishly.

g8.— ACTIVE VE RB S W H E R E 3EA N - B EC O M E S3fA3E-; B, F, P, A ND V O F TH E R O O T

BEING R E JECTED.

The consonants b, f, p, and v are rejected, but the "ffsrsn-"becomes "mam-" in consequence; b is sometimes retained, andv is sometimes changed to b.

ftcl. Inrfic. ~.' Ictpcr.

Babo s csptive msm(ibo to cspture mamabds amsboans amsbdyBeta (vos) lifted up msmbeta to lift up msmbet& smbetans ambetaoBsngs gsps msmbilugs to mshe gspe mambangii smbangsna ambaugaoBoralrs loose, msmbsrahs to loosen, uu­ mamborb smboraha­ amborghy.

unbound tie haPsns mamirna to hest (water) msmaub amsnaua smsnaoPsntatrs Mown mamkntstra to try, to hnow mamautbrs amentarena smanth»Paoha (vos) wiperl mambohs to wipe msmaohs smaohans smsohyFetrs s boundary msm6trs to &x a limit mam6ra smerans slngroFihitrs s greepq msmititrs to grssp, to mlmhfra amihrsna amihfm

clutch clutchFohs (vos) swahened msm6ha to awahen mamoh&sa amohassna smohbsyFolshs bmken in mamslaha to brea)r in, to msmolgha smolahans smohihy

eubduePototm root msmbtotrs togotothemotmsmotsrs smotorsna amotoryPeta)rs stuck to mam6taha to etich upon, msmetilha ametshsna ametirho

to put glass inPetrshs put, plsced mamttraha to put, place msmetrilha smetrahsnasmetrilhoVahs (vos) loosened msm&ha to loosen, to msmahil smahsna smshso

untieVahy (vos) broheu msmilhy to brea)r msms)rts ~ smaldsnsVels (voa) left msm6ls to lesve, for­ mamel& amelans

give (eine)Velatra(vos)opened nut msmgletts to open out, to msmel&rs, smelarsns ameliim

spread outVera)ra (vos)bro)reu msmsrsha t o open, t o msmeriihs ~ smerahsna amediho

bres)r s sealVits done msmtta to &nieh mamitb amitsns smitaoVitraua s eeam mamitrans to seam mamitr&na sudtrsnaus smitrbuoVoatrs (vos) prepsred msmb6strs to arrange, to smboerans ambobry

prepsre

RctcticcAct. Indic. 2ct. lel pcr. Ielpcr.

V oly (vos) mamb61ye to pisnt mambole smboiena amboieoVoks(ky msmoksiky to eit dieconeo­ mamokeke smokaikens amoksikeo

lstelyVonjy (vos) ssved msmon]y to eave mamonje smonjens amonjeoVory (voa) sesembled msm6ry to sssemble mamoria smoriana SnlorloV sngy (vos) visited msmkngy to visit msmangia snl snglsna amangioFirstrs toamirspi­ to shine mamirapi­ smirapirs­ smirapi­

rstrse rkts tana tkto

Indro (Int.), Indreo (pl.), behold, or 0!Fhfi16ha, embankment.Fefy (s.), hedge.

EXERCISE LXI.— TRAKSLA TE IKTO E1VGLISB;

Indreo avy mamangy antsika ny mpianatra. Mameld ny helokay, An­driamanitra 8! N a moujy antsika rehetra ny Tompo. Namabo ny olona nympiady mahay. Nametraka ny zanany tao an-trano ny vehivavy. Hovon­j eny izay rehetra manatona azy. Andriamanitra 8! mamonje anay. T synamoha ahy ny raiko omaly maraina, ka (and) izany (no) tsy namonjeko nyomby. Tsy mahay mambeta izany aho. Namaha ny ondry nafatotrao nysakaizanao. Mamboly yary ny olona. Namaoka ny latabatra ny ankizy.Mamoria ny zaza, fa tonga ny rainy. N a mitrana ny lambako ny zaza nahaynanjaitra. Namaky ny lovia sy ny fitaratra ny zaza maditra. Mamirapiratratsara ny fitaratra. M amana rano ny reniko.

EXERCISE . LXII.— TRAXSLA TE IKTO SfALA GASY.

Prove the good. Did you break your horse in? The man holds fast to hismoney. Your father will forgive you, if you beseech (rto) him. The servantsopened the burdens. D o n o t s i t d i sconsolately, but get up and goforward. 'The man put in the glass, and the child broke it . I t was yester­day we spread out the sails. We will prepare our house, for the children arecoming to visit us. The man did not capture the slave. I c annot open thedoor. The men made gaps in the hedge. The water broke the embankment,and(ku) thepeople ran away. Open the door that our friends may enter(may enter,, Rel.).

3 9.— THE PREFIX 3EAN- BEFORE W O R D S B E G IN ­

NING W I T H N A ND N .

Before the consonants m or n the "mun-" becomes "ma-."

48

Act. Indic. Acr. Inlpcr. IfcL Indic.

Moeilvy witchery msmoehvy to bewitch mamoeavia smoeavisns slnoesvioNenins regref» remoreemsntninae to regret, repent msnenspa snenenaua snenbnoNars cold msnhra to be cold mensrllNghdona msngildona topound, tobest mangsdona snglNlonsna sngad6nyNato bsrh of • tree msnhto to dye IGsnatds snatoina snatdyNeno s sound msutnov to crow, to manenha sneuosns snendy

eound, to ring,Ngins mangins to be silent snglnsna

Tdbatdba (s.), noise, clamour; bustle. A16ha (prep.), before, beforehand..

Tabatabaina, to be noisy. Aorfana (prep.), behind, afterwards.Mitdbatdba, to make a clamour, noise. Ld.kil6sy (s.), a bell.Mikoratkba, to be noisy.

EXERCISE LXIII.— TRAXSLA TE IXTO EXG L ISH.

Mangina, ry zaza, fa aza mitabataba foana. Ny nenina tsy aloha faaoriana. Manara ny zaza. Manato ny lambany ny vahoaka. Manginatsara fa tsy mitabataba intson)I ny mpianatra. N ikorataba fatratra ny olonaomaly, fa very ny ombiny. Maneno ao an-ala ny vorona. Naneno nyakoholkhy. Tsy mahay maneno ny akohovkvy. Manenina aho, ka tsyhataoko intsony izany. Maneno ny lakilosy, ka dia hianatra izao isika fatonga ny mpampianatra. Rakofy larnba aho, ry neny (my mother ), fa manaraaho. Tsy mahay mandratra antsika ny mpamosavy. A'za taitra foana, fatsy mahay mamosavy tsy akory ireny (they).

4o.— THK V K R BA L PREF IX E S MI A N - A .NDM ITA ¹

The principle meaning of"mian-" i s motion towards, as ex­emplified in'the first seven words of the fol lowing table; butit has other meanings (see miambdzo, miampdfo, e tc.). A n dmit'an- means to go into the state implied by the root. They areof course intransit ive.

Indic.' Ach Iadic. IInprr. Wfatice. Ifcf . Inlpcr,

Avtrstrs m isnavhratrs to goto the north miansvarilta ianavaratsna isnavarhto' Atetmo misnstsimo » » south uusnstelnonls lsnstshlolnsns ~ lsnstaln6lnyAteing­ mianteintns-; „ „ east mianteinan4,- ianteinananana ian~ o

na

!Andrefa mianhsndr6­ weet misnhsndre- isnhsndrefsna- iauhandrefh­na' fana fiiu na no

' This "k» is probably euphonic.

Indic. Imper.

Lla misnida to go to the forest misnslii not uecd not uecdTrano miautrkno, to go into the house misntranga, isntrsnoana, isntrsndy,

misndrgno misndrsnds isndrsnosns isndranbyTsens miantsens to market misutseni isntsensns not usedVoaona mismb6sons to wesr on the neck mismbos6ns imbosonana iamboagnyFofo mismpgfo to nuree in the lsp miampof6a iampofosns ismpofgyVeao mismbgso to beg crsvenly mismbesda iambeaoana iainbes6yLahatrs itsndghstrs to stsnd in s row mitsndshgrs itsndsharmm itsndahiLroFody mitampody to go to s place and mitampodts itampodiana itampodlo

return in one dsyFieska mitsmpisska to press sgainst the mitamplaghs itsmpisshans itampieilho

side of snythingVonkons mitsmbnnko­ to be bent (se limbs) mitsmbo4ns itsmbokenana itsmbonkg­

noVotsotra mitsmbgtso­ to be inclined to fsll mitsmboteoraitamboteorsus itsmbots6ry

trsOndrika mitandndriksto bend the body mitsnondrgha itsnondrehsns itanondrghoHoliks mitsnggliks to turn spirally mitangolehs itsugolehans itaugolghoPeeona mitsmpeaonsto beg continuslly mitsmpea6na itampesonsns itsmpesonyIls mitsnils to goto one sideof the mitsnilg itsnilsns itanilso

rosdHiriks miisngiriks to bore s hole through mitangirlha itangirihsns itangixfho

H6dindto (s.), the bark of the rtaIo which makes a red dye.Vakana (s.), beads. K id 6ro, bed.

EXERCISE LXIV.— TRANSLA TE INTO ENG IISH.

Miankandrefdna hianareo,. fa aza mitampisaka amy ny vato maloto.Hianavaratra va hianao i' Aza mandry, fa mitampodia. Miambozona inonaireny ankizy ireny? Iambozony ny vakanareo, rankizy. Mitandahara, fa azamitanilanila foana. Inona (no) itanondrehanao? Ny alaheloko (no) mampi­tanondrika ahy. M i tangoligolika ny fandehan' ny rano. A z a mi tampe­sona raha tsy omeny ny azy. Mi t ambotsora, fa miankandrefana loatrahianao. Miampofo ny zanany ny vehivavy. Miantranoa, tompoko e. Marodia maro ny mpiantsena, ka dia mitanila ny goaika sy ny vorona. Azatangirihana n'y fefiloha. Mianala ny olona, ka mora (vidy) ny tantely. Azamitondra hodinato miantsinanana, andrao ataon' ny olona ho adala hianao.Oviana (no) niantranoana ny vadinao? Mi tambonkena, fa fohy ny kidoro.

These verbs can be made causative and reciprocal in thesame manner as verbs in "ftzi." We can also make the twonouns in "mP" and " f " f rom the active, and in "f " f rom t h erelative. See page 38, 39, sec. 3f, 3z.

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42.— AUXILIAR Y V E RBS BEFORE VE RBS IN "i V A 2 V-;"

ks shown on page 37 the verbs makdzo, makay, mety, and tia, areused with all the foregoing active forms, but "tta" is contractedto 'cta" before verbs in "man ; " as tu -kanao azy ako, I wish to doit. Ta - kandeka ako, I wish to go.

Learn also the following list of verbs in m, mz, ma, tn'am, notincluded in those that have gone before.

Act. Indic. Act. Impcr. Ite4 Indic. Impcr.

Aso got mstuiao can, to get mahssss ahasoans ahssdyHay mahsy sble to mshsiss ahsiaana ahaizoAndro(7) msudro to bathe maudrbs androans sndroyIuo uuno to believe miuds inosna inbyknans(7) mansna to hsvc mantna susnana anhnoHehy homthy or to laugh, to lsugh atmibomeheasihomehesana ihomehdz

Imihomehy

Ats (I) mats to fetch matb atsna. stsoHa (I) mils' to wsnt, to deeire milb ilans ilaoIcs (I) missa" to chant mietIay (!) Inleyq "to be," there ic, etc.misis, isisua, none

mauicy» to put in, ou, etc. manisis sclaua asioFody (?) mody» to go home, to pre­ modls odiaus odfo

tendOmba momba to sccompsny mombb ombana ombaoOnina ulomns to dwell, to live in a mondna onenans ondno

placeHomana homsns to eat homilns none ncncNofy msnonbfy to dream manofies anofiesna auofiso

Jiro (s.), lamp. Satria (conj.), because.Halina (s.), last night. S o l ika (s.), oil.

EXERCISE LXV.— TRA1ISLATE IXTO EXG L ISH.

Modia, rankizy, fa efa hariva ny andro. Ta-handeha hiany aho, fa tsyavelan' ny olona. M a haiza mandeha, andrao mandratra anao ny vato.Mahazoa fianarana. Mandroa amy ny rano, dia hadio hianao. Mino aho,fa mety mamonjy ahy hianao. Minoa ny anatry ny rainao sy ny reninao, fata-hanisy soa anao izy. Maka ny ombiko aho, fa tonga aty an-tsahanao izy.Ny hodianay dia lavitra ka handroso amy ny alehanay izahay. Asio solikany jiro. Ts y n ody ny ondry omaly hariva, ka dia manenina aho izao,satria tsy notandremako tsara izy. Tsy 'mila izany aho. Haka ny akanjokoaho, andrao manara aho raha alina. Nanonofy aho halina, ka nonofisiko fatonga mpanjato aho. Tsy marina anefa ny nofiko.

' Inanimate things only are used for the object of this verb.

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43. VERBAL N O U N S F R O M V ER B S IN " M A 1V-."As shown under' verbs in " m i - " (p . 38) so with those in

"man-," there are three useful nouns formed by (r) the insertionof "P" between the"m" and the vowel,(z) the substitution of'i j" for "m" in the Active Indicative; and (3) by prefixing "f"to the relative indicative.

EXERCISE LXVI .Read $ 3i again, and muke the tkree kinds of «ouns from tke following

verbs i­(x) Manao, manefy, mandeha, mangalatra, inanasa, maneso, mananatra,

manapaka, manampy.(z) Manolo, manaja, mandanja, mandroso, manao, manjaitra, mandatsa,

mametraka, mametra.(3) Mamonjy, maniry, manery, manapaka, manaja, mandositra, mandre,

mandresy, mamaoka, mamela, manjaka (zaka).'Put the English translation to all these, and verify therq by

the key.

44.— CAUSATIVE AN D R E CIPRO CAL F O R M S O FVERBS I N " M A 1 V-."

Again the verb in "mun-" has a causative formed by theinsertion of "amP" between the "m" and "u," as shown underthe verbs in "mi-."

EXERCISE LXVI I .Reud $ 33 again, and make causatives from tke following:­

Manao, manefy, manolo, manasa, manefa, mandidy, manoVa, manety,mangataka, manjaitra, mandroaka, mandanja, mandeha, mamoha, mamaha,mamboly, mamboatra, manenfna.

EXERCISE LXVI I I .Read $33 again, and make reciprocal causatives froet thefollowz'ng:­Mamonjy, mamaky, mamabo, manery, manaja, manome, rnanasa, maneno,

mangina, mamela, mamita, mamoha, mamboly, mandrefy, mangataka.

45.— PASSIVES FORMS O F V E R B S IN "iM AMP A ¹ "The verbs in "m umPun-," and "m ampifan-," have a lso a

passive form. The in i t ia l "m " i s r e jected, and the characteristictermination is added, while the accent moves on as in the caseof ordinary passives. Thus from the word

Munuo, m umP zfunao, comes umPanaovina.Mandrdfy, mumPzfundrhfy, „ amPzfundref6sina.Mumonjy, mumpj iumonj y, „ umpzfumonjhna.Muzzdsu, mumgzfunhsa, „ umPifuzzasaina.

EXERCISE LXIX. &AEE TH E SE P ASSIVE FORAfS FR03ETHE VE RBS.

Maka, mamonjy, manaikitra, mandositra, misambotra, manentina, mamela,mametra, mangadona, maka, mamaoka, mangaro, mandatsa, manafaka,mamitrana, mandeha, mametraka, mametaka, mamokaiky, mangeja.

46.— THE I R R E G U LA R VER B, "HOE."There is an irregular verb that is very useful, and is much

used in combinations,— it is the word "hod." I t i s j o i ned to"manao," "mz'kira "miteny," "m i l aza," and may be t r a n s la ted"saying," but w i th "m a nao" i t means says. I t i s u s ed w i th a l lt he forms of these wotds,— passive, active, and relative. T h us

Mihira ho6 izy, He sings (saying).Manao ho6 izy, He says.Atao ho0, Called, and is followed by the very words spoken, sung, etc.

It has an a c t ive i n t r ansi t ive form a s " koy iz y ," h e , s h e , i tsays, they say; and again the "hoy izy" is followed by theword "hoe." — Floy izy koe, He says ',saying).It has a third use as an elegancy of speech, and may be

translated by the phrases — do you say? would you say? shalli t be said! i .e.

Handeha hoe? Shall we go, do you say?Maty hoe? Dead , do you say?

EXERCISE LXX.— TRANSZA TE 11VTO EXGZISH.Misy lehilahy atao hoe Jaona. Ni teny tamiko izy, ka nanao hoe: "Avia

isika hihira anio." A ry nihira izy, ka nanao hoe: "Misy famelana (heloka)ho anao." Hoy izy hoe: "Midira ao an-tranoko." Izany (no ) nanaovakohoe: "Tsy afaka aho." Han etsa rahampitso hoe? Eny, hanetsa tokoai sika. Marary hoe? Ary dia niteny izy hoe: "Tongava rahampitso." A r ydia niantso ny olona ka nanao hoe: "Vonoy izy." Ary ny rainy nanontanyazy hoe: "Aiza (no) hamoriantsika ny olona?" Ary dia novaliany hoe; "Aoan-tranoko hiany (no) atao fivoriana. Ao an-tranonao hoe? Eny, ao an­tranoko avaratra hiany.

47 T HE A U X I L I A R I E S ccFFA " "MADI VA,"A OK A A N D ccTOKONY

Tbere are, four words often used before verbs passive, active,and relative. T h e y are efa, madlva, aoka, and tokony. Theseare always followed by the future form of the verb.

( t) SXudfeahoandefako are nearlyalike in m eaning,almost. T husEfa ho vita, almost done.Ef'a hanao, on the point of doing.Madiva ho vita, almost done.

Madiva hitranga ny masoandro, The sun is almost on the point of rising.Madiva hisehoany isika, It is almost appearing to us.

(z) Aoka ko means let, asAoka hojereko, Let me see.Aoka handeha isika, Let us go. I t is also used for sayjng.: That is

enough, That witl do, Aoka izay; and Aoka aloha, Wait a little.

(3) Tokoey ho is used when something ought or must be done, asTokony ho tonga izy, They ought to be come.Tokony hanao izany isika, We ought to do that.Tokony handehanantsika uy lklana, We ought to go along the road.It also has the meaning of about when used before .numerals,

or adverbs of place, etc., asTokony ho fito ny akoho, The fowls were about seven.Tokony ho eto izy, I t is a bout here.

EXERCISE LXXI.— TRAXSLA TE 11VTO E1VGLISH.

Efa handeha izao isika, ka dia tokony hiaraka isika, andrao misy very nyombintsika. Aoka aloha, fa mbola tsy tonga ny mpitarika. Aoka hiarakaisika. Andraso kely, fa efa ho tonga hiany ny olona andrasantsika. Eny,tokoa, madiva ho tonga izy. Tsy tokony hidera an' Andriamanitra va ny olonarehetra? Eny, ka aoka hataontsika rehetra izany, fa manisy soa antsika izy.Tokony ho zato ny olona mivory ao amy ny lavanty (an aucdion). ataon' nyrainao. Madiva ho masaka ny vary, ka asaovy mipetraka ny olona. Efatafapetraka izy. Tokony ho hainao izany va? Eny, tokony ho haiko hiany.

48.— THE R E L A T IV E A ND IN TER R O G A TIV EPRONOUNS.

The personal pronouns, separable and inseparable, have beenstudied already. T h ere remain the relative, the interrogative,and the demonstrative.

(t) Of relative pronouns there is only one, lzay. I t has nodeclensions, and may be used for any case, and for plural aswell as singular; i.e.

Aoka izay handeha hitsangana.Let him who will go stand up,Let those who will go stand up.

(2) The interrogatives areIza, Zovy, who, which? ~ An' iza, an-jovy, whose?I nona, wh a t ? An' inona, (used of places), where, what?

'I

54

An indefinite pronoun corresponding.to the Engl ish "who­ever," "whosoever," is obtained by doubling "iza" and using"na" before each; and "whatsoever" is got by treating "inona"in the same way; i .e.

Na iza na iza, whosoever.Na inona na inona, whatsoever,

These are usually followed by the particle "no" for emphasis.Iza no handeha, who will go?

EXERCISE LXXI I .— TRA1VSLA TE I l t ' ITO E1VGLISII.Iza no tsara ny manaiky handeha fa tsy lasa, sa ny mandk ka mandeha

hiany? Anfnona no anaran' ny tanana (town) izay halehantsika? Na izana iza no mety handeha dia hotendreko. I zay mazoto mianatra dia hahay.Zovy no izy? Na zovy na zovy no miteny dia hataoko meloka. Na i nonana inona no hataonao, ataovy tsara sy marina. An ' iza ny antsy lehibe aoan-tknanao? Tsy an' it'a tsy an' iza izy fa ahy hiany. M a r ina izay nola­zainao tamiko, ka tsy mandainga hianao. Inona no mety hataontsika haha­zoantsika famonjena? Izay rehetra manaiky izany atsangano ny tknany.Tsy azoko ekena ho marina izay nolazainao tamiko. M o a t sy menatrahianao amy ny lainga izay nataonao tamy ny rainao?

49.— THE DEM O N S T RA T IVE P R O N O U N S.

The following are the demonstrative prdnouns, which haveseparate words for singular and plural, and have this peculiar i ty ,t hat they must be repeated after the w or d o r p h r ase t o w h i c hthey are joined, as well as being placed before; i.e.

Izany Olona izany, That person.Ity zaza ity, This child.Iny omby entina hovonoina iny, That ox (which is being) taken to

be killed.

Singular, and seen. Piural, and seen. Common.

Ity, This Irety Izaty.Ito, (provincial) This Irdto Izkto.Io, That Irho Izao.Itsy, That Irhtsy Izktsy.I ny,(. . . . . . . ; . . . . ) '

That Ir6ny Izany.Ir6a (yonder) That Irer6a Izaroa.Iry (yonder, a little further) That Irery Izary.

I t w i l l b e n o t i ced t ha t t h e i n s er t ion o f " r e " m a k e s t h e mp lural and of "za" makes them common as to number, and a r eused of things remembered or conceived.

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EXERCISE LXXIII.— TRAKSLATE IHTO EKG L ISH.

Tsara izanyombinaoizany. Ho entiko miaraka amiko ity zanakao ity. Aza~i teny amin' ireo olona ireu. Izao ataoko izao(no )'tokony hianaranao, anaka,4ahaizanao tsara ny hanaovana azy. Tiako dia tiako ireto mpianatra mazotoireto. Tsy hiditra amin' ireo trano maloto ireo aho. I zao fananarako anaoizao (no) tokony hampitandrina anao tsara, andrao diso amin' izany zavatraizany indray hianao. Iny ldlana alehanao iny (no) izy, fa ireroa mahazo anyfgoes toj an-tandna tsy misy olona fantatrao. Tsara loatra izato alikanayIzato. Io alika miady amy ny ombintsika io (no) mahay milomano indrindra.

5o.— THE A D J ECTIVES.

The Malagasy language is not r ich in adjectives, and .thereare several ways of finding substitutes for them.

Our English adjectives in "-able" and tf-ible," etc., have tobe expressed by placing "azo" before passive verbs, as

Azo errhrru, Portable.The use of 'tsy azo" takes the place of our "in....ible" or

"im. ...able," etc., as­Tsp azo otao, Im practicable.

The place of adjectives such as. "wooden * ' is supplied bynouns, as

Trarro hazo, a wooden house.

Verbs also are used as adjectives just as we say in Eng l ish,A singing man, le h i laky mpihira, or mikira.

LEAR1V THE F O LLO WDTG W ORDS.

