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4/13/2011K R A NARASIAH -

MADRASAPATNAM1

SPIT OF SAND

TO A CITY

MAKING OFMADRAS


MADRASAPATNAM2

MADRAS –THE FIRST CITY

English settlement in India started with trading centres at

Surat - 1612 Madras - 1639 Bombay - 1668 Pondicherry - 1674 Calcutta - 1698


MADRASAPATNAM3

THE COROMANDEL COAST IN1639:

Masulipatam was the main English trading port with Thomas Clarke as the agent

Francis Day was the Chief at Armagon (Durgarayapatnam)

Day had in 1637 sailed up to “Pollecheere” and located a place at the outlet of Cooum

Here in the Coast he saw an opportunity to build a godown and trade from the place at the river mouth, where ships could anchor.


MADRASAPATNAM4

NAYAKS OF MADRAS

Damarla Venkatapathy Nayak ruled all the coast country from Pulicat to the Portuguese settlement of San Thome, calling himself the “Lord General of Carnatic”.

He had his head-quarters at Wandiwash and his brother Ayyappa Nayak resided at Poonamallee


MADRASAPATNAM5

THE GRANT OF MADRAS

Day secured a grant from the Naik (Farman), granting permission to trade.

The date of signing his grant was 22nd August 1639. (This document is marked as O. C. No. 1690 in Love’s book)

Beri Thimmappa was the facilitator for the grant, who had come with the English.

In this grant the place is named Madrasspatam. Cogan and Day arrived in Madras on 20th Feb 1640 and

started building the fort. They arrived in ships called Eagle and Unity (It appears

there was a third ship, but details are not known)


MADRASAPATNAM6

REASON FOR NAYAK TO HAVE ENGLISH HERE

If Nayak was eager to offer the place to the English, that could have been due to his concern for peace in the area.

The Portuguese had their factory at SanThome for some generations and the Dutch had Pulicat and the distance between these places was just about 25 miles

The political jealousy between the Protestant Dutch and the Catholic Portuguese was extended to their trade as well.

Frequent sea battles ensued and Dutch usually had an upper hand and the war had been taken to the land; the peace of the place was disturbed..

There is a reference to this in a subsequent letter written from Masulipatam.


MADRASAPATNAM7

TRADE AND MERCHANDISE

By this time the Europeans had mastered the sea and were able to sail around for trade and establish factories


MADRASAPATNAM8

CHINTZ COTTON MATERIAL By late 1600 the

Coromandel Coast was the scene of rivalries among European powers for control of the Indian textile and spice trade.

The English, the Dutch, the French and the Danish established themselves in the Coromandel Coast.

Portuguese were already in Santhome.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Sarasa_chintz.jpg�


MADRASAPATNAM9

COTTON MATERIAL FROM INDIA

Chintz was originally a wood block printed, painted or stained calico produced in India between 1600 to 1800.

These early fabrics were extremely expensive and rare.

By 1680 more than million pieces of chintz were imported into England.


MADRASAPATNAM10

COGAN AND NAGABATTAN

The main problem for the British in that time was lack of fund.

At last in February 1640, Day and his colleague Cogan, accompanied by a few factors and writers, soldiers, artificers and a Hindu powder maker called Naga Battan, proceeded to Madras and started the English factory on 20th Feb 1640.


MADRASAPATNAM11

DRAWING BY Dr. FRYER -1673FORT AS IT WAS


MADRASAPATNAM12

AFTER THE SETTLEMENT To the square bastioned construction which was walled

to enclose the factory house, the British gave the name Fort St. George.

The settlement which grew up around the fort was recognised by them as Madras.

The European quarter nearest the Fort became merged with the Indian quarter in the north, and the settlement existed for nearly twenty years before a dividing wall was built between the two areas.

