making lighting controls occupant friendly · certificates of completion for both aia members and...

QMOTION® | VANTAGE® | WATTSTOPPER®

MAKING LIGHTING CONTROLS OCCUPANT

FRIENDLY

1

Shannon J Markey, Regional Manager, Legrand / Wattstopper


Credit(s) earned on completion of

this course will be reported to AIA

CES for AIA members.

Certificates of Completion for

both AIA members and non-AIA

members are available upon

request.

This course is registered with AIA

CES for continuing professional

education. As such, it does not

include content that may be

deemed or construed to be an

approval or endorsement by the

AIA of any material of

construction or any method or

manner of

handling, using, distributing, or

dealing in any material or

product. ______________________________________

_

Questions related to specific materials,

methods, and services will be addressed at the

conclusion of this presentation.


Best practices for design and

commissioning of lighting controls to

make spaces occupant friendly. The

balance between energy savings desire

and occupant revolt.

Course

Description

Learning

Objectives

● How to properly specify lighting controls on a

project to insure you meet all Energy Code

requirements and desires of the owner on a

project.

This insures the project turns out how you want it

to.

● Selecting devices and sequence of operations that

make sense for the occupants and save additional

energy.

This leads to a more comfortable work environment

and prevents the disabling of control devices.

● Writing a proper Sequence of Operations.

This insures that the system is commissioned the

way the designer and the owner want it to be.

● Properly commissioning a project and training the

end user on the system they have.

This will help insure a positive end user experience

after everyone else is gone.


OBJECTIVES

Suggestions on clearly spelling out design intent on plans so projects turn out the way you anticipate.

Defining a clear Sequence of Operations

Suggest ways of making lighting controls more occupant friendly once installed for those working in commercial office spaces, as well as those maintaining them, while meeting or exceeding local energy codes.


Codes Call For Controls In Most Spaces And Continue To Become More Strict

• IECC, ASHRAE, T24, State and Local Codes

• Why do we have them & do they work??


Time Control Normal / After Hours Behavior

Mandatory Dimming Daylighting

Partial Off / Partial On Plug Load Control

Local Occupant Control Exterior Dimming

Demand Response Mandatory Occupancy Sensors

Current Code Requirements


“Lighting Controls would be much more simple if we could keep the occupants out of the work space.”


Add various occupants and opinions and things get crazy…

“My lights are too bright!”

“My lights are not

bright enough!

“My lights keep turning off while I am working!”

“The lights are

flickering when I

dim them.”

“How in the heck do I turn

these lights on in the

conference room?”

“What does this

switch do?” “My lights are

dimming

when I close

the blinds!”

“The lights went off

when I was in the

bathroom stall!”

“My lights went off

and my computer

shut down?”

“I can’t work

like this!!”


What can go wrong…

Donald Trump's team

'having meetings in the

dark as they can't find

right light switch in White

House'


Control Design

With proper design and installation, Lighting Controls can enhance the work place environment versus irritating and intimidating the occupants as they often do.


Comparison of Cost Magnitudes in the Typical Commercial Space

Unlike Energy, People/Productivity is difficult to

measure accurately. But a percentage growth

here can produce significant overall rewards

Human Centric Lighting might help with:

Commercial

Retail

Healthcare

Hospitality

Educational

Energy $3 ft2

Lease

People

$30 ft2

$300 ft2

Increased efficiency of

lighting making Lighting

Control ROI improvements

more difficult

Productivity

helped by Great

Lighting +

Effective Controls


12

The Costs of Keeping Occupants Comfortable

Herman Miller

Aeron Chair

$750 / EA

Fully Stocked High

End Kitchens

Priceless

Dual Screen

Vari-Desk

$475


Getting things to turn out well on a project takes an investment in time and research

Hoping things will work their way out is probably not the best solution path for any successful controls project.


Involve the Owner In Decision Making

Determine design objectives with owner other than just meeting the basic energy code:

Occupant Comfort Energy Savings / ROI

Scene Control Reduced Maintenance

Tuned Spaces Improved Productivity

What Else Do They Want Out of Their Lighting Controls?