Aso hhdna edlble ! Aso stao prscticable Fetsy (adj.) cunningAso hntlna portsble Aso ssmbbrins "cstchable" Vony (sdj.) yellowAso refhsins messurable Saiky (sdv.) slmost Lolo (s.) s buttergyAso valdna readable, legible ~vy (s) iron Sahirans (adj.) perplezedAso lasaina mentionable Fohy (adj.) short Antitra (adj.) oldAso jetdna vlsible Lavs (sdj.) long Taudra (adj.) youngAso sdlks translstable Avo (adj.) high Vsovao (adj.) newAso tefbns ! malleable Iva (adj.) low Mofo (s.) bresdAso ssrsins divissble Ksmo (adj.) iasy

Tdndrombdhitra (s.), mountain.Hono, it is said, so report goes.Mpanjkka (zaka), Queen, King, Sovereign.

EXERCISE LXXIV.— TRA1VSLATE I2VTO E1VGLISH.

Tsy azo vakina ny soratrao. Hanao trano vato izahay, ka io azo jerena io(no) izy. H onina ao amy ny tandna misy (with) mknda vato, hono, nyMpanjaka. Trano vato ny trano fivavahana iangonanay. Azo tefena va io

S6

vy lava io? Tsy azo refesina ny lanitra, ary tsy azo zaraina ny rivotra. Tsyazo atao izany. Azo samborina va io lolo vony io? Eny, ka (arzd) sambory.Tsy azo hanina ny mofo.sy ny hena nentina'o. Azo adika hiany ny tenyvoasoratrao, fa tsy azo lazaina amy ny olona izy. Sahirana hianao mijery iotendrombohitra avo saiky tsy azo jerena io. A z o vakina va ny teny aoamin' io bokinao vaovao io? Azon' ny tanora vakina izy, fa tsy azon' nyantitra angaha. Fetsy loatra io saka fotsy io. Sambo vy. T r ano tany.Trano fitaratra.

5 f.— DERIVATIVE A DJE C TIVES I N 3E- O R 3EA - .

Most adjectives beginning with "m" or "ma-" are derivatives,' the accent always remaining on the root.

LEARlV' THE EOLLOS IXG. '

Adj ective I m ier . ' Ifcdu ficatin Is. pcraz p icc,

Msrina level, true mareus msrindirinaMsty fsty dead mstdaa matimhty, lukewsrmhfaloks aloks shady maldhs . malomiQokshleudrika endrika suitsble, becomiug meudrdha. mendrimdndrikaMerits eriks showery merdhs merimdrikahfsutsins hautsimL hsving an offensive odour msntalna msutsimiLntsinahfsaiua hssins sacred maslus masimhsina, saltishMeloka heloka guilty, crooked meldhs melomdlolrshfenatra heustrs ashamed meudrs meuamdustrsMadio dio clean msdi6va madiodloMsldto loto dirty mslot6a mslotolotoMshitsy llltay straight mahitsia mshitsihitsyMathnjaks tsnjsks strong matsujhha mstsnjathnjska.Msrivo rivo shallow marivds marivorlvoMshery hery strong msherdas maherihdryhfstetiks tetika frequent, often mstetdha mstetitetiksMahhlans halaua fsr spart mshslkna (f) mshslsukQausMavesatrs vesatra hesvy msveshra mavessbesatrsMsrisika 'risiks sctive marhdhs msrisidrbdksMainty iuty black msiutlsa msiutimhintyMaiaiua iziua dsrk maiaiua msiaimdiainaMaitso 1tso green maitsda msitsomditaoMaody ody fearful, euspicious maodla maodimsodyhfaols ols restless, fooiish maolk maolsmaolshfaoriua orllls upright maoreus (f) maorimsorinsMdlshdlo dlsbdlo poor, eorrowful mslaheldva malahelohdlo

The imperatives have an optative meaning.Those in "ma" uncontracted, from "a f io" to " r z 'sika," change

"m" to "n " fo r the p ast , and "h " fo r t h e f u t u re. T he pre s entand past of the others are alike, and "ko" goes before to makethem future, but "mdlahelo" becomes "hdlahdlo" for the future,and in the provinces "n" is frequently used for the past.

COMFA$USON OF ADJECTIVES.

The adjective undergoes no change for degrees of comparisons,but other words are added for the comparative and superla­tive. W e ge t a di mi n u t ive positive by r e duplication; asimple comparative by the addition of "Nbho;" the superlativeby.adding "s'nd'rindra" to the positive; i .e.

Supertetsee.Stmyfc. Diminutiee,

Tesrs tstrsh4rs tesrs noho tears indrindpaGood rsther sood better thsn beet

There are, however, amplifications of all these which must bestudied.

(I), The PosITIvE has three divi>ions, as follows:­Simgle: R at sy, bad.4'mgkslic: Ratsy dia ratsy, de c idedly bad.Diminghve: Ratsiratsy, somewhat bad.

(2) The CQMPARATIvE also has three div isions, as fol lows :Simgle: ' Ratsy noho, worse than.S'mgkatie: Ratsy lavitra noho, far w o rse than.

Qualiped I R t . t k k < ' h I somewhat worse than.t Ratsy kok6a noho,I Ratsiratsy kokda noho,,

(3) The SUPERLATIVE has two div is ions, as follows : ­Ratsy amy ny . . . . . . . rehetra, w orst of all . . . . .Ratsy indrlndra amy ny .. . . . . . . , v ery worst of. . . . .

EXERCISE LXXV.— TRAKSLA TE IKTO EÃG LISH.

Malotoloto ny tknanao. M a d iodio kokoa ny azy noho ny ahy. O l onamalahelo izany vehivavy izany. Matanjaka hiany ny azy, fa matanjaka kokoany anao. An' iza io soavaly maintimainty io? Any ny raiko io ka novidinytamy ny rahalahinao omaly hiany. Tsara indrindra amy ny ombinao rehetraio ombilahy fotsifotsy io. Raha ho faty aho, matesa ny olona, fa raha ho fatyny havako, matcsa ny omby. Mahereza amy ny fianaranao. Tsy mahitsyloatra ny soratrao izay nataqnao omaly, ka a taovy tsaratsara kokoa nyataonao izao. Mateteha amy ny fikapohanao azy. Ma izimaizina ny andro,ka tsy hitako ny lalana. M adiova, rankizy. M ahalana loatra ny ketsanao.Marisika dia marisika izany lehilahy izany. M amimamy kokoa noho nyfary ny tantely.

I should prefer calling this a d iminutive, were it not that i t m ightmislead.

58

EXERCISE L XXVI.— TRAXSLATE IXTO 3fASAGAS F .

My child is wiser than yours. The birds are more easily frightened to-daythan yesterday. He was exceedingly ashamed. Whose is that very good cat?It is my mother's. The day is somewhat cloudy (shady ). Take the wateraway, for it has an offensive smell. This man is much more guilty that that.My brother is older than yours. Our road is much mere straight to-daythan (the) yesterday. You have told him often, tell him more frequently. Theheavens are very black. The water is very shallow. The r ice plants aregreener.than the grass. You plant your trees too far apart. The day wi l lbe somewhat showery. He was rather ashamed, when I told him that he wasdeceiving us. My burden is rather heavier than yours.

53.— DERIVATIV E AD J E CTIVE S F OR M E D BYSUFFIXES.

There is a class of adjectives formed from nouns correspond­ing to our English adjectives hairy, sandy,.etc., which resemblethe passive derivatives "ina" and "ana." They have no pasttense, nor have they an imperat ive.

Kibo the belly kib6ina' big-bellied from feverVato stone vstoins stone-likeKiry determination, obstinacy ktrina determined, obstinate, stubbornTsao fever tsabins constantly affected with feverSandry ssndrisns having lsrge srmsBika ehspe bikhna well-shapedVavs the mouth vavkna loquaciousVody the rump vodlana big-rumped (of oxen snd pigs)Tssngsns upright tsangknsns commandingly tallTenda throst tendlkna big-throated, gluttonousVsy boil vsnlsna having boilsHatins the itch hatsnina affected with the itchMos)Lry s famine mossrens s state of fsmineSery s cold in the head sel4ns having s cold in the headFery a sore, a wound fertna having soresFsaiks sand fssthins sandyVovoka dust vovnhius having the dry rot (as wood)Hsaaka s scabbed calf (of the leg) hazkhins hsving s scabbed cslfVsoks whiskers vsohins whiskeredFonitrs a robust person foncntans robustOlitrs s worln nlerins worm-estenSomotra the beard som6rins beardedFingotrs upper psrt of the ancle Sngdrana big-ancledSsrotrs (sdj.) diiBcult asrotiny hsrd to plesae

' This is also verbal, meaning "to be tickled."

59

V intana luck ! ,viutknma luckrK aukaua worm s kauktuuna ill with wormsTbrontbrona , torontoreninaKisina droui shness kisinina dronishNofo ftesh noftsaua plumpFo i the heart fotsina morose, crabby

Ny lahy,' the husband. Ny vav y , the wife.bady..no, Both..and (conj.). Ranjo (s.), leg (from the knee downwards).

EXERCISE I.XXVII.— TRAMLAT E E1VTO ENGLISH.

Kirina loatra ny soavalinao, ka dia nekapohiko mafy. T endana, hono, nyalikanareo. Aza omenao ny zaza iny peso olerina iny, andrao kankaninaizy. Vavana loatra iny vehivavy hatinkatenina iny, ka noroahinay. Sarotinyny lahy, ka dia kirina ny vavy. Nahita lehilahy' bikana sy zazakely seri­serena, ary ondry kirina izahay omaly hariva. Nisy fery kely ny tongonytaloha, ary izao hazakazahina ny ranjony. N iady taminy Jaona Uohn) iolehilahy vaohina sady tsanganana io ka resiny, satria kirina sady foizina nonofosana iny Jaona iny. Vo v ohina ny hazo ka naka ny vovony hataoody fery ny ankizy. N isy mosary tany Egypta, ka dia mosarena ny tany fitotaona. Ny tazoina (no) hatenina matetika, ary ny tendana (no) kiboina, sadykankanina. Jereo iny lehilahy foniponetana sady sandpana iny, fa milahanjera ny mdnda izy. Fasehina loatra ny tanimboliko ka tsy mety miasaazy ny olona vainana, andrao azon' ny fasika, hono, ny vainy. B ikana Saoly(Saul). Tsanganana Jonatana (Jonathan). Kirina loatra Samisona (Samson).

'

Iry lehilahy fingopingorana iry (no) namono izay omby kibokiboina sadyvodivodiana izay omaly maraina. K ibokiboin' ny namany ny zaza, ka dianihomehy izy.

5y.— AD JECTIVES (CONTINUED ).

There are t w o o r t h r e e p h rases in c o n nect ion w i t h t h e seadjectives that a re w o 'rth l earn ing , a s t hey are o f ten used insalutations and compl iments.

Tsarkva, tompoko e! A salutation of persons of high birth.Veldma, sodva tsark! Good bye, may (you) be good, and excellent.Marena tokan-tr4no! Mayyour home life be true (used in saluting newly

married people).These phrases are not used with the suffix pronouns. The word vadp is

common for husband and wife; i.e."My husband" is vadiko; "my wife" also is vadiko; "y our husband" is

vaCk'nao; "your wife" is .vadinao. V ad iny — her husband, his wife, theirhusbands, their wives.

OlI

3Xaslna > May,'you) be sacred, i.e. free from witchcraft. This isacommon orm used in sayingGood bye, orMaynoevi l befall you .

It should be notiCf.'d too that omi t t ing "noho" of the cqmpara­tive, and "a »>y" w i th t h e s u per la t ive, the wo rd m a y b e us e dabsolutely, the compared objects being understood. T hus

Tsaratsara kokoa izany, That is better.Mamy indrindra io, T hat is the very sweetest.

Again the w o rds "koa ra ka" (also if) are put between theadjective making what has been called "a c o nd i t ional super la ­t ive." T hus

3lamy koa ra ha m a my, s weet, i f t h e re b e a n y t h i ng sw e e t .Adjectives'are often joined to passive and relat ive verbs, as

Mora atao, easily done.Mora ianarana, = easy t o be learned.Sarotra avrla. = di S c ul t to be left.Sarotra itenenana, = dif f i cult to be spoken of.

5 5.— ADJECTIVES G O V E R N IN G T H E A CCU S A T I V KCASE.

There remains another group of adjectives which govern theaccusative case; i . e .

Menatra azy aho, = I am a sha»redof 'him.Akaiky azy izany, = Tha t is near Zo him.

Mr. W. E. Cousins gives the following examples:­

h.dhfs foolish sbout Diso lost , hfsimbo smelling offensfyely okntbnona suitable for Feno full of ~ hfendriks suitable, becoming>tmpy su%cient for Gsgs astonished at Sshy without fear ofBetsata hsving iouch of, Henika Sasatts tired of

abounding in Hiboka ) full ofTshhks lite

Be hsving many of hfsnins longing after Vnky satissed withDiboks full cf bfsnitrs perfumed with vitsy having fevr of

Hady (s.), a ditch. Elatra (s.), wing.Manfdina (sidina) (v. int.), to fly. Vazdha (s.), Europeans, foreigners.Andrlana (s.), the sovereign.' Mpivdro-k6na (s.), a butcher.Toaka (s.), native spirits, su'm.

EXERCISE LXXVI I I .— TRII1VSLATE I I VTO EK G L I S H .

Antonona anao ireo kiraronao vaovao ireo. Ampy azy ny nomentsika azy.

Gaga azy nyolona, fa tsy nitomanyizy. Maimbo hena ny tranon' ny rnpivaro-kena. Voky hena ny alika, ka dia mandry izy. Akoholahy maneno

4l

an-tsena, tsy hery,. fa tnanina ny tany nilaozany. M a imbo toaka izanylehilahy antitra izany. Tahaka azy indrindra io. Tahaka ny lalitra, ka Icelysahy'aqdriana. Akohokely latsaka (fatten z'n J an-kady: hanidina, tapak'elatra; hiantso, kely feo. Be vary ny tany aminay. Heni-bary (henika vary)nb saha rehetra. Feno vola ny vata keliko (vatako kely). Menatra nynataony izy. Adalam-bola (adala vola) izato lehilahy izato.

EXERCISE LXXIX.— TRA1VSLA TE J1VTO AALA GA SK,

That man is ashamed ofhis children. I a m t i red.of you. The house isfull of them. The foreigners abound in money. That is sufficient for us.The house is perfumed with honey. We (have) few oxen. Th a t i ssuitable for you. I am sorry for him. That good man is longing after hislost child. H is dwelling place is near us. Our house of prayer is full ofpeople. My fr iend is like you. D id i t l ike that? T hat hat becomes you.May no evil befall you. May your home life be true, children. That isdifficult to be sung, bu't this is easily told. I f t here be anything strong, thatis very strong. H is oxen were easily stolen.

5 6.— THE NU M E R A L S .

The numerals up to ten have been already learned. Thecardinals are made ordinal by adding "faha-," but to efatraand enina, commencing with a vowel, "fah-," i.e. enina, six;fahenina, the sixth. V6albkany is used for first.'

They are made fractional by the prefix "amPdha-.. . . ..ny,"dimy becomes amPdhadtminy, (one) fifth; but the "tra" of efatrais rejected; an d t h ere is no fract ional of one.

They become multiplicative by adding' "in-," d be ing addedto r, f becorningP, and s being strengthened by t; ar z vo, athousand, does not take the in-.

1'hey can also be used for times of doing a thing.— I'anind'r6a­

ny,fanz'ntttony, faninefany, fdnindtminy, but are seldom usedfor higker numbers.

EXERCISE LXXX.3Eake out a tabte in aecordanee roith the above of nurnbers up to ten.Cardinal. Ordin a l . F r actional. Mu l t iplicatives. T imes of doing.

Isa, iray, iraika.' 1sa is always used when beginning counting; ir ay is s implyone, and iraika is used with "faha-" in m ak ing ordinals fromeleven upwards.

hfter ten the units are wr i t ten before the tens, the tens beforethe hundreds, etc., thus reversing our Eng l ish mode of count ing ,and the word "d mby ny," o verplus of,' joins them together.up t onineteen, and "amby"' alone for numbers over 2o.

tt, I raika amby ny folo; tz, Roa amby ny folo, etc. zo , Roa-polo; zr ,Iraika amby roa-polo; 8o, Telo-polo; 4o, Efa-polo; 5o, Dimam-polo; 6o,Enim-polo; ?o, Fito-polo; 8o, Valo-polo; go, Sivy folo; t oo, Zato; zoo,Roan-jato; 3oo, Telon-jato; qoo, Efa-jato; 5oo, Diman-jato; 6oo, Enia­jato „?oo, Fiton-jato; 8oo, Valon-jato; goo, Sivin-jato; tooo, Arlvo; to,ooo,Iray alina; too,ooo, Iray hetsy; t,ooo,ooo, Tkpitrlsa.

EXERCISE LXXXI .T he student in order to be proficient should again m ak e o u t

a table of al l these, cardinal, o rd inal , f r ac t ional , and m u l t i p l i ­cative up to "ar3z>o," beyond whiclt they are not used. H e w i l lf ind them nearly fu l ly done in Mr . W . E. C o u s ins ' I NTRoDuc­TIQN> p. 55.

lm&dy is us ed f o r a g az'n. 1mbt t saka, means maey t z mes.The ordinals are used 'as fractionals in measures and measure­ments, as

Fahathlom-bkry, a third of a measure of rice.Fahhnim-bsry, a sizth of a measure of rice.Fahaffry ny tranonao? How many fathoms (high or long) is your house?­Fkhafolo, Ten.

The fractionals are generally used w i t h t h e su ff ix p r o n ouns, 'and the numerator is expressed as in Eng l ish by the ord ina ls.

, Distribut ives a r e m ad e b y r e d up l icat ing t h e n u m be r a n dprefixing "tsi-."

Tsirairay,' one by one.Tsithlot6lo, three by three, etc.

Kilksy (s.), class. ~ Sakany (s.), its breadth.Lavany (s.), its length. I Hahkvony (s.), its height.

Ala (s.), Forest.

EXERCISE LXXXI I .— TRAtV'SLA TE I1VTO E1VGLISH.Nantsaka impiry hianao? Indimy. I za no voalohany? Ny rahalahiko

(no) voalohany, ary izaho (no) fahafito amy ny kilasy. Dimby amby fito-poloamby roan-jato amby arivo. F iry ny omby novidinao tany an-tsena omaly?Teloambyny folo(no).novidinay. Makk fahatelom-bary amy ny vata be.Fahafiry moa ny trano-fivavahana any aminareo? Fahavalo ny lavany,fahefatra ny sakany, ary fahadimy ny hahavony. Manisk folo. E nto at j ramiko ny omby iraika amby ny folo. Nisy diman-jato va ny olona tafangonatao an-trano-fivavahana tamy ny A lahady? Man deha tsiefatrefatra nyankizy T o kony ho telon-jato ny isan' ny olona.

' Both of these diphthongs are accented.

BS

EXERCISE LXXXIII.— TRANSLA TE 1ÃTO 3EALA GA SF.

How many children have you? F ive. B r ing me ten plates and twelvespoons. How many needles did you buy at the auction? I b ought fifty-fivethousand three hundred pins. ' Sixteen thousand three hundred and sixty-five.Three-ninths. How many times did you see (rel.) me? Seventeen times.Did you call me, sir? Yes, I called you twice. How m'any birds did yousee in the forest? I saw about ninety. How often have you done(rel.) that?A hundred times. Two-fortieths. How longis your field? It isforty (fathoms).Can you count fifty? Yes, I can count a mil l ion. One hundred and threethousand, six hundred and ninety.six. The oxen are going away one by one.

57.— NUMERALS H A V ING V E R B A L F O R M S.

There are some of these numerals which have 'verbal foimsin "mz-," as

Mir6a, mz'telo, mz'efatra t o b e d i v i d ed i n to t w o , t h r e e, f ou r ;and in " m a n - : " Ma ni nd r b a, manin te lo, t o do a t h in g t w i c e ,thrice.The "mz'-" forms hav'e corresponding passives.

Tel6ina, telby (sometimes telAzna, as given under passiveverbs,', efdrina, efdro.

Indro~sina, intet6ina, to be done twice, three t imes.The number of days again in answer to hafir lana.z l n d rtza

andro, two days; hatet6ana, three days; hefarana, four days;haChmlana, five days; hdntmana, six days; hafit6ana, seven days;kavalbana, eight days; but they are rarely used for more.

The numeral may sometimes be placed before its nouns, asEfa-polo lahy, forty men (a name given to students at t he

Normal School).Diman-jato lahy, the guards.Fdloalindkhy, the army (a hundred tliousand men).Fanjakana, the kingdom.

EXERCISE I XXXIV.— TRANSLA TE TNTO ENG LISH

Aza manindroa izany fanao ratsy izany. A ron' ny tany sy ny fanjakanany foloalindahy. T s y m ety matory amy ny a l ina ny diman-jato lahy.Aoka hoteloina izany pesonao izany. H a t e loan-andro taorian' ny namonoa­na Azy (no) nitsanganan' ny Tompo tamy ny maty. Hafiriana hianareo (no)tany an-dklana avy tany Toamasina? Havaloana hiany, fa nandeha fain­

gana ny ankizy nilanja anay. Bfaro ny nasainy hataontsita, ka. aoka isikaef'a-dahy samyhanao nyanjarany. Aza indroasinao intsony izany, andraokapohiko mafy hianao. Samy mahazo fsmpisnarana ny Efa-polo lahy nam­pianarin' ny Vazaha. Namory ny vahoaka rehetra ny mpanjaka, ka hefa-'rana izy (no) nivory tao Antananarivo.

58.— THE V E R BA L PR EF I X E S "M I H A - " A ND" 'MANA - "

There are still some verbal prefixes to be considered.

(f) "3Eika-" prefixed to a root makes an int ransitive verb.It has been called the progressive, because it conveys the ideaof a thing gradually becoming what is expressed by the root ;i.e., 3Ahardtsy means to become gradually bad. It is added tonouns, adjectives, and even to intransitive verbs; i .e.

Impcrativc. Rc/. ynctic

Tondrs overffown mihstdndra-' to become, or be­ ihstondra­ka ks coming ewollen hsns

Hendry mihah6ndry to become wise mihshen­ ihahendre­ ihahen­dr6 ns dr6o

Loss fierce mihs16ss 40 » Serce mihstos6 ihslossns. ihalosayTesrs good mihstshra to „ g o od mihs4ssr6 lha4ssrana ihstesrsoMadloMsltto Iclean mihamsdio to » clean mihsdiovs ihadiovana ihedi6vy

dirty mihsmaltto mihelot6a ihslotosns ihslot6yMsh6ry stroIlg mihsmah6ry to » strong 2 ihsresana ihar6soMaisina dark mihamsisma mihsmsi­ ihamsisins ihamsisf.

sins nolight, dear mihsmssiLva 4o light, mihssavh ihasavsna ihsssvso

clesrmlMly mihsmbro msuy mihamar6S ihamaroans ihsmardymuchq Insny mihsbdtsska much, mihsbetsii­ ihabeteshs­ ihabetsll­

msny ha ua hoOry wre'tched 4o wretoh­ mihsorla ihsoriane 2Tom * edbanddhy msn-like nnhat6m­ to msn-like

bsud4byMsfhna mihamsfhns to mihafsnh fM6nga­ mihsmtnga­ 4o mihbnga­ ihhngatsi4­ ihikogs­tsfsks cold tsiska tsisha hsua teikho

(z) "Ma nar » prefixed to a root is much s imi lar in m eaning toa verb in " fnan-," but i t conveys the idea of cont inued act ion torender or make the th ing what is expressed by the root . T hus

Manardtsy means to do s o mething w h i ch m a k es s omethingelse bad. I t i s a d ded to nouns, and adjectives:

Jmperotivc,

to make trus, snsmsrfnoto prove

Vso new to renew msnsvsoss ansv&osyMavo brown tomahe brown, manamavda anamsvosna anamavdy

to vilify|fanitra eweet msnsmgm­ to mahe fra­ msnamsnha

frsgraut trs grsntZimba(voa) abuse mauashnba to sbuse mansiimbh snaiimbansMorons the edge manamdronato go near the mauamord­ snsmolona

edgeJsmbs blind mansj4mba to.mate blind msnsjsmbh snajambans anajsmbaoKimpy ehuthng msnahimpy to shut the eye msnshimpis anakimpisns ansmhim­

oftheeye plo

Jak6ba, Jacob. Hainandro (s.), sunshine. Ka (conj.), and.Latkbatra (s.), table. Fitdratra (s.), glass, a Rondno (s.), milk.Raosy (s.), rose. looking glass. Toy izao, as follows.

