Discourse Skil lsDiscourse Skil lsSpeech writ ingSpeech writ ing

Making an outl ineMaking an outl ine

Today you will be writing your own speech.

To help you do this we are going to look at two things in this presentation.

Firstly we are going to look at how to structure a good speech.

Then we are going to look at two excellent speech writers from the twentieth century.

We will look at how they made their speeches so effective.

We will try to use what we learn when we write our own speeches.

So how do you structure your So how do you structure your speech?speech?

Introduction – If you are speaking to an Introduction – If you are speaking to an audience that doesn’t know you introduce audience that doesn’t know you introduce yourself.yourself.

Attention Getter – Say something Attention Getter – Say something interesting that absorbs the audience into interesting that absorbs the audience into your talk. Be polite!your talk. Be polite!

Then state your position. What do you Then state your position. What do you believe?believe?

Now make a point – then ELABORATE on Now make a point – then ELABORATE on it. Saying what you believe is not enough. it. Saying what you believe is not enough. You must say WHY you believe it and You must say WHY you believe it and WHY other people should believe it.WHY other people should believe it.

Elaborate on points but don’t make toom Elaborate on points but don’t make toom many points, you could lose the attention many points, you could lose the attention of the audience.of the audience.

In a speech you should try to give In a speech you should try to give COUNTER ARGUMENTS, we will look at COUNTER ARGUMENTS, we will look at this later in the presentation.this later in the presentation.

How should I order my speech?How should I order my speech?

You need to grab your audience. Do this You need to grab your audience. Do this by:by:

Making your best argument first. This will Making your best argument first. This will get people’s attention.get people’s attention.

Save your second best argument for last – Save your second best argument for last – people will remember this.people will remember this.

Give the rest of your arguments in order; Give the rest of your arguments in order; second best to least best.second best to least best.

Now lets look at an example!!Now lets look at an example!!

Meet Mr William Shakespeare

He lived about 400 years ago

He wrote many many plays

In his plays there were many great speeches

We’ll now look briefly at one to see if it follows our structure

This is the speech given by Mark Anthony after the death of Julius Caesar in the play Julius Caesar

Brief outline of the plotBrief outline of the plot The characters Brutus and Marc Antony were The characters Brutus and Marc Antony were

involved in the assassination of the leader of the involved in the assassination of the leader of the Holy Roman Empire, Julius Caesar.Holy Roman Empire, Julius Caesar.

Marc Antony is now doing the dirty on Brutus. Marc Antony is now doing the dirty on Brutus. Marc Antony and Brutus were friends and they Marc Antony and Brutus were friends and they had a plan together.had a plan together.

Brutus has just given a speech essentially Brutus has just given a speech essentially saying that Julius Caesar had to be killed for the saying that Julius Caesar had to be killed for the good of Rome.good of Rome.

Marc Antony is now going to try to turn the Marc Antony is now going to try to turn the people against Brutus with his speech.people against Brutus with his speech.

Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears;Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears;I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him.I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him.The evil that men do lives after them;The evil that men do lives after them;The good is oft interred with their bones;The good is oft interred with their bones;So let it be with Caesar. The noble BrutusSo let it be with Caesar. The noble BrutusHath told you Caesar was ambitious:Hath told you Caesar was ambitious:If it were so, it was a grievous fault,If it were so, it was a grievous fault,And grievously hath Caesar answer'd it.And grievously hath Caesar answer'd it.Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest--Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest--For Brutus is an honourable man;For Brutus is an honourable man;So are they all, all honourable men--So are they all, all honourable men--Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral.Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral.He was my friend, faithful and just to me:He was my friend, faithful and just to me:But Brutus says he was ambitious;But Brutus says he was ambitious;And Brutus is an honourable man.And Brutus is an honourable man.He hath brought many captives home to RomeHe hath brought many captives home to RomeWhose ransoms did the general coffers fill:Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill:Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept:When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept:Ambition should be made of sterner stuff:Ambition should be made of sterner stuff:Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;And Brutus is an honourable man.And Brutus is an honourable man.You all did see that on the LupercalYou all did see that on the LupercalI thrice presented him a kingly crown,I thrice presented him a kingly crown,Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition?Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition?Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;And, sure, he is an honourable man.And, sure, he is an honourable man.I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke,I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke,But here I am to speak what I do know.But here I am to speak what I do know.You all did love him once, not without cause:You all did love him once, not without cause:What cause withholds you then, to mourn for him?What cause withholds you then, to mourn for him?O judgment! thou art fled to brutish beasts,O judgment! thou art fled to brutish beasts,And men have lost their reason. Bear with me;And men have lost their reason. Bear with me;My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar,My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar,And I must pause till it come back to me.And I must pause till it come back to me.

ASKING PEOPLE TO LISTEN

FIRST POINT _ VERY STRONG

LOTS OF COUNTER ARGUMENT. HE IS VERY CLEVERLY AND POLITELY DISAGREEING WITH EVERYTHING BRUTUS SAID

THE KEY TO THIS SPEECH IS REPETITION AGAIN AND AGAIN ANTONY SAYS “AND BRUTUS IS AN HONOURABLE MAN”

WHAT EFFECT DOES THIS HAVE?

What have we learnt?What have we learnt?