Owner Participation

Involve the Owner / End User Early and Often

Use live demo products so owners actually understand what the controls do & what the sequence of operations will be.

Do a mock up of a typical room or two if possible.

A nodding head does not always indicate an understanding of what they are actually getting.

Keep the controls simple on the surface even if they are complex behind the scenes.


Owner Participation

Balance Energy Savings vs. Occupant Revolt

Disabled Controls = No Savings

Allow occupants some control within their space


Sequence Of Operations

Define a Clear SOO For Each Space Type

Auto or Manual On?

Pre-Sets Levels and/or Defined Scenes

Occupancy Sensor Time Outs By Area

Daylighting

Normal Hours (NH) / After Hours (AH) Behavior

Temporary Overrides (AH and Daylighting)

Program similar rooms the same way for common functionality and consistency


Think Through the Sequence by Space

Manual On: Must Manually Turn On Lights, aka “Vacancy Sensor”

Makes sense for areas with good day lighting or easy access to the wall controls.

Auto On: Lights Turn On As You Enter The Room

Where allowable by Code, this makes sense for dark rooms with no windows, spaces where controls are not near entry points, etc. Occupants tend to prefer Auto On.

Partial On: Some Lights Come On To A Level

Actually saves more energy than Manual or Auto. Can be a level or by switch leg and keep the occupants happy while still saving energy.


46% Less 52% Less

52% Energy Saving with Partial (50%) Auto-On Control Strategy Over Auto-On 100%

Partial On Can Save More Than Auto On


Think Through The Sequence By Space

Partial Off: Go to a level other than Off Makes sense for Hallways, Stairwells, Restrooms, Parking Garages, etc.

Allow lights to stay on at a lower level when unoccupied. Increases occupant comfort level as they are not entering a completely dark space.


Think Through The Sequence By Space

Presets: Lights turn on at a pre-determined level. In spaces that are occupied by many different people,

have lights always come on to a comfortable and consistent

level for all.

A “Last Level” can bring them on too low or too high. Too Low can generate unneeded calls to maintenance, and too high can cause occupants to complain. Shoot for consistency. Typically the occupants will have the lights below 100%.


Sequence of Operations

Consider Occupants & Spaces When Determining the Sequence of Operations For The Project

Private Interior Office

Private Exterior Office

Open Office Areas

Classrooms

Hallways / Corridors

Break Room

Public Restroom

Conference Rooms


Sequence of Operations: Private Interior Office

Single occupant and always the same person. No daylight.

SoO: Auto or Manual On to Preset Level

Manual Dimming to 10%

20 Minute Sensor Time Out

Plug Load Control (Sensor)


Sequence Of Operations: Private Exterior Office

Single occupant and always the same person. Daylighting.

SoO: Manual On to Preset Level

Daylighting w/ Temporary Override

Dimming to 10%


Plug Load Control (Sensor)


Sequence Of Operations: Open Office

Large number of ever changing occupants

SoO: Auto On To Preset Level (Consistent)


Local Dimming to 10%

20 Minute Sensor Time Out NH & AH

Plug Load Control: Auto On / Auto Off

2 Hour After Hours Override w/

Blink Warn


Sequence Of Operations: Conference Room

Revolving occupants.

Mixed Uses



Local Dimming to 1-5% for AV


Plug Load Control Auto On / Auto Off


Sequence Of Operations: Classroom

Rotating Teachers, Different Students, Custodial, etc.


Simple Control at Entry Points (On/Off)

Scene Control / Dimming at Teacher Station (Engraved)


Local Dimming to 1-5% for AV

20 Minute Sensor Time Out NH

5 Minute Sensor Time Out AH

Plug Load Control Auto On / Auto Off

Door Control Teacher Station


Sequence Of Operations: Hallway / Corridor:

Various occupants for short periods. Limited

control by occupants / security issues

SoO: Auto On to 100% NH

Partial Off to 20% During NH

10 Minute Time Delay NH

Auto On to 80% AH

Auto Off During AH

5 Minute Time Delay After Hours

No Daylighting Overrides

Secured Local Controls (Keyed Switch)


Sequence Of Operations: Break Room

Revolving occupants for short periods.