EXERCISE LXXXV.­' T R A X SEATE I X T O EX G L I S H . ,

Tany Egypta (no) nihamaroan' ny zanaky Jakoba. Nihahery izy, ka diatsy tiaazy ny mpanjaka. M i tsangdna, mihazavd, fa tonga ny mampaha­zava anao. Anamavoy ireo lamba ireo, fa mihamaro ny mpividy lambamavo. Mihamafana ny audro izao, ka manamorona ny ony ny zazalahy.Inona no anakimpianao ny masonao? Ny masoandro mihamazava loatra(no) anakimpiako ny masoko. Iharezo ny asanao. Aza ihatsarana vavafoana ny havanao. Inona no ihalotolotoanao toy izao? Tsy mihaloto ahoakory, fa ny rano (uo) manamavomavo ny tavako. Ho avy ny vahoaka amyny Alakamisy, ka izany (no) ihadiovan' ny tand.na. Efa hendry hiany hianaoizao, nefa mihahendre kokoa. Manamanitra ny olona tafavory ato an-tranoioraozy ambony latabatra io, fa manajamba azy ny hainandro amy ny fitaratra.Aza manazimba ny anatry ny rainao. Aza manamarina ny meloka. M iha­maizfna kokoa, ry volana. M i h a loza loatra iny lehilahy iny. H ia nareomihamaditra (no) ihalozany toy izao. I ha l ozay, fa sady mihamaditrano mihamalaina. Mihamangatsiaka ny td.nako. H ianao tsy nety nisotroronono, ka izany (no) ihangatsiahany.

59.— THE V E R BA L PR EF I X «3 E QA'~ - . "

«3Eaka-," or "mah-" before vowels, probably derived fromthe verb"mahay" (to be able to), is wider in use than any verbalprefix, as i t may be added to almost any word, phrase, orc omplete sentence. I t may be called the Potential Verb. I t

expresses the ability or power to perform any action, or wh ichmakes a thing to be what it is, as

Mahat6irana (alone) dia (step) izy, He is able to go alone.Tsy mahavita izany ahu, I have no power, or ability to do that.Ny mahlzy azy, The (what) mates it (to be) it (a very common idiom).

Indicaticc Bclatlrc ' BciatiscBoot. dct. Ilnpcratilc. Indlc.

iFaly glsd mshafkly to make glsd mahsfalis ahsfaliana not udcdi ltsvo exultant maharkvo exultant mahsrav6S shsrsvoens I 1 1 11

i Soa good mahasba good, to do mahaeokva abssokvana ' ahssoilvygood, to be­ne&t

Toky trust, cnn­ to trust shstokiotidence

Lsls m shaQla t o know mahslslk ahslalana ahalslkoSambstra bleseed mshaeam-, to make exceeding mshssam­ ahassmbs­ ahssam­

batrs iy h~ppy bkrs rans btroOry wretched mahbry wretched mahorla ahoriaua not ndCdNoana hungry mshsnoens) hungry mahanoans ahanosnans 1 • '11

Voky sstielied mshsvdky 11 sstie&ed mahavokisa , ahavokisans 1 1 1 1

Pety s corpse mshsftty to csuee death mabafaQsa ahafatesans ahafstesohfaka free from i mahafaks to free from mshaftths ahafahsua ahefilhoMora easy ~ mshamdra to make easy mshsmorli ehsmorans not uscdTeraka born ~mahstbrske,to be sble to give mehatershs shaterahs­ 1 • 1 1

birth to nssstoniehed mahsgkga to astonish mahsgsgk ahagsganahealthy ~ maluNslik- ~ to make healthy mahsssls shssalama­ ehasals­

ma mkRnkritra loyous loyoue maha8narh­ ahsthmrets­ shsflna­

trs ts ns rttoHendry mshahen­ » » wise mshendrd sheudrens f

6o.— THE CAU S A TIVE FO R M S O F «M IH A -,"««MANA ­ AND " M A H A - "

By putting «amP-" after the initial m, as in the «matz-" and«mi-," a causative is formed of the three foregoing prefixes;and the insertion of "amPsf-" makes a reciprocal. S ee the fol­lowing table.

I»dicatisc. Caudativc. Causative Impcr. Caudattrc Bct. Bccipl ocal.

msmpihamkro mamp~ s smpihamsroans mifsmpihamtro 1 etc.msmpshsteilra mampahstesrk ampsnstssrana mifsmpsnstsilrs, etc.mampshafiQy msmpshsfsBa smpahafaliana mifsmpahafQy, etc.

The nouns in "mP" and "f" fr om the indicative in "m iha-"and "maha-" are rarely if ever used, but those from "man-" arevery common.But by far the most useful class of words from these prefixes

are the abstract nouns in "faha-" f rom "maha-," both f romt he indicative and the relat ive. T hu s , f rom the l is t o f r e l a t i veforms on p. 66 we get seventeen abstract nouns, as follows; glad­ness, exultation, gra ce, trustworthiness, know'ledge, blessedness,sorrow, hunger, satisfaction (fulnessj, death, gentleness, bi'rth,miracle (astonishment';, healthfulness, happiness, wisdom.

Prom the indicative also we sometimes get an abstract noun,as: fahafdliny, fahardvony, fakubany, fahatbkiny, fahasdmbany,fah4riny, f ahan4anany, fahav4kiny, fahafdtiny, f a hambrany,fahalagany, e t c . e t c . N oti ce , h o w e ver, t h a t t h e se t ake t h esuffix pronoun and ard rarely used absolutely. Th e fo l lowingexercise wil l help to show their use.

Tamby (s.), wages.

EXERCISE LXXXVI.— TRAcVSLA TE llVTO E1VGIISH.

Mahagaga ny fahavokin' io omby io. M ahasalama ny fahatsaran' nytranonao. Mahafinaritra ny fahalalana. Mahanoana ny miasa. Mahoryny andro ahafatesana, fa maha6naritra ny andro ahaterahana. Afaho amyny fahoriana izahay, Tompo 6! Tambin' ny ota ny fahafatesana. Mahafohyfiainana ny toaka. Mahizy azy indrindra ny teninao. Tsy mahatokan­dalana aho, fa kely. Mahafaty ny fahanoanana. Mahalala ny fahafalianyva hianao? Mahatezitra ahy ny fanaon' io zazalahy io. M ahavokisa ireoondry ireo, ry ahitra, fa ta-hahita ny fahavokiny aho. Tsy misy fahafahan'ny olona amy ny fahafatesana. Maharavo tokoa ny fahamoran' io mpam­pianatra io. Faingana ny fahafatin' ny jiro halina, fa tsy toy ny fabafatinymatetika. Mahasoa ny fahasoavan' Andriamanitra. Ny fahataborana an'Andriamanitra (no) voalcham-pahendrena.

6t.— THE V E R B A L PR EF I X " M A N E 'A - . "

Another verbal prefix is "manka-," or "mank-" before vowels.It is a transitive prefix, meaning to regard as; i .e.

Mankamhny, to regard as sweet.

It sometimes implies motion to, as mankany, to gothere; andsometimes has a causative meaning, as

Mankar+, to make ill.

IfcL Indfc.

Si pleasing, msntasitratsto reward,gratifying erpress grati­

Scsiion ofMsmy sweet to regard ss antsmsmto

sweet.Teliua swsllowed, to express msntatelhma sntateiem sntsteldmo

acceptable pleasure withdelicious to regsrd ss mantsfiss sntassana autaffso

delicioushsted to hste msntshshl sntshslsofsme, hon­ to worship mantalast sntslsssoour, glory

mantsriLry to mste ill . ~ snslesnness mautshis to mate Iesn autshiassnsthere msnt4ny, to go there antanessna

manttmy

It is also used with all adverbs ofplace, as: mankao, mankaty,manker6a, mankaiza, etc. etc; but only mankany has an imper­ative and relative.

Again, the nouns in "mP" and "f" fr om the indicative areused; and from the above list of relatives in " f" we get reward,(sitraka,', pleasure with (sidraka, mamy, telzfza), deliciousness , 'fy),hatred, praise ',worship ), illness, leaness, etc.

Ambknilknitra (s.), the people.

EXERCISE LXXXVII.— TRANSLA TE llVTO EXGLISH.

Fantatsika rehetra ny fankahalan' Andriamanitra ny ratsy. M a nkasi­tralra ny vahoakany ny andriana, ka hoy izy hoe: "Ny fankasitrahana, nyfankatelemana, ry ambanilanitra, fa manan-dray aho, manan-dreny, mananaanareo ambanilanitra ; fa ve loma h ianareo, hotahin' Andriamanitra.""Mankanesa atsy aoriako, ry Satana." M ankarary ny hatsiaka. Mankahiany fahoriana. Mpankalaza an' Andriamanitra ny mankamamy ny teniny.Mankany Ikopa ny rano. oTahaka ny homam-bary: ka samy mankafy nyam-bavany." Ank a si traho tsara ny zanakao, raha manao marina, aryaza ankahalaina (Passr'veform of ' marrhahala) akory, fa anaro rahamanao ratsy. Nankaty am>ko ny anabaviko omaly. H iv idy sy hivarotra(no) ankanesantsika any an-tsena matetika. Mampahory ahy ny ankahia­zanareo ny ombiko. Ny mpankasitraka am-bava dia tsy t ian' ny ankasi­t rahana. N y h o e : "Veloma, soava, tsark" tsy mahavelom-bady aman­

janaka. Nankaiza ny tanteliko teto P

62.— THE VZ R B A L PR EF I X " M A -."

There remains one more verbal prefix, "ea-," or "tyz-" beforevowels. I t i s u sed t o f o r m t r a n s i t ive and i n t r ansi t ive v e rbs,and l ike the other act ive p refixes i t t a kes th e n o uns i n " f yzp"and "f " f r om the i ndicative, and in "f" f rom the re lat ive.It has also causative and reciprocal forms; i .e.

From Tory, sleep, we getMat6ry, to sleep (Imp. matorfa).Mpatory, a sleeper.Fatory, manner of sleeping.Fatorfana, time, etc., of sleep.Mampatory, to cause to sleep.Ampatorlna, caused to sleep (Imp. ampator(o).Mifampat6ry, to put one another to sleep.Ifampatorfana, the putting one another to sleep.

These verbs are rare; the following list contains all we canfind, some of which were given on page 5o.

Impcrotics. Bcl. Indic. Im

Hita mahlta (tr.) to see mshltk ahitsna ahitsoToky matoky (tr.) to trust matokla atokisus atoldoHsritra mshhritrs (tr.) to endure mshardta shsretaus ahar4toHandro mahilndro itr.) to cook mshsudrda ahandrosna ahaudrdyTory mstdry (int.) to sleep mstorla «toriana atortoAndro (I) maudro (iut.) to bathe msudrds androsns androyansus (vl manana (tr.) to have msudna sutmodka (I) maka (tr.) to fetch makk skkua akaoHay mshsy (tr. snd iut.) to be clever mshaisa shalsana ahsiso

Midram(la (s.), soldier.Rihana (s.), ceiling. !

Famindrd.mp6 (s.), mercy.Andrao (conj.), lest.

EXERCISE LXXXV I I I .— TRANSLA TE I N T O E 1 V'GLISH.

Mahita antsika rehetra Andriamanitra. Mahareta ny mafy tahaka nymiaramila tsara hianao. Matoria, fa alina. Matokia an' Andriamanitra, famaharitra ny famindrampony. Mandrahoa vary, rankizy, fa noana ny zaza.Ny faharetana amy ny marina (no) ananantsika sitraka amy ny olona.Androy io rano mafana io. Makd solika, andrao matynyjironareo. Mahaizamianatra mba ho hendry hianao. Tsara izany fahaizanao mipaika vatoizany. Ny fakanao ahy omaly dia tsy nekeko, satria tsy hitako izay naha­fahako tamin' iny. Tsy t sara ny fatoriantsika halina, satria betsaka nyvoalavo nikorataba tao amboni-rihana. Ny fananan' ny olona (no) tsymampatory azy indraindray. Mahareta amy ny fanaovan-tsoa, fa mahamen­drika antsika indrindra izany.

6g.— ABSTRACT NO U N S I N " H A -," A ND"HA- . . . .AN A . "

We have studied the abstract nouns in " faka-." T h ere aretwo more in "ha- " and "h a -ana." As t o t he d i fFerence in mean­ing between the abstract nouns in " faha-" and these two, PereWebber says t hat "h a Ssdra" si gn if ies i n t r insic g oodness;"hNsardna," extrinsic goodness, or goodness embodied indeeds; "fahatsardna," goodness as a source or principle ofgood deeds. As to their formation, see the following list.

Tsara good hatsgra hatsariLna goodnessBatsy bsd haratsy haratslana bsduessMaitso green hsmhitso hamaitsdana greennessLava long, tall halhva halavgna length, tallnessVaventy huge havavgnty haventgsana hugenessTandra young hatan6ra hatanorkna . youthMens red hamgns hamengna redness

' lrohy short hafohy hafohgssna shortnessBe great habg habeiusma greatnessKely little hakgiy habelgsana littlenessVao new havao havaosana newnesskntitra old hahantitra hahantkrsns old-ageEla long (of time) hahela hahelhna length (of time)

Ora (s.), hour. Tsy mihoatra, not more than. Vda n kdzo (s.), fruit.

EXERCISE LXXXIX — TRA XSIA TE I1VTO EXGLISH.

Mampiseho ny hatsdrany izany. Derainy Solomona ny hatsardn' nyfahendrena. Tahaka ny ketsa ny hamaitsony. Ny fahamaitson' ny ahitradia mahafinaritra. Roa amhy ny folo ora(no) hahelan' nyalina izao. M iaskraha mhola tanora, fa ho avy ny hahanterana, ka tsy hahazo miasa intsonyhianao. Tsy mihoatra izao nyhamenany. Mahagagaahyizanyhavaventin'izany amhoa izany. Fahadimy ny halavan' ny hazo. Mahadikidiky nyolona ny haratsian' ny hena. Malemy ny hahantitry ny voankazo sasany.

f)4.— PASSIVE VERBS F R O M A B ST R A C T N O U N S.

The class of words just studied have passive forms; i.e.

Poeeive Poeeise ' Poemoe PoeeiveIsdie. Imper.

Hatsaraina to be made better Hstsarao Habehsina to be msde largerHababsoHasavsina ~i clear Hasavso Havaosina

„ „ new HavaosyHslavaina long Halavao HsmaislnoHatanoraina s lighter Hatanorao Haratslo

oolour

P PossiIe Posslvc PasssvcImper. Indic. Imp .

, Hsmorains to be made easy Hamorao Hamafina to be made hard HamafioHsfohgsiaa shorter Hafohdso Hasishins angry with HatslahoHakelesina Hakeldso Hslemena nof «scd Hslemeo11 11

Hsmaitsdins Hamsitsdy (softeu)

Tezitra (adj.), angry.Feo (s.), sound, voice.

EXERCISE XC.— TRAIIISLA TE INTO EK G L ISH.

Hazavao tsara ny teninao mba ho fantatry ny olona rehetra ny hevitrao.Efa nohazavaiko hiany, fa tsy fantatro izay tsy anaikeny. Hatanorao kokoany vony sy ny maitso, fa tanoranora hiany ny mena. Aoka izao, fandraosimba izy raha hatanoraina indray. Mazava loatra ny j i ro, ka tsy metymankao ny totozy, fa raha harnaizininao kely dia ho avy avokoa izy rehetra,Lehibe izao entana izao, ka halavao hiany ny tady. Aza hasiahina nyombin' olona, andrao mahatezitra ny tompony. Raha hafohezinareo indrayiny kpfehy iny dia tsy ho ampy. Hamafimafio kokoa ny feonao, fa tsy rekoakory ny teninao sasany. Vaovao izao ny trano-fivavahanareo, ry havana,ka aoka mba hohavaozinareo koa ny hevitrareo. Aza haratsina ny tenin' nyantitra. H a tsaratsarao kokoa ny trano, fa ho tonga ny vahiny. Aza harno­raina loatra ny fitondra olona, andrao mihamaditra izy.

65.— DERIVATIV E NO U N S EN D I N G I N " A N A "There is ye t a n o ther c l ass o f v e r ba l n o uns t o b e s t u d ied

ending in "a fza."

Tsilngans stnugbtness, upright Lambana lsmbilnana bresdthness Ssmpans sampsnana branching (ss s road)

Sersas serknaaa sea-port Fatotra fatdrana bondsVovoaa vovdasna the ridge of a house Lshatrs lshgrana orderLevins levdnaas burial Toetrs tderana place, positionValona vsldnans folds, asspiece of ca ! Hsry hartas riches

lico, etc.Horona hordnsna s roll of paper Saly salksana msst (of a ship)Tokons tokdnans tbreshold Tety tetdxsna a bridgeLanona lsndnsaa

tsntilnana ~play, games ! Fcby fehdsana a bunch, a bundle

I TamI, mallet

Mipdsoka, mipasfIha (v. tr. and int.), to smooth, to iron.Fahavdratra (s.), summer.Tsihy (s.), a mat.Midina (idina) (v. int.), to descend.Mandntona (hdntona) (v. tr.), to hang up.

RXERCISE XCI.— TRANSLATF. INTO ENGLISH.

Aza mitsangana en an-tokonana, fa mankararin' ny sery ny rnitsanganaeo. Lanonana fahavaratra: ka ny maraina hiany no izy. Aza mandravalaharana. Tapaka, hono, ny tetezana, ka nampanamboarina halina hianyizy. Miharia harena ho anareo any an-danitra. Notolorany horonan­taratasy sy voninkazo iray fehezana izy teo amy ny sampanan-dklana man­kany an-tankna. I ty toerako ity dia antonon' ny tsihy iray lambanana hiany.Akao tantanana aho hipaihako ity vato mainty ity hanaovantsika tokonana.Ametrahan' ny Andriana miaramila ny seranana rehetra. Aza malahelodiso levenana, fa ny ho faty mbola ho be. Nahita zavatra tahaka ny valonan­damba nidina avy any an-danitra Petera. Faharoa amby ny folo sy irain­jehy (no) halavan' io vovonana io. T r iaro manarakany tsanganany nylamba, fa aza tapahina amy ny lambanany. Ahantony amy ny salazana nytady. Pasohy tsara iny lambako iny, ary aza atao valonam-balo, fa ataovyvalonana efatra. Ary notapahiny ny fatorany, ka faly izy.

6 6.— THE D E F I N IT E A R TI C L E ."1Vy" is the only definite art icle in the l anguage, and i s

equivalent to the English article 'Vke." It is used to define com­m on nouns and to turn o ther parts of speech into nouns ; i t i sprefixed to Words when a whole class is referred to; is used aftertakaka, Su, koaba, etc., in general comparisons; before a nounmade definite by a suKx p r onoun; f requently with abstractnouns; and with the words an&ckz'rdy, sasaey, maro, andreketrathe article is often used when in Sngl ish i t can be d ispensedwith.

Vody (s.), edible roots. Toho(s.), a kind of fish.Vomknga (s,), sweet potatoes. Vovo (s.), a net.Fangkdy (s.), a spade. Volo (s.), colour.Rkharkha, business.,

EXERCISE XCII.— TRANSLA TE INTO ENG LISH.Aza manamarina ny meloka, na manitsy ny diso. Gaga ny fangady, fa

tsy misy vody ny vomanga. Mamy ny siramamy, nefa ny fary mba mamytalohany. Fy ny aty, mamy ny ary. Tsqra ny mijeryny mamy, fa tsaratsarakokoa ny mihinana azy. (Ny) anao atao, fa aoka hataoko (ny) ahy. Nymadio iray, ny maloto roa, ka telo izany ny isan' (ny) azy. Tahaka (ny)reniny hiany ny zaia. Hoatra ny saka (ny) habeny, fa (ny) sofiny hoatra nyany ny ondry. Toy ny totozy sy ny voalavo: iray volo, fa tsy iray raharaha.Toy ny toho miditra am-bovo: mazava idirana, fa maizina ivoahana. Jereo(ny) marina, ary diniho (ny) mahitsy. Fotsy (ny) olona sasany, ary mavo­mavo (ny) sasany. Maro (ny) te-ho mahay, fa tsy avelan' (ny) halainana.Nihaona tamiko (ny) lehilahy anankiray omaly. Samy tokoqy hidera an'Andriamanitra (ny) olona rehetra.

6y.— 'f HE OMISSION OF T H E A R T I CLE.

The article is omitted before nouns in apposition; nouns inthe vocative case; before accusatives used adverbially, instru­mentally; l i m i t ing the application of an ad jective or verb ;and after "zza." The last case will be considered under "zza."

Goaika (s.), a crow.

EXERCISE XCII I .— TRA1VSLA TS AVTO Z K G L I S H. 'Rasandy mpampianatra. Rakoto mpanefy. Rainay Izay any an-danitra.

Alikanao io. Mifoha maraina ny goaika. Miasa alina ny voalavo. Nika­poka ahy tehina izy. Tsara trano ny raiko. M iova endrika ny voninkazo.Voaova lamba ny zaza. H ikapoka anao (no) nampitondrany ahy tehina.Nanoratra episitily maro Paoly Apostoly. Masiaka iny ombinao iny. Matoryhariva (ny) zanakao. Tsara ravina ny hazo. Namely totohondry azy (ny)sasany. Hanasa (ny) akanjoko (no) nanalako anao. Mihirk, anaka. (Ny)eo amoron-dklana (no) tranony. Mahadikidiky ahy Rabe mpivaro-kena.Ratsy akanjo (ny) malahelo. Vitsy teny ny olona hendry. Lambanao ity.Niova hevitra indray ny lehilahy. Ratsy rivotra ny tan4nanareo. Nam­pividiny omby sy ondry ary vorona aho. Nasehon-dRakoto mpanoratra nytaratasy sy (ny) vidiny.

6 8.— THE PE R SONAL A R T IC L E

The Malagasy has a personal article "1-," used before propernames; the personal prefixes 1'lay, Ilehy, Ra-, Ray (p lural),and Andrdana are also used. These are usuall'JJ placed beforeproper nouns, but they are frequently used with common nouns,as names of persons.

Zandry (s.), a younger brother or sister.

l brother-in-law, sister-in law.Naotra (zaotra) l

Zoky (s.), an elder.Ikkky (s.), father.Inhny (s.), mother.Ranaivo (s.),Ravao (s.) etc., n a mes of persons.Raboto (s.),Ramatoa (s.), name pf respect for a woman.Maty, to be in danger.Ay I (Int.) , 0 l

EXERCISE XCIV.— TRANSLA TE INTO ENG L ISH.

Sitrak' itompokovavy izany ka hataonay. E ny , tsara izany, razandry.Atopazy ny masonao, ramatoa, ka jereo iry tendrombohitra, fa ao izokinao.Andrianaivo, hoy ralehilahy tamy ny zanany, andeha maka hazo. I.azaoamin' ivadinao, rangahy, fa misy akanjo tsara any. V e loma, hono, hianao,hoy isakaizanao. Mihira Ilaivao, ka mitomany Andriamatoa Rakoto. M a tyaho ray olona ay! Veloma hiany ry zareo. A taon' itompokolahy iroa homarina angaha izany, ka ekeny. Marina va izany teninao izany, ry naotra?Dia hoy razazalahy: Iza no Andriamanitr' Ikaky, ry neny? Antsoy Iboto,ka omeo azy ny alika.

6 g.— HOW THE W A N T O F A N IN D E F I N IT E A R T I C L EIS SUPPLIED .

T here is no indefinite article in the Malagasy language. I t swant is supplied by the omission of ny, by the use of anankzrayand sasany in the semi-definite sense of some, certas'n; by us ingt he relative pronoun z'zay in an indefinite sense; and b y us i n gthe verb mz'sy.