Thus this area became distinct from the Indian quarter. In the map prepared under orders of Thomas Pitt, this

area is shown as "White Town" while the other area occupied by the Indians was designated as "Black Town"


MADRASAPATNAM13

OLD MAPS OF MADRAS AND FORT

Fort

M. PetaP.N.PetahElumur river

Cooum river

The size of the fort measured outside was 108 yards north-south and 100 yards east-west.

island


MADRASAPATNAM14

SOME IMPORTANT TURNING POINTS DECIDING FATE OF MADRAS

The East India Company establisheda.d. 1600 Site of Madras acquired by Mr. Francis Day1639 The Hindu lord of the Carnatic (the Raja of Chandragiri)

dethroned by the Mohammedan Sultan of Golconda and the Company secures from Golconda a fresh title to their possessions 1646

The Sultan of Golconda dethroned by the Moghul Emperor, Aurangzeb, who appoints a 'Nawab of the Carnatic'1687

The Company secures from a representative of the Emperor a fresh title to their possessions

Da-ud Khan, Nawab of the Carnatic, invests Madras for three months, and is finally bought off1702


MADRASAPATNAM15

CHANGES TAKE PLACE In 1652, an important year in the history of Madras, Fort

St. George was made a Presidency and its Agent came to be known as President.

In those early years the Indian town was governed by three chief hereditary officials; the Adhikhari, who dispensed justice, the Kanakkupillai, who assisted the Adhikari, and the Pedda Naick, the Chief Watchman and the head of the Talaiyaris.

The Pedda Naik was in charge of Law and Order of the town.

The English were clever enough not to disturb the hierarchy and used the available Indian administrative system to their advantage.


MADRASAPATNAM16

TRADERS TO RULERS!

The English arrived on board small ships, Eagle and Unity, with no trumpets blowing or drums beating; it does not even seem they had a musket when they landed!

They did not come to conquer, but they did succeed in conquering not by war but by many carefully executed schemes, using the weaknesses of the local people.


MADRASAPATNAM17

TEMPLES OF MADRAS A temple was constructed in the heart of the Indian

village that grew up. It was dedicated to Chenna Kesava Perumal and built on

part of the grounds of the present High Court. In Thomas Pitt map of about 1710, several temples are

mentioned. One is called the Great Pagoda in Black Town, one to the north of Muthialpeta and two to the west of in Peddanaickanpeta.

The first one was located in the site where the High Court came to be later. It occupied according to Pitt's map, a square of 270 feet sides and lasted till 1757, when it was demolished owing to military exigencies, by John Call.


MADRASAPATNAM18

PEOPLE WHO BUILT THIS TEMPLE

In 1646, Nagabattan, company’s powder maker made an endowment to this temple.

In 1648 Beri Thimmanna made another endowment.

The documents, (one endorsed in Telugu) say so.

However it is felt that Beri Thimmanna was associated with the temple as early as 1640.

This temple had two shrines one for Vishnu and the other for Shiva.(Chenna Kesava and Chenna Malleswara)


MADRASAPATNAM19

Contd.,

This temple was pulled down to build the present high court complex, in 1757.

The bricks thus available were used to build Fort’s walls!

In February 1762 the company offered as compensation, 565½ pagodas and an equal area, where, the twin temples Chenna Kesava Perumal (Vaishnava) and Mallikeswarar (Saivite) were built


MADRASAPATNAM20

Contd.,

Manali Muthukrishna Mudaliar, then dubashi of Pigot, contributed in 1762, 5,202 pagodas and the Company gave again 1,173 pagodas.

The temples were consecrated in 1766. These were regarded as Company

Temples and the employees wore the company badge!


MADRASAPATNAM21

PICTURES OF FORT THEN


MADRASAPATNAM22

ELIHU YALE

Born in Boston of English family, Elihu Yale arrived in Madras in 1672

When the Governor Streynshem Master built St Mary's church with personal contributions, Yale paid 15 pagodas! (Clive married Margaret here; Charnock’s children were baptised here)

In 1687 Yale became governor, at his 39th year. The fortune he made in India helped to form Yale

University! (£ 800) The flagstaff is a 150 ft (tallest in India) teak wood mast

got from a grounded ship (Loyall Adventure) erected in 1687, and the flag hoisted by Elihu Yale.