SoO: Auto On to 50% / Manual to 100% NH

Local Dimming Override

5 Minute Sensor Time Out NH & AH*

*The less time a room is occupied, the more

energy savings that can be attained by reducing

sensor time outs.


Sequence Of Operations: Public Restroom

Revolving occupants.

SoO: Auto On To 100% NH

Partial Off To 10-20% NH

Auto On to 80% AH

Auto Off To 0% AH

Local Keyed Switch Override / Dim



Include the Sequence of Operations on the construction documents. Written or Matrix by room or space type

Written Style SoO: Corridor

During normal hours the hallway will be at 100% illumination when occupied. After being

unoccupied for 10 minutes, the lights will drop to 20% light output and return to 100%

when someone enters again.

During after hours the hallway shall be completely off when unoccupied and illuminate

to 50% when occupied. The time delay will be 5 minutes.

At all times under Normal Power, the Emergency Fixtures shall turn on and off and dim

with Normal Fixtures. Upon loss of normal power, Emergency Fixtures Shall Illuminate

to 100%.



Matrix Style SoO

Clearly states Room Type, Type of Sensor, Daylighting, HVAC

Interface, Global Network, Local Control, Schedule and

Occupancy Sensor Behavior.


Importance Of The Meaning of Terms

Start Up/Programming, Testing & Commissioning

These three terms are incorrectly inter-changed, as they do not mean the same thing.

Start Up is Programming and Calibration. This is typically performed by the manufacturer and/or contractor.

Acceptance Testing is a defined schedule of testing that may be done by a commissioning agent, or by an Acceptance Test technician where required (T24).

Commissioning is done by an independent agent to verify the prior was done correctly per specifications.


Start Up & Programming Four Suggested Items for Every Specification

1) Mandatory Pre-wire Visit by

Manufacturer/Representative and Electrical

Contractor to review installation BEFORE Install

All systems install differently and EC's are

installing different systems weekly.

Installed System is often NOT the Basis of Design

Call out a specific time for it to happen.


Start Up & Programming

2) All devices installed per specific manufacturer’s recommendations and shop drawings

Devices don’t work when installed incorrectly.

Install Instructions Field Installation



3) Programming performed by a factory person or authorized technician. Include full documentation for the owner of all devices, settings, etc.

This is important for the owner down the line when they need factory support and all the other players have

moved on to other projects.



4) Owner training at turn over of building with a

second training 60-90 days after occupancy

Single best thing you can do for end user

End of job is extremely chaotic and overwhelming. The occupants are not even in the building yet. A day to re- train, tune, adjust, etc.

Have Manufacturer Provide Additional Remote Live Support for 1 Year Minimum


Commissioning

If not required by Code, also call for

basic commissioning of system by an

independent party to insure things are

installed correctly and working per

specification.

Hold installer responsible for any corrections that need to be made for proper operation.


Local Area Control

Required by most Energy Codes, but include even if not required. Allows occupants to feel in control. Given the option, lights will typically be lower than if controlled automatically.


Dim rather than Switch

Would you have an audio system with just 2-3 settings, or no temperature control in a room?

So Why Do That For The Lighting? Dim The Lights


Dim rather than Switch

Unlike traditional light sources, LEDs

allow for dimming at little or no additional

cost w/ 0-10v.

Allow the occupant to dim lights as well

as switch. Most of time they want the

lights lower than a control device (PC) may

set them.

Provides a more comfortable work setting while

saving additional energy. Can also increase

the life of electronics by reducing heat.


Dimming Allows Occupant Comfort In The Space

Occupant Signage Homemade Light Filters


Dimming Allows Occupant Comfort In The Space

The Herman Miller Cubicle Tent


Benefits of Dimming

Dimming Provides Energy Savings In two ways:

Reduction of energy use for

lighting which is one of largest

energy users traditionally.

Reduces Cooling Load in a 3:1 ratio.

Cooling is typically 3-5 times heating

Usage.

Lighting: 44%

Cooling: 14%

Heating: 3%


Importance of Tuning

0-10V is widely accepted and inexpensive.

There are issues as the dimming curve is not 100% linear, with no change between 0-1V or between 9-10V.

