making proteins from dna to protein. what is transcription? transcription = the process of making...
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Making Proteins
From DNA to Protein
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What is transcription?
• Transcription = The process of making RNA from DNA’s instructions
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Process of transcription
1. Enzymes unzip the molecule of DNA by breaking what special bond??????
2. Free RNA nucleotides attach to one exposed strand of DNA
3. The sugar-phosphate backbone bonds. This time is uses which sugar? (think R instead of D)
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Process of transcription
4. The mRNA breaks away as the DNA strands rejoin. The DNA re-bonds into its original state
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Process of transcription
5. mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm.
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What is the genetic code?
• mRNA carries a genetic message• Uhhh…so what is a genetic message?– a sequence of nucleotides that instruct how to
build proteins
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Genetic Code (cont)
• amino acids make up what macromolecule?– PROTEINS
• there are only 20 common amino acids in the world; they are the same 20 amino acids for all living organisms. The difference comes from the coding sequence.
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Codons
• Codon - A sequence of 3 nitrogenous bases that match with a specific amino acid. – Ex: ATG
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Codons
• The RNA strand AUGUAAAUU is actually the following three codons:– AUG UAA AUU
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Codons
• The order of the nitrogenous bases in the mRNA determines the type of the amino acids in a protein.
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Codons
• There are 64 possible codons but only 20 Possible Amino Acids
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Start and Stop codons
• Start codon = AUG (Methionine or Met)
• Stop codons = UAA UAG UGA
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Tidbits to Remember!
• More than one codon can code for the same amino acid BUT for any one codon, there can only by one amino acid!!!
• The genetic code is UNIVERSAL. (i.e. all organisms use this code for making proteins)
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Translation
• Translation = The process of making proteins from amino acids using the instructions written on mRNA.
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Translation location
• Translation happens in the cytoplasm
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Translation steps
1. The strand of mRNA attaches to the ribosome
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Translation steps
2. A tRNA molecule brings the first amino acid to the mRNA strand that is attached to the ribosome.
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Translation steps
3. A tRNA anticodon pairs with the first mRNA codon temporarily.
What is the first mRNA codon? – AUG
Anticodon = Region of tRNA that is complimentary (or reverse) to the codon of the mRNA. This is where it attaches.
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Translation steps
4. AUG signals the start of protein production.
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Translation steps
5. The ribosome slides along the mRNA to the next codon.
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Translation steps
6. A new t RNA carrying an amino acid pairs with the second mRNA codon.
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Translation steps
7. the first and second amino bond together in a peptide bond.
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Translation steps
8. This process continues joining amino acids until the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA strand.
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Translation steps
9. The amino acid strand (now an amino acid chain) released from the ribosome.
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Translation steps
10. Once released the Amino Acid Chain folds into a protein (tertiary structure!)
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DNA replication vs. transcriptionDNA Replication 1. DNA to DNA2. DNA is permanently split and now has a parent and daughter strand3. Final product prepares cell for division but remains in the nucleus (b/c DNA never leaves!)
DNA Transcription 1. DNA to RNA2. DNA returns to original state3. Final product shoots out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to make proteins at the Ribosome!
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