MADRASAPATNAM23

THE FORT AS BUILT THEN THE CARGO WAS KEPT IN HERE. .

The flagstaff is a 150 ft (tallest in India) teak wood mast got from a foundered ship (Loyall Adventure) erected in 1687, and the flag (cross of st George) hoisted by Elihu Yale.


MADRASAPATNAM24

Contd. . . .

One of the most important events during the Governorship of Yale was the institution of a Mayor and Corporation for the City of Madras.

Corporation of Madras, is the earliest of its kind in British India.

The originator of the scheme was Sir Josiah Child, the masterful and imperious Governor of the Court of Directors.


MADRASAPATNAM25

CORPORATION OF MADRAS

In 1688, by virtue of the Company's Royal Charter, a Corporation of the City of Madras came into being, and it was among their delegated duties that they should build a school in Black Town for the purpose of teaching 'Native children to speak, read, and write the English Tongue, and to understand Arithmetic and Merchants' Accompts.'

Outside London, this was the first corporation!


MADRASAPATNAM26

THE INAUGURATION

On 29th September 1688, the Corporation was inaugurated with all solemnity, the Mayor and others taking their respective oaths.

After lunch, towards three in the afternoon the whole Corporation marched in their several robes, the Aldermen in scarlet serge gowns, and the Burgesses in white China Silk, with the Mace carried before the Mayor in procession to the Town Hall.


MADRASAPATNAM27

YALE UNIVERSITY & MADRAS FUNDS

Elihu Yale amassed wealth in Madras, and spent lavishly in England after his return there in 1699.

At the request of Cotton Mather in 1718, Yale assisted the then struggling collegiate school in Connecticut with a gift of books and pictures which realised £ 560.

In recognition of his munificence, the College and subsequently the University which grew out of it was named after him!


MADRASAPATNAM28

COTTON MATHER & YALE In 1718,, Cotton Mather

contacted Elihu Yale for financial help in constructing a new building for the college.

Yale, donated nine bales of goods, which were sold for more than £560,.

Yale also donated 417 books and a portrait of King George I.

Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College in gratitude to its benefactor.

Cotton Mather


MADRASAPATNAM29

TRADERS BECOME RULERS The Company's management of Madras, started having designs on

colonising and they wrote to Yale, "Though our war be over you must continue to train and exercise in Arms all our Factors, Writers and the English Servants of all Degrees, from the highest to the lowest, according to our former orders, because we must for ever after keep ourselves a Martial Nation in India"

It is very clear from these words by Benjamin Bathurst and Josia Child, the Company's attitude having been inspired by King James II who favoured an aggressive policy in India.

This, in effect is the turning point in the history of India and the policy of the English, to change themselves from traders to rulers!


MADRASAPATNAM30

SEA TRADE STARTED WITH MADRAS AS A ROADSTEAD PORT


MADRASAPATNAM31

FRENCH CAPTURE SANTHOME

French naval squadron arrived at Santhome in 1672

French occupation of Santhome lasted over two years.

During the siege Moslems and Dutch fought against the French

Both Triplicane temple and Mylapore temples were used to keep forces both by the Moslems and the Dutch


MADRASAPATNAM32

DESTRUCTION OF SANTHOME

On 1st March 1673, Admiral de la Haye destroyed the field works and occupied “une grande pagode nomme Trivilicany”

Later he fell ill and the force became weak French appealed to the Naik of Madurai for help But eventually Dutch took over Santhome By end 1675 Santhome was handed over to

King of Golconda


MADRASAPATNAM33

DESTRUCTION OF SANTHOME - II

When Langhorn was Governor, (1672) he thought Santhome will be a problem and wanted to destroy it entirely

Now the Dutch joined the English Abul Hasan of Golconda agreed but

wanted to spare some important buildings English sent 200 coolies and destroyed

Santhome to a great extent


MADRASAPATNAM34

FRENCH OCCUPY MADRAS

The French capture of Madras by Labourdonnais in 1746 is a great event in the history of the City.

The French were in occupation of the City for three years till August 1749. They planned to retain it permanently. They demolished the Indian houses of Old Black Town which adjoined the north wall of the Fort.