Miala satroka, to take off the hat

EXERCISE XCV.— TRANSLA TE INTO ENG LISH.

Nahita omby mavo izahay. M isy saka mainty ao. Voron' olona iny.Hano izay tsara. Makk vato. I t ondray vilia sy antsy aho. N isy miaramilanamono alika tamy ny A!akamisy. Zavatr' andriana iny ka miald satroka.Olona malaza (ny) rainy. Mahafaly ahy, ka homeko peso, izay mitenymalemy. M isy olona ao an-tranonay. A l ika io . N i t a ingina soavaly fotsyizy. Manana akanjo aho. Misy nosy atao hoe Java.

7 o.— THE A D V E RB S O F PL A C E .

The following are the adverbs of place.

Seen. Uneeen.

Etf, ettkatrs, Here At), atikstra,Eto, ethsas, (farther oif) Ato, attana,Eo, There Ao,Etsy, etsiaas, etsikatrs, There (aearer) Atsy, atsisas, ststlratrs,Eay~ There (geaersl) Any,Eroa, erbsna, erdhstra, Yonder Aroa, ardsaa, sroakatrs,Ex$, erikatrs, or irP, etc., Yonder (further) Ary, arlkstrs,

75

Those beginning in "e" generally refer to what is seen andp ointed out ; w h i l e those in "a " b e long t o w h a t i s v a g u e a n dunseen. The forms ending in "-katra" and "-roana" are widerin meaning than the simple forms.

W e have a l r eady seen t ha t t h ese a dverbs t ak e p a s t a n dfuture tenses, and need not add more.

S ometimes they are placed before and af ter w o rds, l i k e t h edemonstrative pronouns, as

Any an-trano any, There in the house.

To give them an indefinite meaning, o r t o e x p r ess relat ionsof time, ho is placed between them, as

Ato ho ato, Hereabout.Tato ho ato, Lately.

Or even used alone in the past tense as teo, recently, just then.We h ave a lso seen t ha t t h e p r e fi x " m a n krz-" makes them

verbal.With avy'coming ) prefixed they may be t ranslated by the

word hence, thence.

EXERCISE XCVI.— TRAIVSLA TE IXTO EKG L ISH.Eto an-tanako ny vola. H i v idy zavatra ato an-tsena isika. N a n kaiza

Ranaivo? iNankany an-tsaha any izy. M i sy antsy ao ambony latabatra.Ambatomiangkra iry. A i za ? I r i andrefana iry. I r i kat ra? Eny. A r oa an­dalana aroa izokinao, ka mankanesa ao aminy. Tsy avelany hankany aho.Apetraho etsy ny lambanao, fa maloto eo, ka andrao simba izy. E to ? T s ia,eroa ambony seza. Misy omby masiaka, hono, aroakatra. Tsy ao akoryilay omby masiaka, fa ary ambany ary. Tsy ao intsony izy, fa efa nankaryatsimo lavitra ary. A t s imo aiza '." Arikatra atsimo ary. N a petrako teto hoetb izy. Tsy misy eto, fa nidina any ho any izy angaha. Eroa ny tranony.Aiza? Eroana. H anasa lamba eto hianareo? Etoana izahay (no) hanasa,fa lavitra loa:ra ery Ankatso. E nto etsikatra an-tsaha etsy ny ombinao, ryIboto, fa aza mankary ambony ary intsony. N i hamaitso ny ahitra tato hoato. Fa tatsy ho atsy dia saiky maina izy.

7 I.— ADVERI)S O F T l i VIE.I 'he following is a l is t of the chief adverb» of t ime.

t o-day (tlie par t t c kaha kfaka fitsy afteratime(e.g., some'come) hc ktsy kokos days)

Andro any tc-day (the psrt gone) androtriny, an­ at thst very day (past)Omhly yesterday drctrizayAmpltso, rahsmpltso tc-morrow Isan-andro every dayLfak-amp(tso the dsy sfter to­ Isam-holana every monthkahafak-smpltso morrow Issn-drcs-volans every two mcnths

T6

Isan-telo-volans every three months from of old, from eter­Isan-enim-bolsna every six months nity (indegnite past)Issn-tanns > every year Pahiny formerlyknkdhitriny, snkehi­ now kistttika oftentrio isso, amin' isso Indrsindrsy sometimes

Vao fsingans, hsings­quite recently Tontolo sndro, all day longmsndritrauy sndro

Tsmin' isay upon that Hstry nsrains ever smce mornmg)tfiaraka smin' isay at that moment Mdndrsksrtvs till evening, continu­bfisraks tamin' isay do. (past) allyHstrisay since the time of Ihlan-ddva incessantlyItahatrisay heresfter (indegmte Itkhatdo alresdy, beforehand

future) Itehdfs> rehefefa presentlyst tbst time (faka­ Tsy mbols neveris used with msnywords to express pssttime)

Ingdhy (s.), the master.

EXERCISE XCVII.— TRA/VSLA TE I lV TO E Ã G L I S H.

Anio raha hihaino ny feony hianareo. Tsy hanoratra intsony aho rahafak.ampitso. Niandry anao hatry naraina ny olona. Miakatra isan-enim-bolanany mpampianatra. Tonga ato an-trano izy izao. Mitomany lalan-dava nyzazakely, fa marary izy. N iasa mandritra ny andro izahay. Tonga an­drotriny ny taratasin' ny vazaha. Ho maina ny ahitra sasany raha afakaatsy ho atsy. Hano miaraka amin' izay ny varinao, ry Iboto, fa handehafaingana isika. Masaka rahateo ny hena, ka tsy hahandro azy intsony akoryhianao. Mividy TENY SOA dimam.polo amby roan-jato isam-bolana In­gahinay T s y m bola' nahita lolo tsara tarehy hoatra ity aho, hatrizaynahavelomako. Novidiko andro any ity satroka ity. Ni t entina loko mena,hono, ny olona ary avaratra ary fahiny. Ary i zao sasd.ny ny tdnany rahaazon' ny loko. Hoy ny rainy hoe: "Modia," dia nody niaraka tamin' izayizy. Ma nasa lamba matetika ny olona any aminay. M ivavaka intelo isan­andro izay lehilahy izay. M i a katra a ty a n - tankna indroa i s an-taonaizy rehetra.

72.— ADVERBS O F M A N N E R , AN D A FF IR M A TI ON,

A ND N E G A T I ON, E T C .

Fatrstra esrnestly, strenuously Kokds moreand more, slittleTsimdramdra easily mnreTsikdlikdly by small degrees Asa, avy evenTsipdtipdtika piecemeal Sslky> sslks> vsiky> almnst (but not ef­Loatrs exceedingly, too vsiks fected)kiaiuka rather, all the more blsdtva ho, efa ms­ almost (snd will orKoa too diva ho oan be accomplished)Knsa on tbe contrary Hsfoto-pe(fototrafe)to thc thighs

Havaulana (vamsns) to the loins 1st not (the sign ofHshelika (hglika) to the armpit prohibition)Hatdnda (tenda) to the throat Anghha, sngiimba perhspsHafiQsdis (fthLdia) to the sole of th0foot Tokony ho probablyHahttro (idtro) to the heels Sendra perohsnceHitlohtlihs (loha ha­ to the knees Tahiny perohsnce (used onlyliks) of suppositions)

Havava (vsva) to the mouth (before s word) indi­Rny yes viduallyTsia no Avokba (after a word) whollyTsy not Avy apieoe, individually

EXERCISE X CVII I .— TRA1VSLATE I X T O EX GL I S H .Aza omena tsipotipotik5 ny volako, fa omeo avokoa. Saiky maty izy raha

tsy nandeha tsimoramota ny soavaliny. T okony ho vitako intelo manaoangaha ity.. Milalao ny ankizy, fa nanoratra kosa aho. Mamy' ireto; i tykoa mamy, sady manitra fatratra. Madiva ho.faty ny j i ro. E fa ho harivany aadro, ka mody avokoa ny akoho. Nokapohinao angaha ay soavaly, kamihamaditra loatra izy. Ny omby aza mahalala ny tompony, ka mainka nyolombelona. Raha tahiny tonga anio ny zandriko, dia hirahiko hankanyaminao izy. Angamba tsy ho tonga anio ny zandrinao, fa nihatondraka nyraao ka tonga hahelika izy izao. Io avy (no) atahoranareo. Aza matahotrafoana, ry naotra, fa azontsika avokoa ny vidin' omby. H aao ts ikelikely nyvarinao. Mafimafy kokoa ny vato noho ny hazo, nefa mora vaky kokoa kosany vato raha sendra mitovy ny hateviny.

73,— THE ADVE RB S O F Q U A LITY O R M A N N E R .

The want of adverbs of quality or manner is supplied by 'adjectives, prepositional phrases, and verbs, as:

Tsy tiako fnainty izany (nzainty, black), used for exceedingly.Mihira tsara, to s ing zoell. Ma n ao am-pitaka (fi takaj, t o a c t 'deceitfully. Maka an-kafetsena ',fetsy), to get cunningly. Ma naoam-psfehezana (fehy), to do authoritatioely, etc.

'Ihe Interrogatives aiza (of place) and oo)ana (of t ime,' are. already known. T he r e r e m ain ra h ov)ana, when (of the future),akory, how; ah6ana, how. Manao ah6ana (wlth past and future­nanao, hanao), in what manner, of u hat kind, etc.; atao ah6ana(with past and future natao, hatao), how, implying difficulty.

Tsy maintsy, must.Lblom-pd (lolo and fo) (s.), malice, spite.Misksaka (v. int.), to be cut in half.

'I

EXERCISE X CIX. -TRA iVSL A TE INTO E N G L I S H.Miteny an-katezerana hianao, ka tsy maintsy ho diso. A iza ny tranonareo?

Halako mainty ny mihira an-kalainana. Nanao ahoana ny nanoratany nyanarantsika? Nanoratra tsara izy. O v iana ny sa trokao (no) novidina.Atao ahoana (no) fahandro ny vary? Akory hianao, ry havako? Aza manaoan-dolom-po amy ny namanao. Miteny malemy izy. Rahoviana hianareo{no) hankary aminay? Manao ahoana ny reninao? Matory am-pihinananaio zazakely io. K a h a tao ahoana izy? M i l omano mitsangana Ranaivo.Mitomany an-kahoriana Ramatoa. Vaky nisasaka ny lovia. T r ia tra m i t s i ­valana ny lambako. Tr iatra mitsangana ny akanjoko, ka mba zairo kely.

74. THE PR E P OSITIONS.

The simple Prepositions are few, the fol lowing being t hechief:Amy, to, with, from, into, on. Hatra, from, or to.Any, belonging to. Ho, ho any, for, to.Akaiky, near to. Mandraka, until.Afa tsy (fully afuka tsy). except. Noho, on account uf, because of.Ambkraka, until. Tandrffy, opposite to.Araka, according to.

Arobdhy (pass. imp.) (roboka), put in. Ata ovy, put.

EXERCISE C.— TRA1VSLATE IIITO EXGLISH.

Niresaka taminy (to) aho, ka nolazainy {tami.)ko ny heviny. Avia hiresa­dresaka, fa mahafaly ahy ny miresaka aminao (roith). An d eha hiarakaaminay (zoith), anaka. Aza entinao mankany aminy (to) iny boky iny, faavy taminy (from) hiany izy. A r obohy amy (into) ny rano ny tongotrao.Ataovy amy (on) ny gurodona ny elonao. Ho avy angamba ny olona amy (on)ny Asabotsy. Aza alainao ireo taratasy ireo, fa any (belonging to) Jaona.An' (belong to) iza kosa ireto penina ireto? M i sy voninkazo tsara tarehyeo akaikiny (near to). T sy manana sakaiza afa-tsy (excePt) Rakoto izy.Aza miala eto ambara­ (until ) pahatongan' ny reninao. A r indrino ny vara­varan.kely ambara­ (until) pihinako. A n d raso mandra- (until) pihaviny.Firy moa ny isa hatramy (from) ny i ray ka hatramy (to) ny iraika ambyroa-polo? Hatramy (from) ny Aogosta ka hatramy (to) ny Martsa, diamafana ny andro. V id iko ho any (for) ny sakaizako ireto zavatra ireto, faho any (to) Toamasina izy rahafakampitso. Ekeko hiany ny teninao noho(on account of') ny fitiavako ny rainao. Ni tsangana tandrifin' ny Andrianany zanany.

7 5.— THE PR E POSITIONAL PR E F I X E S .

There are four prepositional prefixes, "a-," "an-," "am-," and"i-," which, when joined to nouns, make a class of Compound

Prepositions, T h e f o l l ow ing are the more commonly used : ­

A- Afovdana (fo and voa), in the An- An-kavdnana (havdnana), at themidst of. right hand, of.

Aldha (loha), before. An-klla (ila), on the side of.Aoriana or arlana, behind. An-tampona (td.mpona), on theA mdrona(morona), on thebrink of. of.Atslmo (tsimo), south of. An-tdnatdna (tenatdna), in theAtsinanana (tsinana), east of. middle (as of an ascent, road,Avaratra (varatra ), north of. etc.).

An- Anatrdhana (atrika), in the pre­ An-tsfsina (slsina), on the edge of.sence of. Am-Ambdny (vany?), beneath,'below.

And.ty (d.ty), inside of, within, Ambdny (vony?), above.among. Am-bddy (vody), at the bottom of.

An-ddfy (lafy), on the other side of. Am-povdany (fo and voa), in theAn-dkny (lany), do. middle of.An-ddfitra (lefitra), on the left of. Am-bkdika (vadika), on the otherA n-ddha (loha), on, or a t t h e side of.

, head of. Am-pita (ita), on the other side ofAndrdfana, west of. a river, etc.An-dlandlana (elanelana), be­ Am-bdho (voho), at the back of.

tVeen. I- I f o totra(fototra) on the tree.An-ila (ila), at the side of. Imd,so (maso), in the eyes (sight)An-ivona (ivo), of.An-koatra (hoatra), beyond. Ivhla (vela?), outside of.An-kavfa (havla), at the left hand Ivdho (voho), at the back of,

of. behind.

Avo be (adj.), lofty. Z avona (s.), mist. L a lomodra (s.), a cupboard.

EKERCISE CI.— TRA A'SLA TE INTO EXG LISH.

Nafindrany ao am-povoan-trano ny latabatra. Nandeha talohako izy, kaefa tonga ery an-dafy atsinanana ery izy. N i t sangana teo aorianao aho.Misy hazo avo be eo amoron-kady atsimon-tan6na. Mipetraha eo an-kavian­drainao, fa ny zokinao efa mipetraka eo an-kavanany. I nona no ataon' iolehilahy mijanona an-kilam-bavahady io? Misy zavona kely ery an-tampon­tendrombohitra. Teo an-tenatena ld.lana (no) trany izahay. Monina eo an­tsisin-tandna ny havanay rehetra. Nentina teo anatrehan' ny mpitsara izy,ka nasainy nokapohina teo imason' ny vahoaka. M i jandna eto an-kilako,fa aza mitoetra ao ivohoko. Tao ambonin' ny latabatra (no) napetrakao nysatroko, sa tao ambaniny? Na v elako ao am-bodin' ny l a lomoara izy,tompoko. Mankanesa ao am-badik' io tendrombohitra io, fa aza mijanona

eo'sn-tenatenany na mankeny an-tampony. Misy antsy ao.am-bodin' ioseza mangamanga io. Masaka ifotony itony akondro itony, ka' izany (no)pankamamy azy loatra. Latsaka an-ivony iny, ka saro-miala. Mandryan-defitra, ka saro-mifoha.

y6.— SUBSTITUTES FOR P R EPQSITIONS.

The verbs avy, mz'ala, mandtona, mamdky, manodldina, mand­raka, misblo, midraka, etc'., are used as substitutes for our prepo­sitions implying motion to or f rom, respecting, according to,etc., as in the following sentences:­

Tonga avy any AmMhimknga ny an­ The children have come from Am­kizy, bohimanga.

Avy tany Namhhana (no) nihavian' His father camefrom Namhhana.ny rainy,

Ento miala ny soavalinao, hoy ny Take your horse aroay, say t h ediman-jato-lahy, guards.

Ka dia nentiko niata faingana izy, And so I took it aroay quickly.Ento manatona ny reniny io zaza io, Take that child-Awards its mother.Natosiko nanatona ny vata ny vato, I pushed the stone toroards the box.Mandeha mamahy ny tsena ny omby, The oxen are going th rough t h e

market.Notarihany namahy ny tankna ny He led his soldiers through the town.

miaramil'any,Mitsangana manodidina ny rainy ny His sons stpod round their father.

zanany lahy,Fa nipetraka nanodidina ny reniny But his daughters sat round their

ny zanany vavy, mother.Valio manaraha ny nataony izy, Answer him according to (what) he

did.Apetraho eo iny hisolo ilay very, Put that there insteadof the lost one.Andeha miarahaamy ny sakaizanao, Go roith your friend.Nitondra ny zanany miditra izy, He took his children in.Nandeha nidina ny tohatra aho, I went doron the ladder.Noroahiny nivoaha ny omby, The oxen were driven out by him.Aza atsipy ~ihoatra ny manda ny Do not throw the s tone over t h e

vato, wall.

81

77. — SUBSTITUTES FOR P REPOSITIONS (CONT.).

The verb itself sometimes contains the force of the preposi­tion.Afitomaey voankazo ny zazakely, T he ch i ld is cryieg for fruit.Aza mihomehy olona hianareo, ana- Do not laugh at anybody, children.

ka,Ãfady hen-ondry ny r ay a man- H i s fa t her and mother abstuined

dreniny taloha, from mutton formerly.FEiata akanjo aho, fa handro, I willtakeog(my) coat, for (I am

about to) bathe.Aza manduinga azy intsony, Do not tell lies to him any more.Aza misangy zaza raha eo am-pian- D o not Play with children when in

gonana, chapel.Mkry ny havanao va hianao? ' A re you r hiding from your relative?Malaina hiera azy amy ny mpampia- I a m unwilling (lit. idle) to ask leane

natra aho, , for him frory the teacher.Ho lavo ny zazakely, fa mitaingina The child will fall, for(he) is on the

ampiantany, wall.

The relative verb often obviates the necessity of using apreposition, asNitondrany vola aho, I was the person for whom he brought

money.His mother was the person for whom

Nividianany akanjo ny reniny, he bought a garment, orHe bought a garment for his mother.

Nanaovany trano ny zanany, He built a housefor his children.Iasanaavdko;itataram-poza; ueu- Ed i b le roots are d'ug for; g u t ters

rahana Andrfana hena. are made for crabs; the sover­eign is followed for beef.

There are some verbs that govern two accusatives whichrequire a preposition before one of them in English, as

I

Mamely sabatru azy izy, He strikes him with a sword.Namely tbtohdndry azy aho, I struck him suith (my) fist.

The su%x of the passive and relative verbs always has thepreposition "by" expressed in the addition of the sufEx pronounto the verb, as

I

Nokapohiny aho, I was struck by him.Nantsoiny aho, I was called by him.Nanalantsika ny vola, (Some) of the money was taken by us,

etc.

78.— THE PA R T I CL E " N ' O ."

The emphatic or discriminative particle "no" is very difBcultto be understood by persons just beginning to feel their way inthe language. I would advise learners to abstain from its usee ntirely unless they feel yuz't'e sure that i t i s w a n t ed . N ev e ruse it as an equivalent for the English verb 'Vo be." A c a r efulexamination o f E x e r c ise C I I . w i l l s h ows i ts use almost in th eplace of the article, after "izao," "koy" followed by a p a ssiveverb, or verbal noun . I t s u s e a f te r i n t e r rogat ives was sh ownin a former paragraph.Rafdzana (s.), father-in-law, mother-in-law., T s y ahoako, I care not for.Manhry (tery) (v. tr.), to compel, etc. Milhvina (v. int.), to bury.

EXERCISE CII .— TRAlVSLA TE IX T O E Z VGLISH.

I zao no lazainy, ary izao no fiteniny, tompoko. Hoy no navaliko. I z aono resany. Hoy no fihiranao azy; "La, la." Ary hoy kosa no fihirako azy:"mi, do." I z ao no lazaiko aminao, tompokolahy; "Tsy ahoako ny zavatrarehetra raha tkhiny ho tsara fanahy hianao." A r y izao no tenin' ny olona:Amboleo ny hazo, vidio ny vary, zarao ny vola, ka mankanesa aty aminayindray. Ary izao no navalinay azy: Tsy misy orana ka tsy azo ambolenany hazo, ary lany vola .ka tsy misy hamidy vary, ary ny vola efa voazararahateo. Hoy no fiteniny Rota tamy ny rafozany hoe: "Aza manery ahyhandao anao, fa ho oloko izay olonao, ary ho Andriamanitro izay Andriama­nitrao, ary hilevina amy ny tany izay hilevenanao aho." I za no marina?

7 9.— THE PA R T I CL E " i V O " D I S C R I M I N A T I V E .

L et it be not iced that in al l s uch sentences as ar e f o und i nExercise CIII . the "no" is used for emphasis, and the subJecd isalzvaysPlaced begore the verb; the f irst sentence may be trans­lated: Di s softmords (and no other) that'make riches easy tobe got. Never use this no unless you want to emphasize thesubject.

Lhlkfo (lela and afo) (s.), 6ame. Mibnd r ika (ondrika) (v. int.), to bendMidrika (orika) (v. int.), to go up. down.Osa (adj.), slow. Pkrasfly (s.), silk.Trozona (s.), a whale.

EXERCISE GIII.— TRAXSLATE I 1 VTO EKG L I S H.Ny teny malemy no mahamora harena, 'ary ny vava mahery no mampifan­

ditra. Ny rano no tsy miorika, ary ny lelafo no tsy miondrika. Ny soavalyno faingam-pandeha, fa tsy ny ondry akory; ary ny tana no osa fandehaindrindra, fa tsy ny totozy. Ny ankizy no nandriatra ny akanjonao, tompoko,fa tsy izaho. Ny elefanta no lehibe indrindra amy ny biby rehetra manan­tongotra, ary ny. trozona no lehibe indrindra amy ny ao an-dranomasina, fany liona kosa no mahery indrindra angaha. J aona' no anarany. N yparasily no lamba saro-bidy indrindra. V avan-olona va no tsy hit iavan­kavana? Ny hatsiaka no itafian-damba; ny mosary no ihinanan-kanina.Ny alaheloko no itomaniako. A tsy no t ranonl ny mpivaro-kena. A iza hoa iza no nametrahanao ny bokiko? Eo amy ny tknany no misy hatina. I zaymanaiky hiany no iraho. Ny lava no tapaho, ary ny fohy no tohizo. Nyvoankazo masaka hiany no vidio. Raha sitrakao, tompoko, ny soratra noaoka hataoko. Ny h ira aloha no tokony hataoko 1zvorary. Ny mararyhiany no aza avy. Io voankazo iray io no tsy hohaninareo. Tsy hananatraanao betsaka aho, fa ny miady amin' olona no aza atao. Ary i lay akanjokono aoka tsy hozairina, fandrao simbanareo foana.

8 o. — THE P A R T I C L E " 2VO" K M P H A S I Z ING A N

A DJIJNCT, O R STA T E M E N T .

An adjunct is sometimes emphasized by being placed firstand followed by "no," as i n t h e fi r s t s entence : I t w a s i n t heyear r869 (and in no other~ that . . . . . . A st at e m ent requires areason to be given as in the sentence, "1zdho no mitdny z'zany, nyalah'zloko" must be translated: The reason that I speak is mysorrow for you. A nd t h e l ast th ree sentences show its use as a

• contraction.of "nakoana no" i n asking questions where a l i t t l ecensure is implied.

Adldy (s.), responsibility, blame. R av6ny, name of a girl.

EXERCISE CIV.— TRA JVSLA TE IET0 ENGLISH.