Some drivers also drop out or flicker at points between 0-3V.

The fixture may appear to be off when there is still power flowing to the fixture through the relay.

Set the trims accordingly so you have even linear dimming and lights only appear off when they are actually off.


Daylighting

The most challenging lighting control; yet it offers significant energy savings potential.

Difficult because we’re taking a reading at the ceiling to set a level at the task or floor.

Use the right PC for the Application Closed Loop: Single Zone Control

Open Loop: Multiple Zone Device

Dual Loop: Skylight Applications


Daylighting: Closed Loop Sensor

A closed loop sensor reads at a single point in the space, so it is a single zone control. Very difficult to control a second zone properly. Using 2 can cause dueling control devices.

Works off reflected light, so sometimes it does not work well in mounting applications above 10-12’ or areas with poor reflectance.


Daylighting – Open Loop Sensor

Reads light level at the window, and should not see any electric light in the room.

Properly calibrated, one photocell can control multiple zones independently based on the daylight contribution.

Increases energy savings and

reduces cost and device count.

http://www.wattstopper.com/products/details.html?id=340&category=145&type=Commercial


Daylighting – Dual Loop Sensor

Uses both open and closed loop technology to properly adjust lighting in skylight applications. Reduces challenges of either technology.

Different sun angles determine light

levels getting to work plane or floor.

Adjustable closed loop

view based on mounting

height.


Why Dual Loop?

Skylighting is very effective when the sun is high, but can be ineffective with low sun angles where most of the light is in the well vs on the floor.


Daylighting

If allowable by code, allow temporary override of daylighting for occupants based on time or through period of occupancy

HS Classroom: 1 -2 Hours

Grade School Classroom: 4 hours / half day

College Classroom: 1-3 hours

Private Office: 4 hours / half day

If not allowable by Code, consider adding it after occupancy and sign

Off. Lights at Mow End Save More Energy Than a Disabled PC.


Daylighting

A temporary override saves more energy than a permanently disabled photocell. Not allowing an override is only good for 3M and Post-It Sales.

Recent TI in San Francisco had 21 of 24 PC’s disabled within 2 weeks of

occupancy. Reprogrammed area to allow temporary over ride and not

one disabled photocell after 9 months.

Designer Try-Try Again Upgraded Basic


Daylighting

Even Saw This In An Electrical Engineer’s Office

Is That A

Retro 70’s

Cylinder

Downlight?


No. It’s A

Photocell

With A

Recycled

Coffee Cup

Around It.

Daylighting

The mechanical permanent override.


Other Daylight Factors

Other Things Can Influence The Photocell That May Cause The Need For An Override

Inverted Blinds Interior Light Shelves Reflective Strit on Window


Photocell Placement

Consult brand that is basis of design and place the device on your plans as close to where it should be mounted as possible. “Typical” location can be misleading and cost money.

Ericsson Project where they installed 2 multi-zone PC’s in each space when only one was needed. 50 additional sensors at $5000 in cost. Very expensive spares.

Weyerhaeuser Project: 35 Open Loop Sensors Placed in Center of Room Looking at the Side of a Fixture. WH uses Wood instead of Ceiling Tiles. No Functional Daylighting in the majority of a LEED Building.


Photocell Install: Closed Loop

Make Sure Sensors Are Mounted Per Install Instructions or They Will Not Work Correctly Closed Loop Sensor

Placed behind Fixture with

Indirect Light shining on it

Ideal Placement


Photocell Install: Open Loop

Make Sure Sensors Are Mounted Per Install Instructions or They Will Not Work Correctly. Open Loop Sensor

Photocell Dangling In

Space Aimed In Room Ideal Placement


Photocell Placement

Open Loop Sensor Looking Away From

Window And Tucked Into Ductwork. Open Loop Sensor oriented to

read the wall vs out window.


Photocell Commissioning

If the PC’s aren’t positioned correctly, make the EC move them to proper location during commissioning process.

PC Looking At Wall 5’

Above Window

PC Tucked Between

Ductwork & Wall PC Looking At Wall

Instead of Window


Photocell Install

Don’t use multiple photocells in the same or adjoining space / zone.

UW dueling photocells controlling the same fixture in daylight zone.