The southern portion of the Old Black Town was consequently destroyed.

On 21st August 1749 Madras was restored to the British under the treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle


MADRASAPATNAM35

ADDING TERRITORY The village of Triplicane was first added, twenty years after the

acquisition of Madras, for an annual rent of Rs. 175, which ceased to be paid when the Golconda dynasty shortly afterwards came to an end.

Later, the Company received a free grant of 'Tandore (Tondiarpet), Persewacca (Pursewaukam), and Yegmore (Egmore).'

Still later, in the reign of Aurangzeb's son and successor, the village of Lungambacca (Nungumbaukam), was granted, together with four adjoining villages, for a total annual rent of 1,500 pagodas (say Rs. 5,250), which the emperor thought was too little.

The Company, were clever enough to send through their representatives, a sum of Rs. 700 'to be distributed amongst the King's officers who keep the Records, in order to settle this matter.'

The village of Vepery was acquired in 1742 from the Nawab of Arcot, a young lad propped up by the company!


MADRASAPATNAM36

INDIANS COME TO THE FRONT

Many Indian merchants of the Company were the contractors for the supply of cotton cloth that was needed for export and for the sale of the European goods of the Company.

The senior merchants were termed the Company's Chief Merchants; and the agents and brokers of individual English merchants who were also translators, came to be known as Dubashes. (knowing two languages).


MADRASAPATNAM37

SOME GREAT DUBASHES

Two great Indian dubashes are remebered for their contribution to the society

Manali Muthukrishna Mudaliar Pachaiyapppa Mudaliar. They were great philanthropists.


MADRASAPATNAM38

MANALAI MUTHUKRISHNA MUDALIAR

Muthukrishna Mudaliar and his son Venkatakrishna Mudaliar of Manali extended patronage to Dikshitar family

Muthuswami Dikshitar composed 'nottuswarams' An European violinist taught Baluswami

Dikshitar to play on violin (1806-1814) and he adapted his play to suit the genius of Carnatic music. .

Thus Baluswami Dikshitar is credited to be the pioneer to introduce violin in the South


MADRASAPATNAM39

DIKSHITAR

A great composer, son of Ramaswami Dikshitar(who introduced Hamsadhawani raga) composed Vatapi Ganapathim, which is normally sung as opening invocation in concerts


MADRASAPATNAM40

PACHAIPPA MUDALIAR

Cooum was known as Komaleswaram In the banks of it lived Pachaippa mudaliar He died young (40) left a will to provide education for

Hindu youth in English education There was 47 year long dispute and then courts ordered

4.5 lakhs for religious charity and rest for education. The court appointed a Board of Trustees.

Now this trust is considered as the biggest with a value of Rs 150 mill. in 1990


MADRASAPATNAM41

THE TRUST Pachaiyappa's College, a well-known Hindu institution,

had its first beginning in 1842. it began as a school; the school was called

'Pachaiyappa's Central Institution,' and was located in Black Town.

The present buildings were opened in 1850 by Sir Henry Pottinger, an ex-governor of Madras.

The trustees neglected the provisions of the will, whereupon the High Court assumed control of the funds, which under the Court's control rose to the value of nearly Rs. 7½ lakhs.

The original amount was set apart for the fulfilment of the terms of the will, and the surplus was assigned to educational purposes in Pachaiyappa's name.


MADRASAPATNAM42

SUPPORTED EDUCATION FOR HINDU BOYS


MADRASAPATNAM43

SOME IMPORTANT ENGLISHMEN

There were some Englishmen of the company who did yeoman service to India.

But for their service we could have not had our history properly remembered.

Among them noteworthy are Colin Mackenzie and F W Ellis


MADRASAPATNAM44

FAMINES AND RELIEF WORKS Madras had seen some of the worst famines and there

was one that lasted through 1876-1878. In 1875 when Duke of Buckingham & Chandos took

over as governor, he decided on relief work through cutting canals.

Earlier, Basil Cochrane had cut a navigable canal through the North River, right upto Armagon (Durgaraya Patnam).