Tamy ny taona x869 no nandorana ny sampy. Tamy ny Janoary faha-29no vitanay ny raharahanay. Amy ny andro ihinananareo azy no ho fatyhianareo. Tamy nytaona r88r no teraka ny zanako. Tamy ny Zoma nomaty ilay omby masiaka. Ny sampanan-dklana no nahazo adidy, ny tokotapaka. Izaho no niteny izany, ny alaheloko anareo. Isika no nahay nihira,ny hazotoantsika. No tsy nopasohinao ny lambako? Fa no t r iarinareoireto taratasin' olona? No tsy babena ny zazakely, ry Vony?

' A "eo" must always follow where the very name is put first.

84

8 I.— THE R E L A T I V E .

Exercise CV. is made to show the use of the Relative verbwhere a direct object is considered partitively; or where thenominative case or the subject of the sentence is an i n d i rectobject, as in the last five sentences.

The following list of words taken from Mr. Cousins' INTRO­DUGTIoN are used indifferently for passive and relative voice.

knknans poseeeeed Inoans mo believedknontsnisna ontanr ~ queetioned Inonoans nono suckedknkaeitdihsna sitrska thanked Issousna ssona mournedkmboltna. voly plsnted Ieaorana saotra thankedkbd S~ tahotra feared Itokknana toksna eet spartIaniirsns snatra learned Itokisns toky truetedIantrkns sntrs pitied Itomsnlans tany beweptIarttsns aritrs suftered Isahiins sshs looked forIlsosans lao left

Lhlaphnina (s.), a pen.' O ndrikhly (s.), a lamb.

EXERCISE CV.— TRAXSLA TE IÃTO EXG LISH.

Izahao lelapenina anankiray, hono, ny zandrinao, Rajaona. Inoy kelyhiany izay rehetra nolazainy. Amonoy akoho ny vahiny; I tondray pesoaho. Akao rano kely ny rainao, fa mangetaheta izy. Ivaroty lamba ireompivaro-kena ireo. Aniraho olona hilaza amiko, raha tdhiny hitanao izy.Anesory voankazo amin' ireto tsara, lra anatero Rakoto. Anomezo azy kelyio solika io, rankizy. Ividiano siramamy kely izahay, ry zoky. Hividiananasira hoe? Anesory ity rano ity fa feno loatra. Anario, hono, iretsy vatoiretsy. Nanalako anankiray ilay peninao tao am-bata kely. H i lazako nyresatsika va izy? I tokiako izay voalazanao. I tomanian' ny zazakely nyreniny. Ianaro ~loha ity boky ity. Inonoan' ny ondrikely ny reniny. Ilazaoizy fa ho avy Razafy.

8z.— THE RELATIVE (CONT.).

The Relative is also used when the nominative or subject ofthe sentence is an adjunct of time, place, mode, and cause, 'asi llustrated in the following exercise; in the fi rst sentence theword "od3ako" is the subject, i.e.: "My going home is when itis night."

Hoatrlnona (adv.), how mnch? A r ikry (s.), a dollar.

86

EXERCISE CVII.— TRANSLATE INTO ENG L ISH.

Ny andro alina no odiako. Rahampitso no hahatongavany. Impiry nohampianaralto anao? Indroa no nitenenako taminy. At y I merina no itoe­ran' ny Vazaha betsaka. Ao anaty rano no itoeran' ny trozona. Ity tanyi ty no onenan' ny olona aloha. Roa volana no nialany tatl. aminay. Nyhevitrao no anarahako anao. fzao no hanaovantsika azy. Ny ditrany noahafoizako azy. Ny hamaminy no i t iavako ny fary. I zao no amoriakoanareorehetra. N y h et intsikano ahetezan' ny olona ny ahitra. N y h er inyno akany ny zavatro, fa tsy heloko. Ny fahendreny no anamarinany nyzanany. H oatrinona no ivarotanao ny elonao, ry sakaiza7 A r i ary noangalako azy, fa izany hiany no nividianako azy.

83.— THE RELATIVE (CONT.).

The following exercise will show the use of the relative formsin "maha-," sometiines used transitively, and at o ther t imesintransitively.

EXERCISE CVI.— TRANSLATE INTO ENG L ISH.

Ny koratabanareowo tsy aharenesako ny teniny A m y ny andro ahavitanyno hakako anareo. Ny teny moramora no ahavitana raharaha betsaka, fatsy ny horakoraka. Rahampitso no hahalasanantsika ny lambany. Tamyny andro nahalasanako no nivarotany ny ombiko. Toy izao no nahazoan' nyrainao ny entanay. Anio no hahatongavan' ny taratasintsika. Nahafate­sanay omby roa ireny vahiny ireny. Ny ahafatesan' ny omby no hampisehoaminy ny fanajana azy. H ahalaniana vola be ity t rano hataontsika ity.Ny ahalanian' ny vola kosa no hahatsara azy. Nahalavoanay roa ny ombi­nao, tompoko. Andro nahalavoany indrindra no nano6sako azy. H ahala­fosako roa amby ny folo angaha ireto boky ireto izao. Ary amin' izayahalafosany no hanaterako ny volanao.

84.— THE US E O F "AX A NA O."

The verb "manao" has a very great variety of meanings andthe following long list of phrases will well repay study.Manao (tao), To do.Manao hoe, To say •Manao kkratra, To play at cards.Manao fanorona,

„

"fandrona" (a native game).Manao dbmy, „dominoes.

Manao diaminga, To play at kicking (backwards).Manao totohdndry,

„

"fisticufFs."r

Manao landnana,' To assemble in great numbers for celebrating

some great event.Manao angkno, To tell fables.Manao fan6nona, To play at making riddles.Manao an-tsavily, „swinging.Manao vikina, „jumping.Manao dknish, ' To dance.Manao tsindriandriana, To play at making sovereigns and people.Manao trano, To build a house.Manao volo, To dress hair.Manao matso, To assemble for a march.Manao vary, To reap, collect, or thresh rice.Manao fanomp6ana, To do unrequited service, whether for the sover­

eign or a master.Manao rarkngy, To run fast in carrying anybody in a palanquin.Manao ranomkndry, To go slower, of the above.Manao sava-rano, To swim by throwing out the arms.Manao rano-refy, „bringing the arms in.Manao tsikkrok-amboa, „ throwing the hands downwards.Manao an-tsltrika, To dive.Manao rano tsilkny, To svrim, or Soat on the b'ack.Manao rano tsangana, To tread water.Manao batlsa, To baptize.Manao Krfsimksy, To celebrate Christmas by an assembly out of

doors. A Christmas picnic.Manao ba lava, To wear long stockings.Manao fanamfana, To dress in one's best.Manao didy lava, To wear a dress made in pieces sewn from the

neck to the skirts.Manao hamkma, To wear a turban.Manao kir4ro verinla, patent leather shoes.Manao peratra, a rmgManao dizbniny, a suite of clothes of one material.Manao kavina, ear-rings,Manao sori-bilana, To part the hair on one side.Manao vaki-tkmpona, in the middle.Manao bango an-kktoka, To wear the hair "in a tail" behind.Manao solanga, pushed back.Manao pkta16ha, trousers.Manao vy very ny aiuy, To put forth strenuous efForts.Manao ditra, To be obstinate.Manao botraika, exceedingly obstinate.Manao an-keriny, To take anything by force.Manao an-tsojay, To rejoice over any one in trouble.Manao kit6at6a, To act at random.Manao teninaina ,; recklessly.Manao loha-teny tsy mitdvy, To shew partiality.

Manao halako ombay manka­ To try and make others bate what the speakerhdla, hates.

Manao soa am-pd, To act without lawful authority.Manao teniko fe (fa) lhhibh,' To lord it over others.Manao kelytsy mba mam(ndro,To despise those of lower rank.Manao havan' ny lahy sy ha­ To act fairly to one's own friends only.

van' ny vavy,Manao mard.rirkry izany en­ Your looks are as if (you) were ill.

drikao izany,Manao vklabd,laka aho izany, I am exhausted.Manao add,laddla, To appear to be a fool.Manao azy ho ngdza izy, To think himself to be something.Manao ...ho addla, To think one a fool, or to make one out to be a

fool.Nataoko ho sira io vato io, I took that stone to be salt.Manao dimy an-dd,lana, To arrange in fives.Manao efa-toko, To make'q divisions, or classes.Manao ny tavany amy ny vo­ To put his face on the ground.

voka izy,Manao ny tknany 'amy ny va­ „h ands to his mouth.

vany,Mattao tahin' Andriamd,nitra, To say God bless you, or Good bye.Manao veldma, To bid good bye.Manao tsara hid.ny andriana, To salute tho sovereign.Manao trard.ntitra andriana, To bid good bye to the sovereign.Manao ary zato am-pandrlana, To build gastles in the air.Manao rknomanitra, To put scent on anything.

8 5.— WORD U SE D IN BU YI N G AND SEL L I N G .

It has been thought well to add the following, showing howwith the requisite scales, weights, and money, bargains maybe struck, and purchases made.

Mandrilnto (v. tr.) to trade Mason-kantna , prime costhiivldy to buy Tombony I gainMivkrotra to sell Faty antoka i lossAm-bongkdiny wholesale Mizkna scalesAn-tsinjkrany retail Mizkna mandMnga false scalesTsipbtipetika Vato miskna weightsMandmbana to name the price Vato ratsy bad weightsMikdivkrotra to bargain. Vsto mahdry heavy weightsAngalkna can be had for Vato revaka light weightsResy aho I lose (by it) Vato osa tt oTsy sahy unwilling Mandsnja to weighTsy slaiko I wlll not take it, Vkklvkkiiny out money

he. the price

88

Mora cheap Vhhhn-bdla a piece of cut moneySamtra dear Mah6ry. hesvy, too muchMisdndrotra gomg up Latsshs light, too littleMih6ns going down Marins right (weight)klslho I sgree Msnshllo to ezchangeFsnilmbiny ny anao tate it Sandsny premium on ezchsngeRaihitrs all right Setriny change returnedEnto ary tahe it Heriny overplus of price

86.— NAMES FOR VARIOUS PIECES OF MONEY.

The French five france piece (or its equivalent in the moneyof the nations forming the Latin Un ion) is the only perfectcoin current in the i s land. T h e o ld Spanish dollar was thef irst introduced, I suppose, and it is st il l sometimes met wi th .The Government issue small scales with their accompanying fiveweights, two (kso) which each equal half the weight of an o ldSpanish dollar,' one (kr'rbbo) equalling a quarter, another (sikdgy)an eighth, and another (rbavbam'tnaj a twelfth. The perfect coinis cal led "F a r d fgtsa," and t h e m o d e rn c o i ns a r e on e - t we l f thl ess in weight that the ancient ones, yet the ful l w e i gh t o f t w o"kso" must be given in exchange for a perfect five franc piece.This five france piece is called a dollar by E n g l ishmen andAmericans.

Iyams. Pvonunciation.

Vary irsy venty r Vsriraivdnty v4c of s dollsrVary dimy venty Vsridimivdnty vfc of • dollsrErsn' ambiltrys Ersnambgtry of s dollsrSssahy ny latss-psheniny of twopenoeIls-vdameuss LiLvoamdna One pennyRoan' smbstry * of s dollsrV6am6na latsshs Sto vdnty Three half-penoeV6smenas TwqpenceLatss-paheniny s Lttsspaheniny $ less than twopenceVary dimy venty sy voamena Diventy sy vosmdua, or of a dollsr, snd two­

diven-tsy voamena penoeEfatrs ambhtry Efstrsmbiltry * of sdollarIls sy irsys Ldsirh,y Threepence

' The variraivbrrty is one grain of rice.' The erarrambatry is one ambatry, which is supposed by some to be a

contraction of ambarivatry, the pigeon pea.* Zlavoamr'rra is literally one side (i.e. half ) of the vaamersa.

Voamkrsa is literally oa red seed."' The "latsa-" is from Zatsaka=less, or wanting.' Lasirup is literally one side (of voambrsa) and one ceumhsa.

89

N>xsxc. Pmn>xnciotion.

yto>o cd>xrstna • Rdavdamdna FourpenoeHa sy roa' Ldsirda Fivepencesik>fet>* SizpenoeIla sy telo Ldsitdlo SevenpenoeVenty EightpenoeIla sy venty L4ivdnsy NinepenoeIraixnbiQnja IQimbililnja TenpenceKix4bo latsaka ilany Kirdbo Igtsaldlany ElevenpenoeNiref>o A shillingKirdbo sy vdamdna One snd twopenceL4irdy sy ldrdbo threepenoe~ gy foxxrpeuceLdsirda sy klrdbo gvepenceSihtjy telo sizpenceVenty sy hirdbo eightpenceLoso latsa-bdamdna tenpenceLoso latatka ihl-vdamdna elevenpeuoeLoso Two shillingsLoso sy ildv6amdna Loso sy Ihvoamdna » and a pennyLoso sy v6amdna twopenceLiLaix4y sy loso » threepenceRdav6amdna sy loso R6avdamdn-tsy loso fourpenceSlk>tjy dimy Half a orownVenty sy loso Vdntsil6so Two and eightpenoeKirobo telo Three shillingsArQry hxtsa-tsikhjy AriiLry liltxdkdjy Three and sizpenceArB,ry latsa-droavdamdna Three and eightpenceArQry latsa-bdamdna , Three and tenpenceArihry or Fardntsa Four shxilingsAfiiLry sy voamdna Four and twopenceRdavdamdna sy Aridry Four and fourpenceKirobo sy tuihy Five shillingsArULry roa Eight shillingsVola folo Ten shillingsLstsa-kirdbo tsy sheni-droa Latsa.hirdbo tsy enin-droa Seven shillings

The Malagasy reckon their money as follows:

xo Vdriraivhnty = x Er a nambdtxy.9 Eranambd.try = x S ikdjy.8 Sikkjy = x A r i ary.1 Arikry x Fardntsa.

The portions that have stamped weights issued by the govern­ment are pr inted in i t a l i cs.

Lasirda is literally one side(of vd>am>ina) and two vbamena.The sikajy, kirobo, venty, raimbit>xnj a, sasan>xngy, toso> I cannot give

the derivation of."Heni-» from Henxlxa=full of . Hence "Tsy keni-droa" means not

filling up, or making two (dollars).

8y.— ON THE VARIOUS PASSIVE FORMS.

We feel t ha t m o r e e x p l anat ion o f t h e va r i ous 'der ivat ivepassive forms froin the root is required.

f,t) Some roots have a passive form in a- only,. and in suchcases it is used ofsomethz'ng fut i n t o t h e s t a te i m p l i ed by t heroot. Compare the following list :­

Aflndra, Of som ething moved.Ahbdina,

„ „ made to turn round.Agkly f gp fg f f fg suffel.Akkmbana,

„„j oine d to something else.

Ak6mbona,„ „ shut.

Apkka,„ „ made to touch something else.

Askndratra,„ „ elevated.

Ashho, '

„ „ made manifest, shown.Atkmbatra,

„ „ added or joined to something else,Atdslka,

„„ p ushe d .

Atsangana,„ „ set up.

Avbna,„

„ made into a knot.

(2) Others having one in a- have also a correlative in -ana.

When such is the case the a- form refers to th at zoz'th zohzeh acertain act is done, while the form in -ana refers to zohat the actof the verb is applied. Very rarely a form in -zna may be foundwith the same meaning as that in - ana.

Afkfy, Of the seed sown, fafkzana, Of the field orground sown.Afkndrika, „ what is used as a net, fandrlhana, „ „ t h ingcaught ortrap­

ped.Aghja, „ the string, etc. used to gejkna, „ „ thing tied.

tie up anything,Aidina, „water etc. poured out, idfnana, on wh>ch some­

thing is poured.Akkpa, „ the axe etc. used in cut­ kapaina, „„ w o odetc. cut orhewn.

ting or hewing,A16fa, „ the thing set free, lefana, or l „ „ i place on whi c h

lefksana, ) t wateretc. is turned.Ankmpy,' „ „ „ added, ainpfana, „ „ t h ing to wh ich the

addition is made.Ap6aka, (powder etc.) pokhana, „ „ t h ing b lown up by

blown up, the powder etc.,Arkkotra, „„ t he thingusedasa lid, rakhfana, „„ p o t etc. covered.Arkraka, „ „ t h ing (water, mi lk , rar6,hana, „ that on which anything

etc.) spilled, is spilled.Arbboka, „„ t h ing put into(water, robdhana, „ that in which anything

etc.), is put.

' Notice an "n" for euphony inserted here.

91

Ar6so, Of something put forward, ros6ana, Of the person before whomas a meal placed' be­ the meal is put.fore some one,

Ashsika, „ something put in , a s sesdhana, „ that into which some­the minced meat of a orsesdfana, t h ing i s p ut , as thesausage etc., skin into which the

meat is forced.Atkfy, „ the cloth etc. used as a taffana, „ the person clothed.

garment,Atd.nty, „ that used for collecting, , tantdzana, „ the persons etc. from

w hich something i scollected.

Atdtd, „ the water etc. dropped, tetdvana, „ the person or th ingson which the waterdrops.

Atsfpy, „ the thing thrown, tsipdzana, „ the person to whomanything is thrown.

Ats6boka, „somethingput in to, as a tsob6hana, „ the gravyetc. intowhichspoon into gravy etc., the spoon etc. is put.

Avd.rina, „something thrown down, varfnana, „ the coast, ship, etc., toor sent to the coast, which things are ta­

ken.Azdra, „something thrown down, zeraha, „ the thing s t ruck by

s omething thro w ndown.

(3) Others again have three forms, in a-, -ana, and -irra; butthe difference in meaning of those in -ana'and -ina should becarefully noticed.

Loko, Colour, paint.Aldko, Of the colour or paint put on.Lok6ana, Of som ething painted.Lokdina, Of the act ofbeing rivetted.

Roboka, Put in (water)?Ardboka, Of the t h ing put in the water.Rob6hana, Of the water in which anything is put.Robdhina, Of the person going into the water.

Soroka, . Stand ing aside lest one should be struck with a spear etc.As6roka, Of the shield which turns the spear aside.Sorohina, O f the spear or stone turned aside.Sordhina, or Sinoroka, Of grass dug up to clear a road or path.

rafy, Only used in compounds or derivatives.Atkfy, Of the garment used as clothing.Ta6ana, or Tinafp, Of the person clothed.Taffna, Of the act of clothing something or somebody.

Takona, , Hidden.' Atkkona, Of that which is used to hide something, i.e. a screen.Tak6nana, or Ttnakona, Of something prevented from being seen, i.e.

hidden.Takdnina, Of so mething carried by two or more walking in file.

Tamgoka, Sudden.Atkmpoka, Anyth ing struck suddenly, as the water.Tampbhana, Of c o ld water suddenly put to hot.Tamp6hina, or, Ttnamgoka, Of the act of being frightened by somebody.

Tomboka, Digging.Atbmboka, Of the t h ing dug.Tomb6hina, orTi'nsmboka, Of the act of being dug.Tombdhana, Being falsely accused.

Tonta, Old, pressed.At6nta, Of a book pfinted.Tontaina, Of the ac t of being printed.Tontkna, or Tin4nta, Being struck with a club.

Tonp, Calm, quiet.At6ny, Of the wind put at rest.Tonlna, Being put at rest, as the mind.Tonhna, Of the washing of clothes.

Tor o,' Atbro, Of the road pointed out.

Torbana, person directed.Torbina, something crushed.

Ahtra,None in a.Athrana, Of the person to whom anything is sentAthrina, Of the thing sent.

When there is only one form no great difficulty should beexperienced, as in the following sentences.

Ak6mboko ny vavako, I shut my mouth.Has6hontsika ny antsika, We will show ours.Nah6dina ny kodia. The wheel was turned.

W hen there are two again, a l i t t l e t h o ught w i l l r e m ove a l lthe difficulty. For instance, you have a bad lantern (fanhlaj andyou put a good one in i ts p lace, the solbana wil l refer to the badone removed; and the asbk to the good one put in its place.

Nosoldana ny fankla ratsy, The bad l amp was substituted, i.e.had another put in its place.

Nyfanalatsaranonasolonyratsy, The good lamp was put in the placeof the bad (one).

Or again, you have a sum o f m oney, say a dol lar, (fourshillings), and you add a sh i l l ing to i t . T h e sum of moneywould be amPhxna, and the shilling would be the anamPy azy.

Ampfana ny vola, The money is added to, i.e. increased.Ankmpy kirobo ny vola, A shilling is added to the money.

The amPkana can only refW to that to which the addition ismade, while the andmPy can only refer to the shilling added.

But when there are three, it is very di ff icul t to m ake learnersunderstand the nice dist inct ions, unless the -ana and -i na h a v etotally different meanings. W i th the word tafy we wi l l m akethree sentences, underlining the meaning of the respective forms.

Lamba fotsy no atkPko azy, A w h i te garrnent is Nsed by me toclothe him.

Lamba fotsy no tafiko, A whi te g arment is roorn by me, i .e.1 am mearing a white garment.

Tafiako lamba fotsy izy, I clot he him with a white garment,' orlit., He is clothed by me with awhite garment.

PART II.— TRANSLATION 'OF EXERCISES.

Ex. I I .— Page z.Two stockings. I t ' i s salt . How many are the crocodiles(or How many

c rocodiles are there)? Four people. I a m h e . H e ' i s g lad. I t i s achameleon, but I am a person.' The sugar-cane is sweet. The people arenine (or, There are nine people). The people were astonished, for the threecrocodiles were dead. There are six people, and two stockings. A chameleonand a crocodile (or chameleons and crocodiles). Both (whether.. . .or) thecrocodile and the chameleon are dead. Three wounds. The rice is cooked.The blood will be red. I a m a s tonished. The eight p ictures are good.The two eyes are bad. I t w i l l be fresh. The five red garments are bad.Good earth (or ground). I

Ex. I I .— PageOlona enina. Vary tsara. M amba ratsy folo. I z y aho . T s ara izy.

Tsara aho. Ratsy izy. Manitra izy. Manitra ny sira. Ny tany. F olo nyba. Ratsy ny tana sy ny mamba. Masaka ny hena. Ra mena. Olonavalo. Lamba dimy. Firy ny olona? Sivy izy. F iry ny maso mena? Falyny olona, fa manitra ny hena. Maty izy.

Ex. I I I .— PageF our feet and two hands. The hair is white. I h ave a blue hat. T h e

r oad is bad. The stone and the iron are hard. The money is bad. I h a df ive peaches and three white stones. I t is dark. The stone is broken. Theiron is broken (off). He has three boxes. The water is sweet. The beef is

et good. Eight white teeth. H e has four blue birds. How many whiteats are there, and how many blue boxes are there? The bird is dead.Evbry person has two hands and two feet. It has a head. The peaches aresweet. The dew is good. The mother is good.

Ex. IV.— Page 3.Tsara ny rano. Ratsy ny ody. Manana boky tsara folo aho. Ratsy ny

hena mena. Mbola tsara ny nify, F i to ny andro sy ny alina. Ny ando, nypeso, sy ny vato. Ratsy ny lb.lana. Ny tknana, ny tongotra, ny olona, aryny tana. O l ona fotsy dimy. V o r ona manga sivy. Ma n ana loha izy.Manana peso roa sy vato mena telo aho. Firy ny andro? Loha tsara syvolo fotsy. Fotsy ny volana. Ny vola sy ny vata. Manitra ny peso.Manana satroka manga telo sy peso mena dimy iiy, fa ratsy ny peso. Tsytsara ny resaka. Tsy mafy ny vato.

"Izp" may be translated by he, she, they, or it, unless there are reasonsfor some particular word.

' Or a human being,

Ex. V — Page 4.There will be three people. The white child is right. The knife is broken

(off). I t is dark. The good mother is glad, for the child is wise. He is yeta child. There are nine ships there. There is no bird there. I am wrong, .for the road is bad. The father is astonished, for the box is l ight. W h ereare the sheep, the twoblack oxen, and the good relish? T he mother, thechild, and the father were there. I have a knife, a canoe, and three pillows.The sky is blue. Where are the seven knives? What is the true? Whereare the three stars? The ship and the wind. There is the ship, but whereis the wind?

