making sense of the new wireless standards bard moss network architect moss network consulting, inc....
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Making Sense of the New Wireless Standards
Bard MossNetwork ArchitectMoss Network Consulting, Inc.
WiFi Bluetooth
WiMax
802.16e
802.11n
802.11g
Making Sense of the New Wireless Standards
WiFi
WLAN
WPAN
BluetoothB
lu-ray
802.11b
WiM
ax
802.11a
802.16e
802.16a
802.11n
802.11g
802.11i
802.
3ae
802.20
802.16-2005
802.15
WMANZigBee
Which is not wireless?
WiMedia
Bard Moss
Moss Network Consulting
Evolution of Data Standards
Voice Related Data Standards– Bell Labs – AT&T Digitized voice
Codecs Digital Carriers (T1)
Cellular Vendors Digital Carriers (GSM,
CDMA) Data along with voice
Email IM Instant Messaging
Some testing of cellular and WiFi handsets
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
802.x including Ethernet,WiFi, & WiMax
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
TCP/IP ISO International
Standards OrganizationOpen Systems Interconnection
(OSI) Reference Model – 7 Layers
Architecture
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model
7 Layers Reference Model File, print, database, application
services Data encryption, compression,
translation services Dialog control
End to end control Routing
Framing, bridging, transmission Physical topology
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Data Link Layer -- OSI Reference Model
2 Data Link Sub Layers
LLC – Logical Link Control IEEE 802.2
MAC - Media Access Control IEEE 802.3 Ethernet IEEE 802.4 Token Bus IEEE 802.5 Token Ring IEEE 802.6 Metropolitan Area
Networks IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN IEEE 802.15 Wireless PAN IEEE 802.16 Broadband
Wireless Access IEEE 802.20 Mobile
Broadband Wireless Access
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Media Access Control
Physical
Logical Link Control
IEEE 802 standards are restricted to networks carrying variable-size packets
IEEE 802.X MAC - Media Access Control
802.11
WLAN
Wireless Local Area Network
WiFi
802.11a
802.11b
802.11g
802.11i
802.11n
802.15
WPAN
Wireless Personal Area Network
•Bluetooth
•ZigBee
•UWB Ultra Wide Band
802.16
WMAN
Wireless Metro Area Network
•WIMAX
•802.16
•802.16a
•802.16d
•802.16-2005
•802.16e
802.20
MBWA
Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
•Service at 155 MPH
•Working on standard
Wireless Standards Coverage Area
802 protocols are optimized for these distances – no actual distance limits
Wireless Personal Area Network
IEEE 802.15
Wireless Local Area Network
Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
Few Meters
Hundreds of MetersTens of MilesIEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.16
WiFi
Bluetooth
WiMax
802.11 WiFi Modulation Techniques
Operational performance depends on signal reception – automatic change in speed (54 – 1 Mbits/sec)802.11g
OFDM orthogonal frequency-division multiplexingData rates of 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54
Mbit/s802.11b
CCK for 5.5 and 11 Mbit/s DBPSK/DQPSK+DSSS for 1 and 2 Mbit/s.
802.11 WiFi Frequencies
Protocol overhead limits data throughput
Protocol Release Date
Op. Frequency Data Rate (Typical)
Data Rate (Max)
Legacy 1997 2.4 - 2.5 GHz* 1 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s
802.11a 1999 5.15-5.35 GHz** 5.47-5.725 GHz** 5.725-5.875 GHz*
25 Mbit/s 54 Mbit/s
802.11b 1999 2.4 - 2.5 GHz* 6.5 Mbit/s 11 Mbit/s
802.11g 2003 2.4 - 2.5 GHz* 25 Mbit/s 54 Mbit/s
802.11n 2008(est) 2.4 or 5 GHz 200 Mbit/s 540 Mbit/s
* ISM - Industrial, Scientific, Medical (microwave oven – 2.4)
** U-NII – Unlicensed National Infrastructure
802.11 WiFi Extensions
Range extender (or wireless repeater) can increase the range of an existing wireless network
Multiple SSIDs (i.e. multiple VLANs – encrypted corporate and open guest)
Proprietary mesh network (wireless backhaul) 802.11s unapproved standard (target 2008)
Proprietary channel bonding Can boost speeds to 108 Mbits/sec
Proprietary packet bursting techniques Can boost speeds to 108 Mbits/sec
Draft 802.11n or Pre-n (including MIMO)
802.11n High Speed WiFi
Builds on 802.11 standards Adds MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output). MIMO uses multiple transmitter and receiver
antennas to allow for increased data throughput through spatial multiplexing
Standard not complete (projected 2008) Vendors have pre-n products on market