Switched uplight, dimmed downlight. A constant cycling of lamps for control.


Daylighting Perception

Human Element: Not always the actual light level, but the occupants perception of it.

Ben Rush Elementary: “The lights are too dim in the daylight zone.

Your PC is not working correctly” – Commissioning Agent


Daylighting Reality

Daylight Zone: 10% Light Output / 74.8 FC

Non Daylight: 100% Light Output / 56.3 FC

Daylight Zone: 74.8 FC Non Daylight: 56.3 FC

Focus on the Task, Not the Ceiling


Calibrate At The Right Time

Photocells should be calibrated when room is completely furnished for optimum performance. NOT during construction.


Adjustments To Day Light Sensors

Make It Easy To Re-Calibrate As It is Often Needed.

All Adjustments made On Fixture Sensor. Classrooms were mounted

at 7’, Library at 20’ and Main Lobby Area at 35’. The Commissioning

Agent put it best: “WTF?” Vernonia HS, OR


User Interfaces

Don’t Assume The Occupant Knows How To Operate Anything Other Than A Normal Switch


User Interfaces

Use Intuitive User Interfaces That Don’t Intimidate Occupants

These Do The Same Functions

Simple Control Complicated Controls


User Interfaces

• Use Words or Easy To Understand Symbols

Semi-Intuitive Buttons

Lit Lamp Means On / Up Triangle = Raise

Black Lamp Means Off / Down Triangle = Lower

Less Intuitive Buttons

What Does A Clockwise Arrow Around A Mountain Mean?

How About A Counter Clockwise Arrow w/ Auto Under It?

Imagine You Are An Occupant Walking Into The Room For The First Time.


User Interfaces

Other Than Looking Like A Pig,

What Does This Switch Do?

How do I Turn The Lights On?

How Do I Turn The Lights Off?


User Interfaces

Use Words or Easy To Understand Symbols

What Are Scenes 1-7?

Can an occupant actually come up with, let alone

remember, 7 Scenes?

OFF Makes Great Sense, As Well As


User Interfaces

Engrave all devices in Common Spaces With Revolving Occupants With Specific Information

Better Best Bad


User Interfaces

Don’t make the owner or occupants create their own.


User Interfaces

Inform occupants if possible. They are typically not at training sessions on the system.

Not only informational, but makes

occupants feel good about saving energy.


Overrides

Override zones instead of individual Switch Legs. Consolidate Switches in some reasonable manner.

North 1 North 2 South 1 South 2

North 3 North 4 South 3 South 4

East 1 East 2 West 1 West 2

East 3 East 4 West 3 West 4


User Interfaces

Use Scene Control Instead of Individual Devices For More Complex Spaces

…Not this This...


User Interfaces

Even Touchscreens Should be Set Up With Simple Menus and Can Include Control of Things Other Than Lighting

Shades

Projection Screens

HVAC

Audio

Shade Control

Lighting Control Temp

Control

Odor Control


Plug Load Control

Now in ASHRAE, T24, WA State & Seattle Energy Codes. Use Occupancy Sensor vs Time Control: Auto On / Auto Off

Phantom Loads Heaters Task Lamps


Plug Load Control

Clearly Mark all controlled Plug Loads – a different color stands out more than a small marking Plugs are usually located under a dark desk or 4’ below eye level

People get upset when their computer turns off or their fish die..

Plug Load at OHSU in Portland & Goldie


Occupancy Sensors

There are 2 Occupancy Sensor Technologies Used By The Majority of Manufacturers

Passive Infrared Ultrasonic

You Want To Specify The Right Technology For Each Space on The Project.


Occupancy Sensors

Passive Infrared Technology

Positives: Passive Allows It To Be Used Wirelessly

Directional and Controllable

Hi Mounting Height / Exterior

Very Few False Triggers

Negatives: Can’t Easily Detect Minor Movement

Line of Sight Device: Does Not Work If It Can’t See You

Coverage Pattern


Occupancy Sensors

Ultrasonic Technology

Positives: Sees Around Objects Detects Minor Motion Very Well Quick Activation

Negatives: Susceptible To False Triggers Activated By Non-Human Conditions – Volumetric Not Effective Over 12’ or so


Dual Technology

Positives: Best of Both Technologies Limit False Ons With Both Technologies Needed To Activate. Limit False Off’s With Either Technology Re-Triggering

Negatives: More Expensive. Good CYA Device, But Don’t Pay For It If You Don’t Need It.