• Ex. V I .— Page y.Aizany satrokamena? Marina ny olona. Manana zanaka hendry izy.

Aiza ny vola ratsy? Manana vata tsara enina, sy ondry fotsy fite, ary ombyratsy folo izy, A iza ny lakana? M a ivana ny ondana. Maivana ny vata.Maizina ny al ina. T sy misy olona any. H i sy lakana any. T s*ra nymarina. Meloka' ny vy, ary tapaka ny antsy. Maivana ny vato folo. Menany lanitra, ary misy rivotra.

Ex. VI I .— Page 6.The child is strong. The day is light. The warm wind comes from the

west. The ox is ill. The child has two fowls and eight eggs. I am happy,for I have seven soft peaches. There is a white fowl above, and two stubbornsheep below. The road was far (distant or long ) yesterday, but i t wil l notbe far to day. There will be four strong people there this evening (rekefahariva ny andro anio), and they are all stubborn and idle. T he peach issoft, but the stone is heavy (peaches are soft, but stones are heavy). Whereare the north, the south,,and the west? The ox is s trong, but perhaps thewhite sheep is not strong. The moon is light again. The road is straightto-day, but it was crooked yesterday. Where are the coffee, and the tea, andthe warm water? That is good, for the rice is cooked. I am not i l l , f r iend,but well. This is right, but that is wrong. W here is the mother, for thechild is ill? I have a needle, but where is the garment?

Ex. VI I I .— Page 5.Tsy malaina aho. Manana zanaka hendry roa.ny ray sy ny reny. A i za

ny omby syny ondry syny akoho ary nyatody. Akaiky ny vato, fa lavitrany rano. Angamba tany ny volana. M ar ina izany, fa diso ity . T apakany hazo. F inaritra aho. M adi tra izy. A iza ny vata maivana? M araryizy. Tsy mafana ny rano. Ao izy. Tsy lavitra ny omby, kanefa malainaizy. Mena ny lamba,'ary tsara ny fanjaitra. Maloto indray ny rano. Inonaizany? Omby izy. Tsy tsara izany.

Ex. IX . - P age 6.(The) sand is soft, but (the) stone is hard. The egg is good, but the fowl

is little. That is suitable. He quick, chil'd, for i t i s n ight. Th e day is al ittle showery. The ornament' is good. W here is the cock? H o w much

Crooked was omitted in the vocabulary. I t wU1 be found in t hedictionary.

(what) is its price9 I f we are not quick, it will be night. The canoe andthe people arrived (came) quickly yesterday. We have a l ittle fowl and aw ell formed bull. The.child has (some) bad oil, and its price is l ittle. W eshall be happy if the rice is cooked quickly. The oz has not a good shape.The wind comes from the north, and the day will be showery. The tea iswarm, and we are not in a hurry. I f the peach is sweet, how much more thesugar-cane. The needle will be broken, for the garment is hard. The wellformed cow is stubborn. The people are not astonished, for the rice ismuch. The father and the mother will be glad, if we arrive quickly.

Ez. X.— Page y.Tsytsarany solika. Tsy maika aho, fa tsara ny Slana anio. Any ny

olona. Tsy ho merika ny andro. Tonga ny zazalahy. Manana haingo nyzaravavy. Tapaka ny paingotra sy ny fanjaitra. Manana loha iray sytongotra efatra ny ombilahy. Maizma ny maraina, ka tsy ho mafana nyandro. V ary tsara betsaka. M a nana tknana kely izy. F a ingkna, rysakaiza. N isy solika betsaka omaly. Tsy maika izahay, fa tsy mbolahariva ny andro. Tsy bikana ny zaza. Tsara ny hena, ka hoatrinona nyvidiny? Gaga ny olona, raha tonga ny lakana. Tahaka ny ondry izy.

Ez. XI.— Page y.The plate is broken, sister. How many men and women are there? The

b lunt knife is lost, but there is the sharp pin. Be d i l igent, brother. Thered mouse and the black rat will come to-morrow. There are two dogs there.The grass is green, but the earth is black. Where are the scissors? Theyare lost. The ass is stubborn, and the water will be spilled. The child i san orphan. Be clean, friend. One rat was dead, and the mice were glad.The shoes are good, but the hat is bad. The glass is broken, and thecrooked needle is broken. He is gone quickly. Where is the umbrella, forthe day is very warm? The fish is dead; and where is the plate? The asshas two ears. The sweet honey is too dear. The road is narrow and bad.The knife and the sharp scissors are not too dear.

Ez. XI I .— Page 8.Manana rahalahy (or anadahy) hendry iray sy anabavy (or rahavavy)

hendry roa aho. Ho very ny vola raha tsy faingana isika. Ho raraka ny rano,fa hty loatra ny lklana. Tsy ratsy ny lklana omaly, kanefa tsy tonga ny lehi­lahy. Kely loatra ny elo, ary mora ny kiraro. Maditra ny ampondra main­ty, fa hendry ny lehilahy. Mamy loatra ny tantely. Saro-bidy loatrany.vary, nefa mora ny hazandrano. Manana antsy telo aho'. maramtra ny roa,fa dombo ny iray. Vaky ny lovia folo, ary aiza ny vary sy ny laoka? VerIizy rehetra. Firy ny lehilahy sy ny anadahy (or rahalahy) sy ny anabavy(or rahavavy) ary ny zaza? Lasa ny vorona, fa maty ny iray.

Ex. XI I I .— Page 8.Are the people arrived? Are the birds gone? Is the money lost? Is the

p late broken? Is the child good? Is the cow too litt le? I s i t d ead? I sthe brother there? I s the stone black? I s the boz l ight? H o w manypeople are there? Is not the knife sharp? Is not the road narrow? Is notthe honey good? Is the egg broken? Is not the asC dear? Are the rice

aad the relish cooked? How many sheep are there? PVhat is that? Wherxxis the broken glass? Did the friend arrive yesterday? No, but he wiOcome to-day. Are the little scissors blunt? No. Is the knife sharp? No,it is very (loadra) blunt.

Ez. XIV.— Page g.Myoz, mymoney,andmygarmentsare lost. Are yourarms broken? I

have taken (lasakx) yeur ass. The bird was killed by you? My father, myxxxother, and rny sister are dsad. How many people are come? Where isour sharp kaife? I h ave not your knife. Are your friends eight? Threeare arrived. Are our peaches lost by you, i.e., Have you lost our peaches?No, you lost them. Is our house clean, for our father is come? Youroraament is good. Its eggs are broken. My umbrella is brokeu. Did youroz come yesterday? How many brothers have you? Is yoar sister ill?No, my sister is not ill, but my mother is dead, and our father is somewhat(kclp) xil. My good little dog died last evening.

Ez. XV.— Page g.

Singular. Plural; Singular, Plural.

x Sakako x Sakanay, sakantsika 1 Matiko x Mat i nay, matintsika.s Sakanao s Sakanareo a Matinao s M a t inareo3 Sakany 3 Sakany 3 Matiny 3 Matinyx Eloko x Elonay, elontsika x Ni6ko 1 Nifinay, nifintsikas Elonao s Elonareo s Ni6nao s Ni f i nareo3 Elony -d Eloay 3 Nifiny 3 Nifinyx Voloko 1 Voloaay, volontsika 1 Volako 1 Vo l anay, volantsikas Volonao s Volonareo 2 Volanao s V o lanareo3 Volony 3 Volony 3 Volany 3 Volanyx Lasako x Lasanay, lasantsika 1 Ataoko x A ta onay, ataontsikas Lasanao s Lasanareo s Ataonao s A t aonareo3 Lasany 3 Lasany 3 Ataony 3 Ataony

Singular. Plural.1 Ataoviko x Ataovinay, ataovintsikas Ataovinao s Ataoviaareo3 Ataoviny 5 Ataoviny

Ez. XVI.— Page xo.

Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural.

1 Entilfo 1 Entinay, entiatsika 1 Alaiko 1 Alaiaay, alaintsika2 Entinao s Entinareo s Alainao 2 Alainareo3 Entiny 3 Entiny 3 Alainy 3 Alainy1 Tiako x Tianay, tiantsika' x Tanako x Tananay,tanantsika2 Tianao s Tianareo s Tananao s Tananareo3 Tlany 3 Tiany 3 Tanany 3 Tanany.

Singular. Plural. Singular. ~ Plu ral.

x Omeko x Omenay, omentsika x Amidiko x Amidinay, amidintsikaz Omenao z Omenareo z Amidinao z Amidinareo3 Omeny 3 Omeny 3 Amidiny 3 Amidinyx Vidiko x Vidinay, vidintsika x Hitako x Hitanay, hitantsikaz Vidinao z Vidinareo z Hitanao z Hitanareo3 Vidiny 3 Vidiny 3 Hitany 3 Hitany

The words aEaina, omdna, and vn'dIna were introduced tooearly — they are derivative passive verbs, and a l though theaccent is on the second syllable the full na is r e jected beforethe suKx pronouns are added. See page zo, last paragraph.

Ex. XVI I .— Page xo.

Take my knife. Where is your servant, sir? Sell my sheep. Is yourhouse for sale (anzhty)? It is not for sale, madam. Give me some money.I have no money here, friend. Hold your dog hard, sir, for I am little.Love your father and your mother, child. Your brother was not here, sir,for he went away yesterday. Is your house there, or not? No, sir,for my house is here. Fetch your knife, your needle, the peaches, and ourlates. The moon is xiot seen byme (I cannotseethe moon), for the nightlit. the day) is too dark. Where are the children you love? None of thechildren I love are here. I am taking your money, sir.

Ex. XVI I I .— Zt is Put XV I I . in t h e e wercises. Page xo.Amidy va ny satrokao? Tsia, tsy amidy izy. Omeo vola kely izy. Very

ny vatako. Aty ny satroko. Tsy maditra ny ampondrany. A iza ny saka­nao, tompokovavy? Aty ny sakako, tompokolahy. Fotsy va ny volonao,tompokolahy? T s ia, tompoko. Ety va ny I k lantsika, tompoko? T s ia,tsara ny lklantsika, tompokovavy. Hendry va ny ankizinao, tompokolahy?Eny, hendry izy. Madio va ny tranony? Tsia, maloto izy, tompokolahy.Inona izany, tompokolahy? Akohoko, tompokovavy. Tianao va ny raha­lahinao? Eny, tompokolahy, tiako izy rehetra.

Ex. XIX.— Page x x.

Singular. I Plural. Sxngular. PluraL

x Tapako x Tapakay, tapatsika x Hevitro x Hevitray, hevitsikaz Tapakao z Tapakareo z Hevitrao z Hevitrareo3 Tapany 3 Tapany 3 Heviny 3 Hevinyx Rarako x Rarakay, raratsika x Fantatro x Fantatray, fantatsikaz Rarakao z Rarakareo z Fantatrao z Fantatrareo3 Rarany 3 Rarany 3 Fantany 3 Fantanyx Afako x Afakay, afatsika x Soratro x Soratray, soratsikaz Afakao z Afakareo z Soratrao z Soratrareo3 Afany 3 Afany 3 Sorany 3 Sorany

Ex. XX.— Page xr.Vour writingis bad. Do you know the road? No, I d o not know our

road, si r . I s y our child good? My t hought is t rue. D id you break itsfeet? No, 'but the feet of the ox were broken by my father. Howmany feet has the rat? I t has four feet. How many children have you, sir?I have six children, and five brothers, and two sisters, sir. Are your housesclean? Ye s, they are both very clean. Was your arm broken by you, i.e.,Did you break your arm? N o, my feet were broken by your ox. I s o urplate broken? How many of our children are here? Thet'e are none here.My child is dead, and the feet of my friend are very ill, i.e., bad or hurt.

Ex. XXI.— Pagz r x.Madio va ny tknanao? Fantatrao va ny Iklana? E ny, fantatray ny

lklanay. H endry ny zanako. Marina va ny heviny? Tsia, diso izy. Nota­pahinao va ny tongony? Firy ny ombinao, tompokolahy? Folo ny ombikof otsy. M a rary ny zanany, fa finaritra ny rainy. E n tonao ny eloko. A l aony satrony mena. Verinao va ny volanao? Tsia, tompoko, mbola aty izy.Lasa va ny reninao? Hi tanao va ny lanitra manga? Eny, tompoko, hitakoizy. Fa n tatrao va ny sakaizany?

Ex. XXI I .— PageHe is with his father. There is an ox with him. H ow many people are

with him? T ake the sweet peaches and the cooked rice to him. T here areseven men with thy canoe. Is the water where you are (with thee) shallow?No, it is not shallow at all, but too deep. I s the rice with you good? Y es,the rice with us is very good. Are the people with us wise? No, they arenot wise at a l l . A r e ' the crocodiles with you dead? Y es, they are alltogether dead. Was the bad dog with you killed by you? Yes, it was killedby me yesterday.

The "with you" in nearly all these sentences might be trans­lated "whereyozz are."

Ex. XXI I I .— Page x3.T he sugar-cane is ours. Is not the sheep mine? The glass is ours. I t

is not ours at all. How many have you? I h ave five. H ave 'you a whitehat? No, mine are all black. D o you know his well? Y es, I k now hiswell, and they are all together with him. I s my ch ild with you? H e wasnot seen by me (I did not see him ) with us, sir. I s the bull yours? Yes,sir, the bull is ours, but the cow is yours. Give him some money. W e haveno money, sir. I s not mine with you? T here is much there, sir. H a veyou a black cat? We have no black cat, sir, for ours is white.

Ex. XXIV.— PageThe people are in the house. Your hat is on your head. Your friend was

with me yesterday. Where were you? I was in the house. Where is yourbook? I t i s in the little box, sir. W here are your father and mother gomg?They will be at the door. How many people were in the ship? T en, sir,and there were nine of your oxen in the ship. Do you see the stars in thesky? Yes, I see the little stars well yonder to 'the south. Take my seven

oxen to the field. My needle is in your hair. W i l l the people be in myhouse 7 Will the sweet honey be on my'plate 7 Put your xnoney below. Ismine below? Was not the rxce in the canoei' No, i t i s st il l in the ship.Are the people still on the road? Yes, they are not yet come here (or, Theyhave not yet arrived here).

Ex. XXV. - P age xy.Ao amy ny tany ny vary tsara. Ao am-batanao va ny ba? Tsia, tompoko,

eto an-tongotro ny ba. I nona izany ao an-tAnanao? Misy antsy eto an­tknako, tompoko. Any an-danitra. Eto an-tany. Amy ny tongotro roa.Eo amy.ny vato. Eo an-doviantsika. Ao an-tsambo ny lehilahy. Ao an­dakana ny tantely. Ento ho any an-tsambo ny alika. Misy lehilahy ao an­t rano. Tsy tao am-bata va ny satrokao? Tsia, tao an-dklana izy. N i syalika tao am-baravarana. Tany an-tsaha ny olona rehetra. Nisy totozy taoam-bata. Ento any an-tsaha ny ondry. Ho ao an-dklana ny lehilahy.

Ex. XXVI.— Page x6.He loves us. You are loved by us (We love you). My father will be loved

by me (I will love my father). He loved it yesterday. Your ox will comyto-morrow. Your thought is understood by me (I understand you). Yoqrwords are somewhat understood by me. Your child is conquered by me. Iam not yet able to do that. H i s money was got by us yesterday eveningWe gbt his money yesterday'). I could hardly see the stars yonder in theeavens. The wood was broken oK by us yesterday. His honey will be

used up (gone) to-morrow. Was not your beef used up (eaten up) yesterday?I know you, but your friend is only slightly known by me. Have you not yetf inished my shoes? No, they are not yet finished. Come, friend. (Mayyou) arrive quickly, child.

Ex. XXVI I .— Page x6.Nentiny izahay. Tia ny borikiny izy. Tia ny zanany ny raiko. T iako ny

reniko. Nentiko ny rano. Avia aty, anaka. Fantapantatro izy. Ha ihaikoor, haikaiko) izy. A i za ny zaza t ianao 7 H i tanay va hianao omaly?

itanao va ny trano? Hi takitako izy. T ianao va ny alikanao kely? Resyva ny saka? Ts ia, resy ny al ika. V ak inao va ny lovia, tompokolahy?Tsia, vakinao izy. Hainao atao va izany? Ho avy aho rahampitso. Hovita ny Qlana rahampitso. Azonao va ny teniko omaly? Azoazoko izy.

Ex. XXVI I I .— PageI love your brother well. I cannot see your house clearly. I understand

yourthoughtsall together. I (have) taken all your oxen. I can partly dothat, My oxen were well taken by you (You took my oxen carefully). Did younot use up your rice yesterday P I did not D o you know all your mother'soxen? Is the stubborn ox really conquered by you? Y es, i t was wellconquered by me yesterday. Were all your good dogs sold by you (Did yousell all your good dogs)? How many children has your father 7 Were allour father's books brought by you to me? Yes, none of his books were notrought by me there, i.e., I brought all his books. W i l l your friends come

to-morrow? Yes, they will all come. The fowl you brought yesterday isvery good. Your bad dog is quite dead (esatp dia xxsatp). Yes, it is reallydead. The honey you sold to me is very sweet.

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Ex. XXIX.— Puge i8.The garment is stitched. The oz is not killed. The house is almost

ready. My father has lain down. The canoe has turned round. The sun hassunk. Is my name written by you (Have you written my name)? The dooris open. The bird is not yet shot. The oz was skinaed yesterday. Wasthe boz locked? Was the tree hewn by you yesterday? Your book was putdown. The beef is almost cut up. Have not the qeople assembled? Wasthe stone set up 7 It is almest set up. Your father s oxen have been put out.W'ere our sheep marked by you? Yes, they have all been marked by me.Do you know the names of all the people you wrote? Yes, I know all I wrote.

Ez. XXX. - P uge zo.Prefer the good to the bad. Put your little box together. Set the bird

free. Soak the rice. Was your ox fattened by you (Did you.fatten your ox)?Throw the peaches down. Turn the paper over. Put the chair dowa.Leave your book. My garment was left by me yesterday. Was the writingdone by you? Let it be done by you well (Do it well). Yes, I will do allmine well. Have you gone along the road I went along yesterday? Yes,I have often gone along it. Your white paper was put dowa by me ia mybrother's house. Has the door of oqr house beea put up by you? No, Ihave not yet put it together, but I will put it up to-'morrow, whea it isfinished. The wall you finished yesterday will be thrown down by the raia.The rice was soalred yesterday. How many are the fowls you fattened(How maay fowls did you fatten)? I 'have fattened none at all, for mine areyet little. Was the money paid by you(Did you pay the money)?

Ex. XXXI.— Page zo.Asehoy ahy ny tknanao. Navoakako' ny omby omaly. Hatambatro ny

anao sy ny ahy. Atopazy ny masonao. Azerao ny vato mafy. Hasondronyn mknda. Nalefany ny ampondra mainty. Hafindrany angamba ny hena.atopatopaa' ny rivotra ny rano. Aleo resaka tsara toy izay ratsy, Ape­

traho ny satrokao fotsy. Nalehako ity lklana ity tamy ny Alakamisy.Navelako tao aa-tranon ay raiko ny bokiko mena tamy ny Alahady. Ala­haro ny lovia. A voahy ny alika maloto. Haloantsika va ny volany?Narafitrao va ny latabatra? Tsia, narafitry ny rahalahiko izy. Arosoy etoaminay ny haniaa, raha masaka izy. Mbola tsy nataoko izany, fa maizinaloatra ny andro.

Ez. XXXI I .— Page zr.I have told him your wnrds well. Call the people. Has the money been

weighed? Yes, I have weighed it. The black ox will be killed to-morrow.Honour thy father and thy mother. Was not the rice divided by us? Wereyour children endured (governed is better here) by you? but Caeyou ecanugsyou~children, is best. Was your dog killed by you? Yes, it was killedby us. We were despised and upbraided by him too much. Tell me whichsheep you like. I like them all. The bad people will be judged to-morrow.We saw the beef which was divided yesterday evening, and the peoplethought (a/uo) it wa s good. All the good songs have been sung. Can youdo that? Yes, I can do it well. I have called my child hard (loudly), buthe is not yet come.

' This word does not follow the rule of the suffixes; it retains the, weaksyllable ku.

Ex. XXXI I I .— Page zz.Novonoiko nyomby. Nantsoinao va aho, tompokolahy? Novonoiko ny

ombinao. Lazao amiko ny anaranao. Tsy azoko lazaina aminao ny anarako.Firy ny omby hitanao teo am-baravaranaP Nesoin' ny rahalahiny sy nyanabaviny izy. Noderain' ny rainy izy. N o kapain' ny lehilahy tany an­tsaha ny hazo. Ento aty amiko ny babo nobaboinao. A'ntsoy faingana nyankizy. A taovy tsara ny asanao. V i tako tsara izy. Ha inao zaraina va ny

eso i' Angamba haiko zaraina, raha homenareo ahy hozaraina izy. Lanjaoo ahy ny volako. Tsy nesoinao va ny sakaizanao taty? Tsia, tsy nesoiko

akory izy.

Ex. XXXIV.— Page z3.Wash your garment. Open the door. I t i s opened. Is your money

enough? No, it will be yet added to. Is the wall ruined (i.e. pulled down)?Yes, it was pulled down by the people yesterday. Give me some money.'C an you answer the words of your fnend? No, I r ea lly cannot, sir. H o wmany are the garments you washed yesterday? We have used up (i.e. eaten)all thepeaches you gave us. Youhave mixed my sheep and yours, and Idonotknow which are mine and yours. Hold your dog fast. Loose(i.e.untie) yonr burden. The glass was broken by the people.

Ex. XXXV.— Page z3.Fotsio ny vata. Tsy haiko fotsiana izy, fa mainty izy. Nosazin' ny rainao

hianao, fa notapahinao ny elony tsara. Ho v or iko fa ingana ny olona.Azonao torina va izy? N o laninay avokoa ny rano omaly. I r i o ny t sara.Natoronao anay va ny lklana omaly? Tsy natoroko anareo ny lklana, fatsy fantatro izy. Aza tsinina izahay, fa tsy nesoinay hianao. Novakinaova ny bokinao tsara? Very ny bokiko tsara, tompokolahy. Aharointsikany rano sy ny tantely. Tafio ny lambanao. Valio ny teniko. Nodidiako nyhena. Aiza ny tsingina? Notsinginan' ny lehilahy va izy? Eny, notsin­glnany lzy

Ex. XXXVI.— PageThe rice was planted. L ook at the stars in the sky. T h e ch ild was

saved. Yes, he was savedby his brotheron Wednesday. It was preachedwell by you on Sunday (You preached that well on Sunday). Assent to myword to-day, for you.will not be able to assent to it to-morrow. I s the i ronw drked by you heavy? I do not know, for I have not yet weighed it. W e r enot the people assemblcd well on Tuesday? Yes, and there were manyassembled. You can see the people in the canoe well. The sick child wascarried by its mother on her back. Your knife was worked (tempered) 'well,and it is very sharp. Help (save) me, friend, for I do not see the road.Chose whom you like to appoint, and send him on Friday. He presses mehard, but I cannot ruin the wall, i.e., pull the wall down.

Ex. XXXVI I.— Page z5.The father did good to the children of his friend. Clean your house well,

for your sister will come to-morrow morning. R emember the respect Igave you yest'erday, and answer (you) me well. He rolled a stone over thechild. Abstain from (refuse) bad habits. The road cannot be trodden, for

the stones are many. Prove your words by your deeds. Perhaps he didnot remember the word I told him in your house yesterday. Your word wasnot refused by me at all, i .e., I did not refuse or object to what you said.T he peaches weredivided into three parts, and given by him to us. T h ewater dropped on the garment, and it is too dirty. I . ook after (prevent) yourox. We passed that by yesterday. The child left in the house will beremembered by the people.