It was later extended to link canals of Krishna and Godavari.

In the South a canal was cut from Papanchavadi ti Sadras.


MADRASAPATNAM45

CANAL EXTENSION The result of the effort of the Duke was an eight km

stretch canal, linking adyar and Cooum, at a cost of 30 lakhs!

By 1882 this canal linked Markanam in the south and, Kakinada in the north, via the Cochrane canal. (400 kms!)

The stretch in the City came to be known as Buckingham canal.

This was a navigable canal and people and cargo were transported through it till the early half of 20th century.

From Mylapore to Mahabalipuram there was regular service!


MADRASAPATNAM46

COLIN MACKENZIE Colin Mackenzie (1754-1821)

was he surveyor general of India

He was an orientalist and art collector.

With his own money he researched into the History of India and collected thousands of manuscripts from various places and hired Brahmins to transcribe them.

Part of his collection is in OML in the Madras University.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colinmackenzie.JPG�


MADRASAPATNAM47

INSCRIPTION OF FRANCIS WHYTE ELLIS

Ellis joined the service in 1796 He mastered Tamil and some South Indian

languages and also in Sanskrit. He established the difference between Dravida

languages from Indo Aryan Languages He has translated several verses of Thirukkural When Madras was reeling under drinking water

shortage as collector of Madras he sank 27 wells.

One of the wells had this inscription!


MADRASAPATNAM48


MADRASAPATNAM49

THE SEED FOR A PORT WAS BY WARREN HASTINGS IN 1770!

Hastings wrote to he HQ that there was a need for a port in Madras in 1770

The expenditure then would be 120,000 pounds.

It was not pursued.

Hastings, promoted , went away to Calcutta.


MADRASAPATNAM50

SOME IMPORTANT PLACES – I BRODIES CASTLE


MADRASAPATNAM51

NOW KNOWN AS THENDRAL

James Brodie’s cemetery is in St Mary’s Church Born in 1769 he was running a business called

“Jarvis & Brodie” He was a member of the Exec committee of the

Pantheon In an area of 11 acres which he got from

Company in 1796; After building this castle his business came down

His wife had a premonition When he went sailing in a boat he was drowned

on Oct 16, 1801.


MADRASAPATNAM52

JINXED CASTLE! John Mc Iver the manager of the Bank of Madras was living in

this house during 1866 Captain Temple was the President of the Board of Municipal

Commissioners and Superintendent of Stamps, came visiting. Temple took Mc Iver's two young daughters and one Captain

Hope (ADC to Lord Napier) with Harry Scudamore Bostock for a pleasure ride in the river.

It capsized drowning all but Bostock, on the fateful day of 23rd Dec 1866.

Bostock, never recovered from the shock and was shipped to Southampton; while his three sisters waited for him, even before reaching home he died!

John McIver was shocked beyond belief and took retirement from the bank.


MADRASAPATNAM53

THE SCREW PILE JETTY 1861


MADRASAPATNAM54

A VIEW FROM OUTSIDE


MADRASAPATNAM55

SR IN PORT SERVICE

Sir Francis Spring is considered the father of Madras Port When Narayayna Iyer told About Ramanujan Spring was interested.It was he who made Gilbert Walker take interest in Ramanujan.


MADRASAPATNAM56

THE FIRST DAY CANCELLATION COVER


MADRASAPATNAM57

Sir Francis Spring

Spring headed the port from 1905 t0 1919

In these 15 years Madras Port saw a great resurgence!


MADRASAPATNAM58

CARGO MOVEMENT THEN


MADRASAPATNAM59

S M S EMDEN


MADRASAPATNAM60

WHEN EMDEN ATTACKED MADRAS HARBOUR


MADRASAPATNAM61

THE THEN PARRY’S CORNER


MADRASAPATNAM62

MADRAS WAS A BUSY HARBOUR


MADRASAPATNAM63

MADRAS EARLY 20TH CENTURY

making of madras - tamil heritage foundationtamilheritage.org/kidangku/nara_m/thfspit_of_sand.pdfand...

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