Occupancy Sensors: Where to Use Technologies

Specify the correct sensor for the appropriate application.

PIR: Small Private Offices, High Mounting Areas, Small

Storage Rooms, Exterior, Rooms w/Ceiling Fans

US: Hallways, Bathrooms, Open Office

DT: Mixed Activity areas: Classrooms, Conference

Rooms, Etc.


The Wrong Technology

Specifying The Wrong Sensor Technology Can Cause Human Intervention

Sandy HS: High Ceiling, But they used

standard DT sensors. Lots of dead spots.

Teacher put up a helium balloon so the lights

would never turn off. The HVAC would move

it around so the sensor always picked up

motion. I was called out by maintenance

because “the sensor wasn’t working correctly.”

Helium Balloon


Time Delays

Occupancy sensors save the most energy in rooms that are occupied for short periods of time.

Don’t reduce sensors too low in high occupancy rooms or you can create nuisance offs when room is not fully occupied.


SENSOR TIME DELAY (MINUTES)

Space 5 10 15 20 5 min.

impact

Break Room 29.0% 25.0% 21.0% 17.0% 23%

Classroom 58.0% 56.0% 54.0% 52.0% 3%

Conference

Room

50.0% 46.3% 42.7% 39.0% 32%

Private Office 38.0% 34.7% 31.3% 28.0% 11%

Rest Room 60.0% 55.7% 51.3% 47.0% 9%

The shorter period of time for typical occupancy, the more savings from sensor

time out reductions

Time delays can greatly increase energy savings

http://www.wattstopper.com/products/details.html?id=280&category=143&type=Commercial


Occupancy Sensor Placement

30’ x 30’ Classroom w/ 1 DT Sensor

4-5 Steps Needed

To Activate Sensor

With Auto On

Scenario.

Must Break Two

Zones To Activate

Sensor.

Teacher Is In

The Dead

Zone. Time For

A 20 Minute

Hand Wave.



30’ x 30’ Classroom w/ 2 DT Sensors

One Step Activation

At Doorway.

Teacher’s

Desk Is

Covered



When placing occupancy sensors, consider not only motion and activity patterns in space, but also entry points to the space, traffic flow, etc.

Example: In a parking garage, the most important areas are the entry points; not the majority of the garage. If a sensor is activated at an elevator with a 10 minute time delay, there is plenty of time for an occupant to get to their car.



Make sure the sensors are installed per manufacturers suggested mounting.

Mount all occupancy sensors 6’ away from air ducts to

prevent both false triggers holding on sensors.



That was 6’, not 6”.

6’ does not mean 2’ either.



And it definitely DID NOT mean negative 6”!!



For Best Performance…

Don’t mount wall sensors on

ceiling looking at the floor.

Don’t mount directional wall

sensors upside down .



Don’t mount wall switch

sensors on the ceiling;

especially with manual

on operation. Can be a

little challenging to turn

lights on.

Sprinkler

Head

Manual On

Wall Switch.



Don’t Mount A PIR Sensor Nest To

The Urinal If There Is A Stall Next

Door.

Nor Should You Mount In

A Stall At 7’ When There

Is A Urinal Next To it.

Wall

Switch

Sensors


Review

Clearly Define The Sequence Of Operations By Space.

Involve the Owner In Decision Making.

Install Products Correctly In a User Friendly Way

Factory Authorized System Programming / .

Properly Commission Space

Fully Train and Support Owner

Follow Up Tuning and Training for the Owner.


This concludes The American Institute of Architects

Continuing Education Systems Course

Shannon Markey

Western Regional Manager Legrand / Wattstopper

Cell: 971 212-4207

Email: [email protected]


Please remember to complete the

course evaluations. Thank you.


THANK YOU www.legrand.us/wattstopper

117

making lighting controls occupant friendly · certificates of completion for both aia members and...

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