Ex. XXXVI I I . — Page z6.Awake me to-morrow morning. Wrap your books in your garment. Bring

the scissors here, and cut my hair. He bartered his sheep for rice. Hestruck the stone very hard. W a i t for me, friend. W i l l you enlarge myfield? Sprinkle some water over me. That cannot be endured, Wil l yourchild's hair be cut also? Forsake bad friends. The cat was entangled bythe cord. Lengthen the cord lest it be broken. Sow in the morn thy seed.I shall wait for you in your sister's house, so be quick. The oxen will t readyour rice fields to-morrow, and assemble them to.day. Perhaps you havetied up your goods? Yes, I have tied them up with the cord you gave me.Are all its eggs hatched? No, for there are five addled.

Ex. XXXIX.— Page z?.The peaches were selected, and the good and the bad were seen. I rode

myassyesterday, but perhapsyouhave not yet ridden your horse. I havea horse no longer, for I have sold mine. The good father supports his child.What have you stained your face with? My mother stained it with whiteearth. The oxen were pierced by the spear, and seven were killed. Thechildren with.us (at our place) were examined yesterday, and there werenone clever. Come to me to-morrow morning, for I w i l l g ive you somemoney. Taste the salt. I h ave tasted it, and it was good. Take goodcare of what you are going to do, lest you be wrong. I w i l l take care of allthatyoubade me do. Draw me out, for I am fa l len into the deep water.Yes, I will surely draw you out. Good bye, friend.

Ex. XL.— Page z9.The water was swollen yesterday, and we were not at l iberty, i.e., could

not get over. The horse,was broken in yesterday, but the ass is not yetbroken in. Follow me. What was it that you talked of there P Of the treenot yet hewn down. The oxen were led by the people, and none were lost.You chippedthe stones for building a house well. Put your mouth to thewater, i.e., Turn your face down on the water, friend. You will be beatenif you are stubborn. The bad people were condemned (made guilty) by thejudge. Take care lest the water you are bringing be spilled. The womancovered her child, for there was a stubborn ox coming. Mark.what youwish to be written by me. The dog l icks his hands. The lazy ass wasfiercely beaten by me. The smoke enveloped us. Push some beef into hismouth. I patted his back, and he followed me. He spat upon my garment,and I wiped it. W ipe the plates, and put them in the box.

Ex. XLI . -P i zge 3o.T)ie advice you gave. to the people was good. Open (put up) my umbrella.

What he is going to do canaot be known. The child caught the bird.Startle the birds, and capture (take) those which are dead. Stitch your coat.You are perhaps afraid? Our relative is sittiag down in the house. Openyour mouth. I searched (examined into) that out well. The hand of thechild was bittea by the cat, and it is ill. Cover me with a garmeat, friends.The umbrella we opened is dear. I sucked the soft peaches, and they werevery sweet. We opened the box, and we saw the good things there. Those.which are dead cannot be known. Wr ite my name down, sir. I shal l wri teyour name on Wednesday, but 1 cannot write it to-day. You father bidsyou give us some beef.

Ex. XLI I .— Page 3o.Write your paper (letter) first. Send the beeg, the birds and the r ice

ahead, lest the rain comes. Expect (me), friend, for I shall come to-morrow.Expect (prepare for) what will be done to-day. The day was too far goaeand I did not ex'pect my father; Nurse your chiid in your lap, mother; apdput your arms round (me). Do not deceive your companions by Battery, lestthey spend their money. Jesus is our Mediation with the Fat4er. Did youfetch Rakoto? Yes, I have fetched him. And where is he? I cannot seehim. Perhaps you did not fetch him. I f e tched hiia, and we sent mes­sengers to him twice. Hope on for he will come. He cannot be expectedany longer. 'Sendto him again, if you know that he will not come. Haveou turned over your paper?' I did not turn it over, fot I expected you to'o'ok at it.

Ex. XLI I I .— Page 3z.The beef was cut up by the servant, and was divided. I have spoiled my

servant's share. Did you tie the goods up fast? I have tied them up fast,sir. The bird swooped upon the snare, and the cord caught it. Is the waterclear? I have looked at it, and it is clean. We houghed his ox, and ourfather beat us hard. He foolishly squeezed his nose, and,it is hurt. Youbeat our horse hard; and it may be killed. The people divided their oxen.I slapped my child a little. Do not drink the water, for a dog jumped overi t. The servantsdeceived the child, and it drank the dirty water. Whatdid your father preach on Sunday? We snapped the sugar-cane, and itwas broken in'to three parts. You stopped your ears, aad you could not hearwhat I preached. I pulled its ears, and it bit me.

Ex. XLIV.— Page 33.The people carry (are carrying) stones. I shall tell you to-morrow. We

did not sing yesterday. L isten to me, children. Stand up. M y b rotherwalked about yesterday. The people presented beef and money (to oneanother) on Monday. The ox pauses a httle. The sheep fought. My fatherwent away on Wednesday. He judges the people. The sua is appearingin the east. Cal l your companions, and come to eat. H e substitutes meto-day, for I substituted him yesterday. I ask leave of you. Sing, children.Assemble, friends. Hew the trees. Eat the peaches. Go away, for I donot like you.

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Ez. XLV.— Page 34.Hew not the trees, lest you spoil them. I t was on Sunday that I departed

thence. I t e l l you truly, that tf you are not di l igent your father will beatyou hard. I cal led my companions, but they are not come. I p ra ised youvery much to my companions assembled there yesterday evening. Do nots tand there for nothing, lest the people see you and blame you. I t w as

esterday I told him your word well, and he assented to all (what ) I toldim. Praise your Lord. Call your companions. Assemble, people. Thank

God in your'heart. I shall depart from here to-morrow, Wednesday. Singin the house of God. The people praising God are assembled in his housenow. This was how I told zt.

Ex. XLVI.— Page 3y.Avia aty, ka mihirk, rankizy. M ia lk . T sy t iako hianao. Aza miantso­

antso foana, fa lazao ahy izay irinao. Oviana (no) nialanao? Hivory aoan-trano izahay amy ny Alahady. N i laza izany taminao tamy ny Zoma aho.Aza mitsara dia tsy hotsaraina hianao. Aza mifaza amiko szay nolazainy.Tsy hiala anio aho, raha hiandry ahy rahampitso hianao. I t y (no) nihirakoazy. Faingkna, andrao miala (lasa) ny rainao, ka tsy miteny aminy hianao.Hilaza azy aminao aho, raha hilaza amiko hianao. N ihaino azy izahay.Nitsangantsangana tany an-tsaha ny raiko raha tonga aho. N i tsangana nyzazakely raha ajteny aho. Hihinana ny variko aho, fa noana.

Ez. XLVI I .— Page 36.I shall ride on my horse to-morrow. We shall buy some rice in the market

on Friday. Some of the good were selected. Protect us. Come along withus. Cover your child. The grave is open. The book is turned upside down.This was how I learned that. W ake up in the morning. Beat your dog,sir. Why do you bind the cat? Join the cords. The people received moneyin their hands. The wind is quiet. W e shall converse about that when ourfriend comes. Our relatives are dragging stones for building a house. Theservants separated the good and the bad peaches. The people speak loud.Speak, for I am listening. (The) diligent people awake in the morning, sowake up, children. Buy a horse.

Ex. XLVI I I .— Page 36.Miadidyuzy izahay. Mifono taratasy ny boky. Mamadiha ny sezanao.

Mihohoka ny tavoahangy. Aza ahohoka ny lovia. Hamelatra ny lain-tsamboizahay, raha avy any avaratra ny rivotra. H i resaka aminao aho amy nyAlatsmainy. M isambotra ny totozy ny zazalahy. N isambotra ny voalavo nylehilahy omaly. M i tenena, raiko o, fa mihaino ny zanakao. M iandrasaanay. Fanteno ny peso masaka. H ikapoka ny amboa izahay,raha manai­kitra anao izy. H i araka ho any an-tranon' ny rainao izahay. M i tete nytafon-trano. M id i tra ny t rano ny o lona. M i anara tsara. M amelk ahyhianao.

Ex. XLIX.— PageYour child can talk. I w ish to enter. May I speak to you? I am willing

to look at your sewing. Be not deceived. He .cannot sweep the house to­day. I cannot ride * horse. The people would not drag the stone (were not

willing to drag the stone) yesterday. Are you willing to preach? I preachedesterday, and I am tired to-day. Please, I wish to tell you somethmg, andisten to me well. Yes, I am willing to listen to you, and so tell what youlike to tell. P lease, may I look at your books, sir? Yes, my child, look atwhat you wish to look at. We have not yet talked about the word you toldme yesterday. Yes, but we will talk about it to-morrow, if you like (that).Please, give me some money, for I am poor, I am not wi l l ing to pity you,for you are lazy and not willing to work at all. Do not cry, my child, for Iwill give you a sweet peach. Yps, sir, but I am now crying for my deadfather (or my father who is dead).

Ex. L.— Page 38.Te-hiresaka aminao aho, tompokolahy. Tsara izany, ka dia lazao ahy izay

irinao. Hoatrinona(no) vidin' nytranonao? Mora dia mora ny soavaliko,te-hividy azy va hianao? Eny, tompoko, mba te-hividy azy aho, raha tsysaro-bidy loatra izy. I nona no itomanian' ny zazakely? Tsy fantatro izayitomanian' ny zazakely. Mahazo mihira va aho.? Eny, mihirk. A zonaotandremana (i.e. andrasana) va ny ombiko? N i foha faingana ny lehilahy.Mikapoka ny alika keliny ny zazalahy. Aza kapohina ny alika kelinao.anaka. Te-hijery ny t ranoko va hianao? Avelao hojereko ny tranonao,tompokolahy. Midira ka mijere. Tsy mahazo miaraka isika anio, fa tsyafaka aho. Te-hiresaka aminao va ny rahalahinao? Maliazo milalao anioisika, ka hivavaka rahampitso isika.

Ex. LI.— Page 39.The singers were many, the songs they sang were good, and the people

praised thern. Your speech was good and they all liked your telling (descrip­tion, repetition, or recital) of your father's word. He and I are going togetherto pray. The people in the place of assembling were many yesterday. Thewoodcutter is gone to the forest. Your beating of the wood is very hard.I.earn not (the) bad words, and let not unclean thoughts dwell in your heart.There were few buyers, and so all the things sold in the market were cheap.The buyers and the sellers were assembled in great numbers at the marketon Friday. I s the cover you bought in the market good? Yes, i t i s verygood, and can be made a good cover. Your flogging of the ox is too hard,and should consider, lest it be killed by you. Your relative is remaining' inthe house. The workmen are lazy, and their work is bad.

Ex. LI I .— Page 3g.The people are talking to one another. I made you buy a horse. We are

looking atone another. Do you make the people work? We are playingwith one another. The servants are calling one another. W e are makingthe trees to be cut down. The children are singing to one another. We areteaching one another. The preacher is making the people pray. Our friendsand our relatives are making one another drag stones. Our making oneanother to strike the stones yesterday was good. The children are playingand catching one another. Mutual teaching is good. To praise one anotheris verybecoming. The boys are makingoneanotherto ride on horseback;and the girls are making one another play. To look at one another foolishlyis not right. My hearmg of your words causes me to rejoice. Do

' The anp 6aeo, should be an-haeo,

aot' make cocks fighg children, for that is not good. We shall cause oneanother to wait. T h e people are making one another speak. The childmakes the rams fight. The people are looking at one another in vain.Teach one another, relatives (friends).

Ex. LI I I .— Page yo.

Ampihiraina Ampiandrksina AmpifanthninaAmpiasaina Ampiankrina AmpijerhnaAmpiantsoina Ampirohlzina AmpitarftinaAmpivadlhina Ampifohkzina AmpirakofinaAmpifafina Ampiarkhina AmpikodikvinaAmpilazaina Ampikapohina AmpitandrhminaAmpiadlna Ampitohlzina

Ex. LIV.— Page yo.I shall make the servants wait for me. I awoke (made to awake) the

people at seven. I shall make the table turn over. I made your oxen workm my rice fields. I shall make the horses tread myrice fields on Wednesday.I taught my child to pray on Sunday. Shall we not make the people en'terour houseP Yes, make them enter. I joined the cord, and the cat wasentangled. He caused me to borrow (i.e. he lent me) some money, and Ihave not yet given it (back) to him. I made my child take care of the house.I made somebody go witP my oxen. The table will be (caused to) turnedover to-morrow. Make the servants sweep the house. I. made my childrensing the songs you taught me. (The) bad people are making the cocks fight.The child was covered with a garment.

i

Ex. LV.— Page yz.My father sharpens(is sharpening) his knife. (The) bad servants despise

(the) people. My brother completes his business. The shepherd set hissheep free. Assent to the good advice he gave you. I hope that the peopleyou are waiting for will come quickly. The people remove (are removing)the goods. The judge judges the people. My father is presenting beef tohis relatives, or My father is entertaining his relatives. The judge chainsthe guilty people. My s i s ter knocks at the door. T ie y our goods fast.Counsel your children not to speak to any bad friend. Do not sharpen yourknife to-day, for we shall sharpen it to-morrow. To give (the) lazy peoplemoney is not right.

Ex. LVI.— PageHanasa ny sakaizantsika izy rahampitso. Tsara ny anatrao t*my ny

olona tany an-tranon' Andriamanitra omaly. H a nesotra ny lovia sy ny varyizahay. Hanome anao peso folo ny ankizy. Naneso ny rahalahiny izy, katsy nety nanaraka ny ana-drainy (anatry ny rainy). Mandonddna ao am­baravarana ny sakaizako. Nanindrona' ny omby ny lefona. Te-hiasa aho.N anafaka ahy ny sakaizako. Nanampy omby folo izy omaly hariva. M a n ­

' The word in the exercise should be "mamgiMi p . "' The English of this should be "The spear pierced the ox."

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didia ny hena. Mananteni ny tsara. Maneke ny helokao ary hanafakaanao ny mpitsara. N anafotra ny t rano ny rano. M a nefk faingana nyasanao. Avy hanesotra ny vary sy ny akoho ny ankizy.

Ex. LVI I .— Page y3.We shall transplant rice to-day. Your father will hire eight men to carry

him to-morrow. The cat is not willing (i.e. will not) to bite you, and do notbe frightened for nothing. The servants will wash clothes this evening. Adry day is good for washing clothes. The t rees I bought from you onThursday are growing well. I am substituting yours. The man is solderingthe tin box. My sisterisbuildingahouse. Theservant is piercing his ox.Write down my name, sir. I t was yesterday I wrote your name, and shallI write it again to day? Open the box that I may take away my coat. Setthe ox up, that the shooter may shoot it . H i s fa ther governs his children.Do not think me a fool. I t was your foolish words that made me think youa fool.

Ex. LVI I I .— Page ~. .Hanazy ny kamo ny raiko. Nanopy ny masony ny rahalahiny. Nanolotra

ahy omby folo izy. Hanoratra ny teninao ao am-poko aho. Nanery nyolona hiasa izy. Aia manoro ny lklana. Manangkna ny hazo. Nanafy nylehilahy mahantra ny sakaizako. Manentina ny tavako izy. Hanohy nytady isika, ka hisambotra ny voalavo. Manakaloza ny volanao. Manoloraahy ny satrokao sy ny akanjonao. Aza manasa ny akanjonao eto, fa malotony rano. Asabotsy (no) andro anasan' ny olona ny lambany. Alahady (no)andro iangonan' ny olona any an-trano fivavahana. Zoma (no) andro ivi­dianantsika sy ivarotantsika any an-tsena.

Ex. LIX.— Page y5.P ut out some money to interest to him. The rain moistens the earth. D o

not steal. Ask and it shall be given (to you). Knock and it shall be opened( to you). Go on, relative (friend). Go, while the day is l ight. I d o n o thear. The woman pulled down (what) the child has done. We shall conquerthem, if they fight us. The rain threw down the wall made by the peopleyesterday. Measure some cloth for me to buy, sir, for my sewing of yourgarment was not right, i.e. I did not sew your garment well. The crocodilesnatched the dog by its mouth, and ate it up. The Lord left his Father inheaven, and came down to earth. Your child reproached me, and I forbadehim to do it any more.

Ex. LX.— PageTsy mahay mandrefy ny lanitra aho. Handroso aho. Nandona ny vary

izahay ka maniry izy. H andao ny sakaizany ratsy izy. Nandraraka nyrano ny zazavavy. Tsy mahay mangaitra tsara izy. Mandrefesa ny lanitra,raha mahay hianao. Omaly (no) nangatahanay izany. Mangaro ny vary syny tantely izy. Nandroaka ahy izy; kanefa tsy nandatsa azy aho. Nanjerany antsy izahay ka nandositra. Nandrapaka.ny hena ny saka. N andositrany alika ka tsy nahay nisambotra azy aho. Mahay manjera izany vato izanyva hianao? Tsia, tsy mahay manjera azy aho, fa kely loatra aho. Handehaisika rahampitso ka hanaraka antsika ny olona. Mandrese ny ratsy. Man­dava ny anatry ny sakaiza ratsy. Aza mandany foana ny volanao.

Ex. LXI.— Pnge yy.Behold, the scholars are coming to visit us. 0 God, forgive us our sins.

The Lord saved us all. The clever warriors captured the people. Thewoman placed her child in the house. He wil l save all those who come tohim. 0 God, save us! My father did not awake me yesterday morning,and that is why I did not deliver the ox. I cannot lift that up. Y our fr iendset the sheep you (had) bound free. The people are planting rice. Theservant wiped the table. Assemble the children, for their father is come.The child who could sew was seaming my garment. The stubborn childbroke the plate and the glass. The glass shines well. My mother is heatingsome water.

Ex. LXI I .— Pagc' yy.Mamantara nytsara. Namolaka nysoavalinao vahianao? Mamikitrany

volany ny lehilahy. Hamela anao rainao, raha mifona aminy hianao. Na­meraka ny entana ny ankizy. Aza mamokaiky, fa mitsangkna ka mandrosoa.Nametaka ny 6taratra ny lehilahy, fa namaky azy ny zaza. Omaly (no) na­melaranay ny lain-tsambo. Hanamboatra ny tranonay izahay, fa ho avyhamangy anay ny ankizy. Tsy namabo ny andevo ny lehilahy. Tsy mahaymamoha ny varavarana aho. Nambanga ny fefy ny lehilahy. Namaky nyfe6loha ny rano, ka nandositra ny olona. Vohay(m mamohk) ny varava­rana hidiran' ny sakaizantsika.

Ex. LXI I I .— Page y8.Be silent, children, do not make a noise for nothing. Remorse is not (goes

not) before, but behind. The child is cold. The people dye their garments.The scholars are very quiet and no longer make a noise. The people werenoisy yesterday, for their oxen were lost. The birds are singing in the forest.The cock was crowing. The hen cannot crow. I repent, and I wi l l not dothat any more. Thebell is ringing, and now we are going to learn, for thet eacher is come. Cover me with a garment, mother, for I am cold. T h ewitch cannot hurt us. Do not be fr ightened for nothing, for they cannotbewitch us.

Ex. LXIV.— Pagt y9.G o to the west, but do not press yourselves against the dirty stone. W i l l

you go to the north? Do not sleep there, but return the same day. W h atare those children wearing on their necks? Wear your beads on your necks,children. Stand in a row, but do not go to one side of the road. Whatmakes you bend your body? I t is my sorrow that makes me bend my body.The water goes in a whirlpool. Do not beg continually if he dues not giveou his. Lean, for you are going too far to the west. 1'he woman is nursinger child in her lap. Go into the house, sir. The people going in the market

are many, and so the crows and the birds go to the side of the road. Do notbore a hole through the embankment. The people are going to the forest,and the honey is cheap. 'Do not take bark for dyeing to the east, lest thepeogle think you a fooh When did you take your wtfe honte? Bend yourlegs, for the bed is short.

' This is equivalent to our "Do not take coals to Newcastle." — The barkis found in the forest to the east.

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Ex. LXV.— Page 5o.Go home, children, for it is evening. I wished to go, but the people would

not le't me. Take care how you walk, lest the stones hurt you. May youf ind(get) education! Bathe in the water, and you will be clean I b e l ievethat you are wil ling to save me. B e l ieve the advice of your father andmother, for they desire to benefit you. I am fetching my oxen, for they cameinto your field. Our home is far, and so we will go on our way. Put someoil in the lamp. The sheep did not go home yesterday, and I am nowregretting, because I did not take good care of them. I d o not want that .I will fetch my clothes, lest I shouldbe cold to night. I d reamed a dream lastnight, and I dreamed that I became a rich man. Yet my dream is not true.

Ex. LXVI.— Page(t) Mpanao, mpanefy, mpandeha, mpangalatra, mpanasa, mpaneso, mpa­

nanatra, mpanapaka, mpanampy.(s) F*nolo, fanaja, fandanja, fandroso, fanao, fanjaitra, fandatsa, fame­

traka, fametra.(3) Famonjena, faniriana, fanerena, fanapahana, fanajana, fandosirana,

fandrenesana, famaohana, famelana, fanjakana./

Ex. LXVI I .— Page 5t.Mampanao, mampanefy, mampanolo, mampanasa, mampanefa, mampan­

didy, mampanova, mampanety, mampangataka, mampanjaitra, mampan­druaka, mampandanja, mampandeha, mampamoha, mampamaha, mampam­boly, mampamboatra, mampanenina.

Ex. LXVI I I .— PageMifampamonjy, mifampamaky, mifampamabo, mifampanery, mifampanaja,

mifampanome, mifampanasa, mifampaneno, mifampangina, mifampamela,mifampamita, mifampamoha, mifampamboly, mifampandrefy, mifampangataka.

Ex. LXIX.— Page 5s.Casssahve Passiveforms. Causative reci~ocalPassive forms.

Ampanalaina AmpifanalainaAmpamonjena AmpifamonjenaAmpanaikerina AmpifanaikerinaAmpandosirina AmpifandosirinaAmpisamborina AmpifampisamborinaAmpanantenina AmpifananteninaAmpamelana AmpifamelanaAmpamerana AmpifameranaAmpingadonina AmpifampingadoninaAmpanalaina AmpifanalainaAmpamaohina AmpifamaohinaAmpangaroina AmpifangaroinaAmpandatsaina AmpifandatsainaAmpanafahina AmpifanafahinaAmpamitranina Ampifamitranina

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CaNsah'ee passiee forais. CaNsaNve reciP ocal Passieefnrsas.Ampandehanina AmpifampandehaninaAmpametrahina AmpifametrahinaAmpametahina AmpifametahinaAmpamokaikena AmpifamokaikenaAmpamokehina AmpifamokehihaAmpangejaina Ampifangejaina

Ex.. LXX.— Page 5z.There is a man called John. He spoke to me, and said: "Come, let us

sing to-day." And they sang, saying: "There is pardon for you." He said:"Come into my house." Th a t i s the reason why I sa id : " I am not a tliberty." Shall we transplant rice, do you say? Yes, we will transplant rice.Is he ill, do you say? And then he spoke saying: "Come here to-morrow."And the people called (cried out) and said: " K i l l H im." A n d h i s fatherasked him saying: " Where shall we assemble the people?" A n d h eanswered: " It is in my house that we shall hold the meeting." I n y ourhouse, do you say? Yes, in my house to the north.

By an oversight the phrase "koy izako" was omitted. V e ryfrequently we find "koy izako" where "koy ako" would bethought right, for " izaho" is emphatic and by r u le ought togrecede, but it does not as: "Aa koy i'zako" — Arsd said L

Ex. LXXI.— Page 53.We are now on the point of going, and we ought to go together, lest somI:

of our oxen are lost. Wai t a l i t tle, for the guide is not yet come. Let us gotogether. Wai t a minute, for the people we are waiting for are on the pointof coming. Yes, I am quite sure, they are just coming. Should not al lpeople praise God? Yes, and let us all do that, for He bene6ts us. T hepeople assembled at your father's auction were about a hundred. The ricei s almost cooked, and bid the people sit down. They are sat down. Canyou do that? Yes, probably I can do it.

