making humans a multiplanetary species
TRANSCRIPT
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WHY GO ANYWHERE?
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WHY MARS?
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HUMANITY’S GREATEST ADVENTURE
Credit: Roberto Ziche, NASA, planetpixelemporium.com, planetscapes.com
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FROM EARLY EXPLORATION TO A SELF-SUSTAINING CITY ON MARS
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COST OF TRIP TO MARS =
INFINITE MONEY
WANT TO GO CAN AFFORD TO GO
NOW
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COST OF TRIP TO MARS =
$10 BILLION / PERSON
WANT TO GO CAN AFFORD TO GO
USING TRADITIONAL METHODS
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COST OF TRIP TO MARS =
MEDIAN COST OF A HOUSE IN THE UNITED STATES
WANT TO GO CAN AFFORD TO GO
WHAT’S NEEDED
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IMPROVING COST PER TON TO MARS BY FIVE MILLION PERCENT
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RIGHT PROPELLANT
FULL REUSABILITY
REFILLING IN ORBIT
PROPELLANT PRODUCTION ON MARS
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FULL REUSABILITY
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To make Mars trips possible on a large-enough scale to create a self-sustaining city, full reusability is essential
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Boeing 737
Price Passenger Capability Cost/Person - Single Use Cost/Person - Reusable Cost of Fuel / Person
$90M 180 people $500,000 $43 (LA to Las Vegas) $10
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REFILLING IN ORBIT
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Not refilling in orbit would require a 3-stage vehicle at 5-10x the size and cost
Spreading the required lift capacity across multiple launches substantially reduces
development costs and compresses schedule
Combined with reusability, refilling makes performance shortfalls an incremental rather
than exponential cost increase
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PROPELLANT ON MARS
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Allows reusability of the ship and enables people to return to Earth easily
Leverages resources readily available on Mars
Bringing return propellant requires approximately 5 times as much mass departing Earth
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RIGHT PROPELLANT
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HYDROGEN/OXYGEN
H2 /O2
VEHICLE SIZE
COST OF PROP
REUSABILITY
MARS PROPELLANT PRODUCTION
PROPELLANT TRANSFER
GOOD
DEEP-CRYO METHALOX
CH4 /O2
OKBADVERY BAD
KEROSENE
C12H22.4 /O2
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RIGHT PROPELLANT
FULL REUSABILITY
REFILLING IN ORBIT
PROPELLANT PRODUCTION ON MARS
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TARGETED REUSE PER VEHICLE1,000 uses per booster100 per tanker12 uses per ship
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
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VEHICLE DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE
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Carbon-fiber primary structure Densified CH /O2 propellantAutogenous pressurization
4
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VEHICLESBY PERFORMANCE
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VEHICLESBY PERFORMANCE
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RAPTOR ENGINE
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Cycle Oxidizer Fuel Chamber Pressure Throttle Capability
Full-flow staged combustion Subcooled liquid oxygen Subcooled liquid methane 300 bar 20% to 100% thrust
Sea-Level Nozzle Expansion Ratio: 40 Thrust (SL): 3,050 kN Isp (SL): 334 s
Vacuum Nozzle Expansion Ratio: 200 Thrust: 3,500 kN Isp: 382 s
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ROCKET BOOSTER
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Length 77.5 m Diameter 12 m Dry Mass 275 t Propellant Mass 6,700 t Raptor Engines 42 Sea Level Thrust 128 MN Vacuum Thrust 138 MN
Booster accelerates ship to staging velocity, traveling 8,650 km/h (5,375 mph) at separation
Booster returns to landing site, using 7% of total booster prop load for boostback burn and landing
Grid fins guide rocket back through atmosphere to precision landing
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Engine configuration
Outer ring: 21
Inner ring: 14
Center cluster: 7
Outer engines fixed in place Only center cluster gimbals
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INTERPLANETARY SPACESHIP
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Length Max Diameter Raptor Engines Vacuum Thrust Propellant Mass
Dry Mass
Cargo/Prop to LEO Cargo to Mars
49.5 m 17 m
3 Sea-Level - 361s Isp 6 Vacuum - 382s Isp
31 MN Ship: 1,950 t
Tanker: 2,500 t Ship: 150 t Tanker: 90 t
Ship: 300 t Tanker: 380 t
450 t (with transfer on orbit)
Long term goal of 100+ passengers/ship
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SHIP CAPACITY WITH FULL TANKS
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ARRIVAL
From interplanetary space, the ship enters the atmosphere, either capturing into orbit or proceeding directly to landing
Aerodynamic forces provide the majority of the deceleration, then 3 center Raptor engines perform the final landing burn
Using its aerodynamic lift capability and advanced heat shield materials, the ship can decelerate from entry velocities in excess of 8.5 km/s at Mars and 12.5 km/s at Earth
G-forces (Earth-referenced) during entry are approximately 4-6 g’s at Mars and 2-3 g’s at Earth
Heating is within the capabilities of the PICA-family of heat shield materials used on our Dragon spacecraft
PICA 3.0 advancements for Dragon 2 enhance our ability to use the heat shield many times with minimal maintenance
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PROPELLANT PLANT
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First ship will have small propellant plant, which will be expanded over time
Effectively unlimited supplies of carbon dioxide and water on Mars 5 million cubic km ice 25 trillion metric tons CO2
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COSTS
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FUNDING
Steal Underpants Launch Satellites Send Cargo and Astronauts to ISS Kickstarter Profit
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TIMELINES
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2002
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FUTURE
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NEXT STEPS
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RED DRAGON
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Mission Objectives
Learn how to transport and land large payloads on Mars
Identify and characterize potential resources such as water
Characterize potential landing sites, including identifying surface hazards
Demonstrate key surface capabilities on Mars
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RAPTOR FIRING
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CARBON FIBER TANK
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BEYOND MARS
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JUPITER
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ENCELADUS
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EUROPA
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SATURN