Very little interoperation (sometimes within the same vendor)
No guarantee of compatibility to 802.11n standard May not be firmware upgradeable
802.11i WiFi Security Most access points can also filter by MAC address 802.11 included Wired Equivilent Privacy (WEP)
Easily broken Early equipment defaulted to no encryption
Wireless Protected Access (WPA) encryption Introduced by the Wi-Fi Alliance Intermediate solution to WEP insecurities Newer equipment turn on encryption by default
(i.e. MAC address as key)
IEEE 802.11i, also known as WPA2 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) block cipher 802.1X for authentication (i.e. RADIUS server) Four-way handshake authentication
As of 2006, WPA and WPA2 encryption are not easily crackable
if strong passwords are used
802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network
Personal Area Network 802.15 Dynamic group of less than 255 devices No online connection with external devices is defined 2.4 GHz frequency
Bluetooth 802.15.1 Low-power wireless technology intended to replace
cables and wires Multiple devices discover and talk to each other
(up to 7) Speeds up to 1M bit/sec Range of roughly 30 feet
802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network
High Rate 802.15.3 WiMedia Alliance Multimedia streaming over wireless networks 20 to 55 Mbit/sec (2.4 GHz) Up to 245 wireless fixed and portable devices About 3 years to develop
Ultra Wide Band (proposed 802.15.3a) Wide bandwidth, low power, short pulses, high data rate
802.15.4 ZigBee Alliance Decentralized control mesh - so there's no single point that all
information has to flow through Low bandwidth Most turn on when needed – efficient power control
Example light switch with no power wires Light fixture is always on and listening – monitor and forward
traffic Telemetric devices
802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network Plan
WiMax Standard– What Is It? Point to Multipoint Wireless MAN (not LAN) Connection Oriented Supports difficult user environments
High bandwidth, hundreds of users per channel Continuous and burst traffic Very efficient use of spectrum
Protocol-Independent core (ATM, IP, Ethernet, …) Balances between stability of contentionless and
efficiency of contention-based operation Proponents say signal can extend as far as 30 miles,
depending on how wide a spectrum band is used
802.16 WMAN - WiMax (Continued)
WiMax standards802.16d
Eliminates the need for an outdoor antenna Let vendors build PC Cards to the standard
802.16-2005 A unified standard (combines all through 802.16d)
802.16eStandard not complete (projected 2008)Supports handoffs between base stations, making
it truly mobile.
802.16 WMAN - WiMax Future
WiMax – Next Big Thing Base Station to Subscriber Stations
Building or Laptop Multipoint multichannel distribution system (MMDS)
license holders (licensed and unlicensed bands) Initially to compete with DSL and cable modem service –
especially rural areas Expensive customer installation (outside antenna) not required Current small operators (ISPs) using 802.11 to bridge the last
mile From a single base station, an antenna can transmit as much
as 75M bit/sec of bandwidth for 2 or 3 miles Intel a big proponent – plan to install in every laptop
Cellular Wireless Data
Provider Cellular Technology Generation Speed
Sprint CDMA 1xRTT 2G 128k
CDMA EV-DO 3G 500-700k
Verizon CDMA 1xRTT 2G 128k
CDMA EV-DO 3G 500-700k
Cingular GSM GPRS 2G 40k
GSM EDGE 2G 160k
GSM UMTS/HSPDA 3G1,800k burst400-700k ave
Nextel GSM GPRS 2G 40k
T-Mobile GSM GPRS 2G 40k
GSM EDGE 2G 160k
Some testing of cellular and WiFi handsets ---- (GSM is world wide standard)
802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
Designed to provide broadband data in a mobile environment (hand off at base stations)
Service at 155 MPH Class of service included in design One option for 4G cellular technology Data rate and range is only half that of WiMAX Working Group re-instated in Sept 2006
IEEE 802.X MAC - Media Access Control
802.11
WLAN
Wireless Local Area Network
WiFi
802.11a
802.11b
802.11g
802.11i
802.11n
802.15
WPAN
Wireless Personal Area Network
•Bluetooth
•ZigBee
•UWB Ultra Wide Band
802.16
WMAN
Wireless Metro Area Network
•WIMAX
•802.16
•802.16a
•802.16d
•802.16-2005
•802.16e
802.20
MBWA
Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
•Service at 155 MPH
•Working on standard
Questions?