Repetition works well in speeches. (we Repetition works well in speeches. (we will look at this more in a bit)will look at this more in a bit)

A really good trick to convince people is to A really good trick to convince people is to sound like you are on the other side of the sound like you are on the other side of the debate. Have your speech convince debate. Have your speech convince yourself. It shows people how they could yourself. It shows people how they could be convinced.be convinced.

Who shall we look at now?Who shall we look at now?

Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. argued for equal rights for all Americans.

At the time in America black people were treated as second class citizens.

On August 28th 1963 King gave the most famous speech of the 20th century. It changed many people’s lives.

King was a powerful public speaker who lived for his beliefs. He was assassinated on April 4th 1968 as he stood to give a speech.

Lets look at a part of his speechLets look at a part of his speech I have a dream I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up that one day this nation will rise up

and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal." equal." I have a dream I have a dream that one day on the red hills of that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at a former slave owners will be able to sit down together at a table of brotherhood. table of brotherhood. I have a dream I have a dream that one day that one day even the state of Mississippi, a desert state, sweltering even the state of Mississippi, a desert state, sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have I have a dream a dream that my four children will one day live in a that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character. skin but by the content of their character. I have a I have a dream dream today. today.

What makes it great?What makes it great?

The repetition of a very powerful phrase: The repetition of a very powerful phrase: “I have a dream”“I have a dream”

Use repetition in your speechesUse repetition in your speeches Create a powerful phraseCreate a powerful phrase Repeat it again and againRepeat it again and again It makes a speech POWERFULIt makes a speech POWERFUL

Who next?Who next?

Harold McMillan was Prime Harold McMillan was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.Minister of the United Kingdom.He gave a speech in South AfricaHe gave a speech in South Africaabout giving African people about giving African people the right to govern themselvesthe right to govern themselvesThe extract we will look at is taken from a The extract we will look at is taken from a

speech made on 3speech made on 3 rdrd February 1960. February 1960.

What effect does this have?What effect does this have?

The wind of change is blowing The wind of change is blowing through this continent, and whether through this continent, and whether we like it or not, this growth of we like it or not, this growth of national consciousness is a polit ical national consciousness is a polit ical fact. We must all accept it as a fact, fact. We must all accept it as a fact, and our national policies must take and our national policies must take account of it.account of it.

Using metaphors in speechesUsing metaphors in speeches

The wind of change is a metaphorThe wind of change is a metaphor It is used to put a picture in people’s mindsIt is used to put a picture in people’s minds Metaphors are very effective in speechesMetaphors are very effective in speeches Can you think of some metaphors?Can you think of some metaphors?

Sea of griefSea of grief – – Grief is a strong emotion, when Grief is a strong emotion, when you are overwhelmed with these feelings it’s as if you are overwhelmed with these feelings it’s as if you are crossing an endless sea!you are crossing an endless sea!

Rollercoaster of emotionsRollercoaster of emotions - - A A rollercoaster of emotions doesn't exist anywhere, rollercoaster of emotions doesn't exist anywhere, so when people are on a rollercoaster of so when people are on a rollercoaster of emotions, they are simply experiencing lots of emotions, they are simply experiencing lots of ups and downs.ups and downs.

The l ight of my l i feThe l ight of my l i fe - - The person described The person described by this metaphor isn't really providing physical by this metaphor isn't really providing physical light. He or she is just someone who brings light. He or she is just someone who brings happiness or joy.happiness or joy.

ORGANISE YOUR MATERIALORGANISE YOUR MATERIAL INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Attention Getter (How will you make your Attention Getter (How will you make your audience interested and want to listen?)audience interested and want to listen?)

Establish credibility (Why are you qualified to Establish credibility (Why are you qualified to speak on this topic?)speak on this topic?)

Thesis (What's the main focus of your Thesis (What's the main focus of your presentation?)presentation?)

Preview (What will be the main points in this Preview (What will be the main points in this presentation?)presentation?)

BODYBODY A – First Main PointA – First Main Point

Supporting Materials/IdeasSupporting Materials/Ideas Supporting materials/IdeasSupporting materials/Ideas

B – Second Main PointB – Second Main Point Supporting Materials/IdeasSupporting Materials/Ideas Supporting materials/IdeasSupporting materials/Ideas

C – Third Main PointC – Third Main Point Supporting Materials/IdeasSupporting Materials/Ideas Supporting materials/IdeasSupporting materials/Ideas

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Signal to your audience that you have finished Signal to your audience that you have finished with your main points.with your main points.

Review your main pointsReview your main points Provide closure.Provide closure.

Now you are going to write a Now you are going to write a speech about life in your countryspeech about life in your country

Introduction: Illustration, Quote, anecdote Introduction: Illustration, Quote, anecdote etc.etc.

Ask the audience to listen to youAsk the audience to listen to you State your positionState your position Make your best pointMake your best point Elaborate on itElaborate on it Make the rest of your points, elaborating Make the rest of your points, elaborating

on eachon each

Save your second best point until lastSave your second best point until last Summarise your positionSummarise your position Give a conclusionGive a conclusion Thank the audience for their attentionThank the audience for their attention

And rememberAnd remember

Use repetitionUse repetition Convince yourself in your speechConvince yourself in your speech Use metaphors Use metaphors

FinallyFinally

I will now give you a writing frame to help I will now give you a writing frame to help you remember all these points.you remember all these points.

Let’s do this!Let’s do this! Enjoy!Enjoy!

Lets take a look at some Lets take a look at some examples!!!examples!!!

Check these out!!Check these out!!