Ex. LXXI I .— Page 5y.Whichisbetter: to agree to go without going, or to refuse (to go) but

going at last? What is the name of the town we are going to? W hoeveris willing to go, I will appoint him. Those who are diligent to learn will bec lever. Who is he? W hoever speaks I shall account to be guilty. W h a t ­ever you do, do it well and truly. W hose knife is(that) in your hand> I tbelongs to nobody except myself. What you have told me is true, and youare not telling a lie. W hat shall we do that we may be saved? Al l t hosewho assent to that lift up their hands. I c annot agree that what you tell meis true. Are you not ashamed of the falsehood you told your father.

Ex. LXXI I I .— Page 55.T hat ox ofyours is good. I shal l take this child of yours with me. D o

not speak to those people. This that I am doing is. what you should learn,child, that you may be able to do it . I l i k e these diligent scholars very

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much. I wi ll not go into those dirty houses. The advice I am now givingyou should makeyoutake goodheed, lestyou make a mistake again aboutthat. That very way you are going is it, but those roads go to the town inwhich there are no people whom you know. This dog of yours is a very goodone. That dog fighting with our ox can swim well.

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Ex. LXXIV.— Page 55.Your writing is not legible. We shall build a stone house, and that you

can see is it. I t is said that the Queen will dwell in the town with a stonewall. The church we are assembling in is a stone house. Is that long ironmalleable? The heavens are not measurable, and the wind is not divisible.That is impossible. Can that butterfly be captured? Yes, (go) and captureit. The bread and the beef you brought are not edible. The word you havewritten is translatable, but it cannot be mentioned to the people. You aretroubled bv looking at that high mountain (which is) hardly visible. Are thewords in that new book of yours legible? They are legible to the young,but not to the old perhaps. That white cat is too cunning. An iron ship. Anearthen house. A glass house.

Ex. LXXV.— PageYourhand is somewhat dirty. H i s is c leaner than mine. That woman

is a poor one. His is strong, but yours is stronger. Whose is that' blackishhorse? (It) belongs to my father, and he bought it from your brother yes­terday. That whitish bull is the best of all your oxen. 'When I die, maythe people die, but if my relatives die, let the oxen be killed. Learn with al lyour might. The writing you did yesterday is not very'straight, and do what

ou are doing now better. F log him frequently. I t i s scmewhat dark, andcannot see the road. Be cleanly, children. Your plants (are set) too far

apart. That man is very active. (The) honey is sweeter than (the) sugar­cane.

Ex. LXXVI.— Page 58.Hendry kokoa noho ny anao ny zanakao. Mora tairina kokoa ny vorona

anio noho (ny) omaly. Menatra indrindra izy. An' iza io saka tsara diatsara io? An' ineny izy. Mandrahondrahona ny andro. Ento miala (esory)ny rano, fa mantsina izy. Meloka lavitra io lehilahy io noho izany. An t i t rakokoa ny rahalahiko noho ny anao. Mahitsy lavitra ny lklantsika anio nohony omaly E f a voalazanao matetika taminy, ka lazao aminy matetika kokoa(hiany). Ma inty dia mainty ny lanitra. M ar ivo dia marivo ny rano. Maitsokokoa ny ketsa noho ny ahitra. Mamboly ny hazonao mahalana loatra hia­nao. Ho merimerika ny andro. M enamenatra izy, raha nilaza taminy ahofa namitaka antsika izy. Mavesabesatra noho ny anao ny entako.

Ex. LXXVI I .— Page 59.Your horse is too obstinate, and so I beat it hard. It is said that your dog

is gluttonous. Do not give that worm-eaten peach to the child, lest it shouldbe ill with worms. That woman somewhat affected with itch is too talkative,and so we drove her away. The husband is hard to please, and so the wife

A proverb describing a selfisb man. When he dies he hopes everybodymay die. But at the death of others only his or their oxen are to be killed.

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is obstinate. We saw a well-shaped man, a child having a cold in the head,and an obstinate sheep yesterday evening. His feet had a little sore before,and his legs are now scabbed. That whiskered and commandingly tall manfought withJohn, and was conquered, because John is obstinate, morose,and plump. The wood has the dry rot, and the servants used its dust as aremedyforsores. There wasa famine in Egypt, and the country was in astate of famine for seven years. I t is the people constantly afFected withfever who are frequently atfected with the itch, and it is the gluttonvus whoare big-bellied from fever and ill with worms. Look at that somewhat robustand big.armed man, for he intends to throw (knock ) the wall down. Mygarden is too sandy, and the people having boils will not work in it, lest thesand, say they, should get into their boils. Saul was well-shaped. Jonathanwas commandingly tall. Samson was very determined. That somewhatbig-ancled man killed a somewhat big-bellied and big-rumped ox yesterdaymorning. The child was tickled by its companion, and so it laughed.

Ex. LXXVI I I .— Page 6o.Those new shoes of yours are suitable for you. That which we gave to him

is sufficient for him. The people were.astonished at him, for he did not cry.The house of the butcher smells oKensively of beef. The dog is satisfied withbeef, and so it lies down. A cock crowing in the market: (it is) not strengthbut longing after the place it came from. That old man smells ofFensivelyof rum. That is just like him.' As the fiy: (a) little (thing) without fear ofthe sovereign. A little chicken fallen in a ditch: (should) it fiy, it has onlyhalf formed wings, should it call, its voice is low. There is much rice wherewe were (tany, past tense of any). Al l the fields are covered with rice.My little box is full of money. He was ashamed of what he did. This manis foolish about money.

Ex. LXXIX.— Page 6t.Menatra ny zanany io zazalahy io. Sasatra anao aho. Feno azy ny trano.

Be vola ny Vazaha. Ampy antsika izany. Manitra tantely ny trano. Vitsyomby izahay. Antonona anao izany. Malahelo azy aho. Manina ny zaoanyvery io lehilahy hendry io. Akaiky anay ny fonenany. Feno olona ny tranofivavahanay. Tahaka anao ny sakaizako. Tia izany va izy? M endrikaanao izany satroka izany. Masfua hianao! Marena tokan-trano, rankizy.Sarotra hiraina izany, nefa voalaza mora ity. Raha hisy zavatra matanjaka(dia) mantanjaka indrindra izany. Mora nangalarina ny ombiny.

Ex. LXXX.— Page 6t.Cardinal. OrdinaL Erachonal. 3 fu l hglicatives.Times of doing.

Isa, iray, iraikaVoalohany 1Vone Indray mandeha 1VoneRoa Faharoa A m paharoany Indroa FanindroanyTelo Fahatelo Ampahatelony Intelo FanintelonyEfatra Fahefatra Ampahefany In efatra FaninefanyOimy Fahadimy Ampahadiminy Indimy FanindiminyEnina Fahenina Atnpaheniny I n e nina FanineninyFito Fahafito A mpahafitony Impito FanimpitonyValo Fahavalo Ampahavalony Imbalo FanimbalonySivy Fahasivy Ampahasiviny Intsivy FanintsivinyFolo Fahafolo Ampahafolony Impolo Fanimpolony

Ex. LXXXI.— Page 6a.— Is so easy Shat no hey is required.

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Ex. LXXXI I .— Page 6z.How manp times did you fetch water? Five times. Who is the first?

My brother is the first, and I am the seventh in the class. One thousandtwo hundred and seventy five, How many oxen did you buy in the market

esterday? We bought thirteen. Fetch a third-of-rice from the large box.ow many fathoms (i.e. how long) is your house of prayer? Its length is

eight, its breadth is four, and its height is five. Count ten. Bring me theeleven oxen. Were there five hundred people assembled in the house ofprayeron Sunday? The children are going four by four. The number. ofthe people is about three hundred.

Ex. LXXXI I I .— Page 63.Firy ny zanakao? Dimy. Ento aty amiko lovia folo sy sotro roa amby ny

folo. Nividy fanjaitra firy hianao tamy ny lavanty? Nividy paingotra telon­jato sy dimy arivo sy dimy alina aho. Dimy amby enim-polo sy telon-jatosy enma arivo sy iray alina. Telo ampahasiviny. Impiry (no) nahitanaoahy? .Impito amby ny folo. Niantso ahy va hianao, tompokolahy? Eny,niantso anao indroa aho. Nahit* vorona firy tany an-ala hianao? Nahitat okony ho sivi-folo aho. Impiry (no) nanaovanao izany? Injato. R o aampahefa-polony. Hoatrinona (no) fahalavan' ny sahanao? Fahefa-poloizy. Mahay manisa dimam-polo va hianao? Eny, mahay manisa iraytapitrisa aho. Enina amby sivi-folo sy enin-jato sy telo arivo sy iray hetsy.Miala tsirairay ny omby.

Ex. LXXXIV.— Page 63.Do notdothatbad thingagain. The army is the protection (safeguard)

of the country and the kingdom. The guards cannot sleep in the night.Let your peaches be divided into three parts. The Lord rose from the deadon the third day after he was killed. How many days were you on the roadfrom Tamatave? Eight days, for the servants carrying us went fast. Divideinto fourparts that which he bade us do, and let each.of us four men do hisshare. Do not do that again, lest I beat you hard. Each o'f the forty meneducated by the foreigners has got (a place for) teaching. The Queenassembled all the people, and they remained (assembled) four days in An­tananarivo.

Ex. LXXXV.— Page 65.The children ofJacob become many in Egypt (or, It was in Egypt that the

children ofJacob became many). He became strong, and so the sovereigndid not like him. Arise, shine, for that which makes you light is come,Make some of those clothes brown, for the buyers of brown cloihes arebecoming many. The day now becomes warm, and the boys are going nearthe side of the river. What makes you shut your eyes? I shut my eyesbecause of the sun becoming too light. Be strong (encouraged) in yourwork. Do not be good in words only (foana) before your relatives. Whatmakes you become so diriy? I am not becoming dirty at all, but the watermakes my face brown. The people will come on Thursday, and that is whythe town is being cleaned. You are wise now, but become wiser. That roseon the table perfumes the people assembled in the house, but the sunshineon the glass dazzles them. Do not think lightly of the advice of your father(your father's advice). Do not justify the guilty. Become dark, 0 moon.

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That man is becoming very fierce. It is your becoming stubborn that makeshim so fierce. Be fierce (to them), for they are becoming both obstinate andidle. My hands are becoming cold. You would not drink the milk, andthat is why they are becoming cold.

Ex. LXXXVI.— Page 6y.The satisfaction (fulness) of that ox is wonderful. The goodness of your

house is health-giving. Wisdom is pleasant. Working makes hungry. Theday of death is wretched, but the day of birth is joyous. 0 L ord, deliver usfrom wretchedness! The wages of sin is death. (The) rum makes (the)life short. Your words just make it right. I am not able to go alone, for Iam little. H unger causes death. Do you know his gladness? The habitsof that boy make me angry (That boy's habits make me angry ). Makethose sheep satisfied, grass, for I wish to see their fulness. There is no wayforpeopleto escape from(the) death. The kindness of that teacher makes(one) exultant. The going out of the lamp was quick last night, for i t wasnot as it has been often. The grace of God does good. The fear of God isthe beginning of knowitedge.

Ex. LXXXVI I .— Pagv 68.We all know God's hatred of evil. The Queen is pleased with her people,

and she says: "Pleasure, acceptance (I give you), people, for I have afather and a mother in having you; may you live, and may God bless you."Get behind me, Satan. The cold makes ill . W r e tchedness makes lean.Theyglorify Godwho regard His Word. The water flows into the Ikopa."Aseatingrice: each one regards that which is in his mouth." R e ward

our child well, if he does the right, and never hate him, but correct him i fe does wrong. My sister came to me yesterday. The object of our going

to the market frequently is to buy and sell. Y our making of my ox leanmakes me wretched. Those who are rewarded in words only never like therewarder. The saying: "Good-bye. may you be good and excellent," can­not support a wife and children. Where is my honey gone to?

Ex. LXXXVI I I .— Page 6g.God sees us all. Endure hardness as a good soldier. (Go to) sleep for

it is night. T rust in God, for his mercy endures. Cook some rice, servant,for the children are hungry. Endurance in the right is (the reason) we getreward from the people. Bathe with that warm water. F e tch some oil, lestyour lamps go out. Be clever to learn that you may be wise. Your clever­ness in chipping stones is good. I d i d not assent to your fetching of meyesterday, because I did not see how I could get at l iberty. Our s leep lastnight was not good, because many rats were running about on the ceiling.It is sometimes one's property that causes one not to s leep. E ndure >ndoing good, for that becomes us.

Ex. I.XXXIX. — Page ?o.That represents its goodness. Solomon praises the goodness of wisdom.

Its greenness is like (that of) the rice plants. The greenness of the grassis pleasant. The length of the night is now twelve hours. Work whi le (youare) young, for old age will come and you will not be able to work any more.

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Itsrednessisnotmore than that. The hugeness of the dog astonishes me.The length of the wood is five (fathoms). The badness of the beef is trouble­some to the people. The old age (maturity) of some fruits is soft, i.e.,Some fruits are soft when ripe.

Ex. XC.— Pag» yz.Make your words clear that all the people may know (understand) your

meaning. I have made them clear, but I do not know what makes them notassent (to them). Make the yellow and the green colours lighter, for the redis rather light. W ai t a minute, lest it be spoiled should it be made lighter.T he lamp is too l ight, and the mice wil l not come there; bu t i f y o umake it somewhat dark, they will all come together. This burden is large,and so lengthen the cord. Do not make somebody's ox fierce, lest thatmake its owner angry. I f you shorten the cord, it will not be enough. Speakrather louder, for I cannot hear some of your words. Your house of prayeris new now, relatives (friends), an'd so make your thoughts new also (orrenew

our thoughts). Do not treat slightly the word's of the old. , Make the houseetter,for the stranger (visitor) will come. Do not treat the people easily,

lest theyshould become obstinate, i.e., Do not be too easy going with thepeople lest, etc.

Ex. XCI.— Pagr ys.Do not stand on the threshold, for standing there may give you a bad cold.

As play in summer: the morning is the t ime. D o not break the order.It is said the bridge was broken, and it was repaired last night. Lay up foryourselves riches in heaven. A roll of paper and a bundle of flowers weregiven to him on the branching of the road going to the town. This placewhere I am is suitable for one breadth of a mat. Fetch mfi a mallet to chipthis black stone for a threshold. The Queen places soldiers at all the sea­ports. Be not sorry fnr being too late at a funeral, for the corpses will be yetmany.' Peter saw something like folds of cloth coming down from heaven.The 1ength of the ridge of that house is twelve (fatboms) and a span. Tearthe garment from bottom to top, but do not cut it crossways. Hang the cords!ropes) on the mast. Smooth that garment of mine well, and do not fold i tinto eight folds, but fold it into four. And he brake his bonds, and was glad.

Ex. XCII . - P age ys.Do not justify the guilty or make the wrong right. The spade is astonish­

ed, for the sweet potatoes are without roots.' (fhe) sugar is sweet, but (the)sugar-cane was sweet before it. That which is here is delicious, and thatwhich is there is sweet. I t i s good to look at the sweet, but to eat it isbetter.Do yours, but let me do mine. The clean is one, the dirty are two, and sothe numbers ofhis are three. The child is like its mother. I t i s the size ofa cat; but its ears are like those of a sheep. L ike the mouse and the rat :having similar hair, but their business is not similar. L ike the 'fish enteringin the net: the going in is light, but getting out is dark. L ook at the true,and examine justice. Some people are white, and some are brownish.Many (are those who) wish to be clever, but idleness hinders them. A manmet me yesterday. Every one should praise God.

' A proverb meaning: There will yet be other opportunities of getting afill of beef.• ' A prov'erb: You have not got what you expected.

Bx. XCII I. — Pugt y3.Rasandy, the teacher. Rakoto, the smith. Our Father, Who art in

heaven. 'fhat is your dog. The crows wake up early. The rats work in thenight. He beat me with a stick. My father has a good house. The fiowerschange their forms. The child's garment is changed. It was to beat youthat he sent me a stick. Paul, the Apostle, wrote many epistles. That oxofyours is fierce. Your child sleeps in the evening. The tree has goodleaves. Some beat him with fists. I fetched you to wash my clothes. Sing,my child. H is house is by the road-side. Rabe, the butcher is troublesometo me. The poor have bad clothes. (The) good people are of few'words(reserved). This is your garment. The man changed his thoughts again.Theair(wind) ofyour town is bad. He sent me to buy some oxen, sheep,and birds. Rakoto, the writer, shewed the, paper and its price.

Ex. XCIV.— Page yy.The mistress is pleased with that, and we will do it . Y es, that is good,

younger) brother. L i f t up your eyes, good woman, and look at that mountain,or your senior is there. Andrianaivo, said the father to his son, go andfetch some wood. Tell your wife, good man, that there are good clothesthere. Your friend wishes you good-bye. Ilaivao is singing, and Andriama­toa Rakoto is'crying. 0 p eople, I am in danger! I w i sh you good-bye,friends. Perhaps the master yonder considers,that to be true, and so heagrees. Is t ha t word of yours true, brother-in-law? And says the boy:"Who is the God of my father, mother?" Cal l Iboto, and give him his dog.

Ex. XCV.— Pisgr yy.We saw a brown ox. A black cat is there. That is somebody's bird.

Eat what is good. Fetch a stone. Br ing me a plate and a kn'ife. A soldierkilled a dog on Thursday. That belongs to the Queen, so take off your hats.His father is a famous man. Those who speak softly make me glad, andI willgivethem somepeaches. There is somebody in our house. That isa dog. He rode on a white horse. I have a coat. There isan island calledJava.

Ex. XCVI.— Page )y5.The money is in my hand. I shall buy something in the market. Where

did Ranaivo go to? He went to the country. There is a knife on the table.Ambatomiangara is yonder. Where? Yonder to the west. Yonder? Yes.Y our senior (or elder brother) is yonder on the road, and go to him. H ewould not let me go there. Put your garment a little further away, for i t i sdirty there, and it may be soiled. H ere? No , there on the chair. ' I t i ssaid there is a fierce ox yonder. - The fierce ox is not there al. all, for i t i sdown yonder. I t is not there any more, for it has gone away to the south.Where at the south? Away yonder to the south. I pu t i t somewhere here.There are none here, perhaps they are down yonder. His house is yonder.Where? Yonder. W i l l you wash clothes here? Here we shall wash (our )clothes, for Ankatso is too far. Take your oxen to the field, Iboto, but donotgoup yonder any more. The grass has become green lately. But ashort time ago it was almost dry,

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Ex. XCVII.— Pag», ?6.To-day, if you will hear his voice! I s hal l not write the day after to­

morrow. The people have been waiting for you ever since morning. Theteachers come up every six months. He is come in the house now. Thechild criesincessantly, forit is i l l . W e worked all. day long. The letters(papers) of the foreigners came on that very da). Some of the grass will bedry in a few days. Ea t your rice at this moment, Iboto, fsr we shall go verysoon. The beef was already cooked, and you must not cook it any more.Our master buys two hundred and fifty TENY SOA every month. I h ave notseen a more beautiful butterfiy than this ever since I was born. I bought th ishat to-day. I t is said that the people yonder at the north formerly besmearedthemselves with red pamt. A n d now they wash their han'ds if they havepaint on them. H is father said: "Come home,' then he went home at thatmoment. The people with us wash (their) clothes often. That man prays'three times every day. They all come up to town twice a year.

Ex. XCVII I .— PageDo not give (me) my money little by little, but give it ( to me) wholly. He

would have been killed, if his horse had not gone slowly. Perhaps I shallfinish this in three times. The children are playing. but I was writing. Theseare sweet," this too is sweet and very fragrant, The lamp is almost goneout. I t is almost evening, and all the fowls are going home. Perhaps youbeat the horse, and it is getting too obstinate. Even the ox knows its owner,how much more mankind? If my younger brother comes to.day, I shallsend him to you. Perhaps your younger brother will not come to-day, fort he water is becoming swollen, and it reaches to the armpits now. You a reafraid of that even. Do not be afraid, brother-in-law, for we have got a l lthe price of the oxen. Eat your rice l i t tle by l i t t le. ( T he) stone is harderthan (the) wood, but (the) stone is more easily broken if perchance theirthickness be the same.

Ex. XCIX.— Page y8.You speak angrily, and so you must be wrong. Where are your houses?

I exceedingly hate to sing idly. How did he write our names? He wrote(them) well. When wasyour hat bought? How shall (we) cook the rice?H ow do you do, friend? Ac t not maliciously to your companions H e i sspeaking softly. When will you come to us? How is your mother? Thatchild sleeps as he eats. W hat shall (we) do with i t i ' R anaivo swimsstanding. The good woman is crying mournfully. The p late was brokeninto two equal part. Pl y garment was torn transversely. My coat is tornfrom top to bottom; please, sew it.

Ex. C.- Page y8.I talked with him, and he told me his thoughts. Come and talk (with

m e), for talking with you makes me glad. Come along with us, child. D onot take that book to h im, for i t c ame from him. P u t y our feet into thewater. Put your umbrella on the Roor. Perhaps the people will come onSaturday. Do not frtch those papers, for they belong to John. Whose arethese pens? There is a beautiful Rower near him. H e has no fr iend exceptRakoto. Do not depart hence until your mother comes. Shut the windowuntil I have done eating W a i t t i l l he comes. How many are the numbersfrom one to twenty-ane? It is warm from {the) August to (the) March. I

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am'buyingthese things for tny,friend, for he is going to Tamatave the dayafter to-morrow. I assent to your words on account of my love of yourfather.His child stood opposite to the Queen.

Ex. CI. — Page yg.He movedthe table tothe middle of the house. He went before me, and

he has got away yonder across to the east. I stood behind you. There isa lofty tree on the brink of the ditch on the south of the town. Si t down atthe left hand of your father, for your elder (brother) is sitting on his righthand. 'What is, that man standing on the side of the gate doing? There isa httle mist yonder on the top of the mountain. He overtook us in the middleof the road. Al l our relatives live on the edge of the town. He was broughtbefore the judge, and was ordered to be beaten in the sight of the people.Stand at my side (by me), but do not sit behind me. Did you put my hat onthe table or below it. I l ef t it at the bottom of the cupboard, sir. Go to theother side of that mountain, but do not stop in the middle nor go up to thetop of it . T h ere is a k n ife at the bottom of that b luish chair. T hesebananas ripened on the tree, and that makes them very sweet. That is falleninto the middle, and it is dif5cult to be taken out. (He is) lying on (his) sideand cannot wake up.

Ex. CII.— Page 8s.Thisiswhat he says, andtheseare his words, sir. Said I i n answering.

T hus (or as follows) was his conversation. You sing it as "Lah, lah." A n dI sing it as "Me, doh." T h is is what I say to you: "I care for nothing ifyou are good." And the words of the people are as follo'ws: "Plant thetrees, buy the rice, divide the money, and come to us again." Thus weanswered him: "There is no rain, and so the trees cannot be planted; theinoney is spent, and(we) have no money with which to buy rice; and themoney is already divided." k ut h s a id t o her mother-in-law: "D o n o tcompel me to leave you, for your people shall be my people, your God shallbe my God, and I wili be buried in the ground where you are buried." VVho(or which) is true?

Ex. CII I.— Page 83.It is soft words that make riches easy (to be got), and it is hard words that

make (people) to quarrel with one another. I t is water that does not go up,and the Rame that does not bend down. I t is the horse that gallops fast, butnot the sheep; and it is the chameleon that goes very slowly, but not themouse. It wss the servant that tore your clothes, sir, but not I. Theelephant is the largest of all quadrupeds, and the whale is the largest of allthose which are in the sea, but the lion is the strongest, perhaps. John ishis name. ( 1 'he) silk is the dearest (kind of) cloth. Because somebodytalks, should we not like (our) relatives? I t i s (because of) the cold thatone wears a garment, and it is (because of) the famine that one eats food.It is my sorrow that makes me cry. There is the house of the butcher.Where did you put my book? I t i s on his hands that he has the itch. Sendthose who assent. I t i s the long you must cut off , and the short must belengthened. I t is the ripe fruits you should buy. I f you are pleased, sir, letme do the nrriting. I t is the singing that should be done 6rst. 1 'he sickonly must not come. I t is that one fruit you should not eat. I wil l not adviseyou many times, but do not Sght with anybody. And let not that coat ofmine be sewn, lest you should spoil it.