major religions of i n d i a - dr. marri channa reddy ... religions.pdf · 3 karma- siddhanta 4...
TRANSCRIPT
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M. RAMA PRASAD, I.F.S.,
M.Sc(Zoo), M.A.(Astro), M.A.(Philo), A.I.F.C, M.S.I.F.
Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests,
DIRECTOR GENERAL, CEFNARM &
AP FOREST ACADEMY, DULAPALLY, HYDERABAD
e-mail ID : [email protected]
A BRIEF ON
MAJOR RELIGIONS OF
I N D I A
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WELCOME
CONGRATULATIONS
ON YOUR SUCCESS
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SET GOALS FOR EXCELLENCE
1.PHYSICAL
2.ACADEMIC
3.ATTITUDINAL
4.CAREER
5.FAMILY
6.FINANCIAL
7 PLEASURE
8. HEALTH
9.SPIRITUAL
10. SOCIAL SERVICE
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CONTENTS OF THE TOPIC I. HISTORY OF UNIVERSE .
II.MEANS TO ATTAIN –THE ABSOLUTE .
III. NATURE OF INDIVIDUAL-JEEVATMA
IV. NATURE OF THE GOD-PARAMATMA
V. SELF REALIZATION – MOKSHA
VI. MAJOR RELIGIONS & TRADITIONS.
Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism,
Christianity, Islam, & Sikhism
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PURPOSE OF THE RELIGIOUS & PHILOSOPHICAL STUDIES
1 RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY
2 SCIENCE-PHILOSOPHY-&GOOD
GOVERNANCE
3 Intellectually Exciting --- As provide access to
the mystery of the unknown.
4 Academically Enriching -- Due to
Trans- Disciplinary mode of inquiry.
5 Personally Meaningful –As it arises
Questions of Purpose and Values ---------------
along with Developing important Life Skills.
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PHILOSOPHY
RAISES CERTAIN BASIC QUESTIONS—
WHY THERE IS SOME THING
IN THE UNIVERSE
INSTEAD OF NOTHING ?
WHY DO WE EXIST?
Etc…
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PART-1
HISTORY OF UNIVERSE
1. ABSOLUTE- PRIMORDIAL ENERGY
2. QUANTUM EXISTENCE
3. BIG BANG-CELESTIAL BODIES
4. PLANET EARTH
5. FORMATION OF WORLD
6 NATURE OF LIFE
7 NATURE OF 3- BODILY EXISTENCE
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CREATION OF WORLD
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11
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EVOLUTION OF LIFE
BIO-DIVERSITY NATURE OF LIFE
NATURE OF THREE BODIED EXISTENCE
ECOLOGICAL BALANCE
ORIGIN OF MAN &
EVOLUTINERY -PROGRESSION
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LIFE CYCLE 1 THREE GUNAS OF NATURE & MIND
2 SIN & SAINTLINESS
3 KARMA- SIDDHANTA
4 ASTROLOGY & ROLE OF PLANETS
5 FATE- FREEWILL- DESTINY
6 WHEEL OF LIFE- DEATH & REBIRTH
7 LIBERATION.
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PART – II.
MEANS
TO ATTAIN GOD-
PATHS OF LIBERATION
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PATHS OF LIBERATION A. BHAKTHI YOGA
• What is Bhakthi?
• Nine Types of Bhakthi
• Liturgy concerning Bhakthi
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PATHS OF LIBERATION
B. RAJA YOGA
Patanjali –Astanga Marga
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KUNDALI-PRAJNA
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MANTRA SHASTRA
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KUNDALI-PRAJNA
KUNDALINI YOGA
MANTRA SHASTRA
TANTRA GRANDHAS
ASHTA SIDDHIS
SAMKHYA
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TARKA SHASTRA THE SCIENCE OF LOGIC
GRAMMAR OF REASON
QUESTION TO FIND RATIONALITY
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PATHS OF LIBERATION C. JNANA YOGA
PATH OF KNOWLEDGE
D. NISH KAMA KARMA
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6 -SCHOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY
PURPOSE OF SHAD DARSHANAS
1. Nyaya
2. Vaishesika
3. Samkhya
4. Yoga
5. Purva - Mimamsa
6. Upanishads- Vedanta
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PART - III. NATURE OF INDIVIDUAL
JEEVATMA
GOD
JEEVATMA
SPIRITS
SOULS
MIND
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PART IV. NATURE OF GOD
PARAMATMA
NATURE OF GOD
ABSOLUTE TRUTH
UNIVERSAL CONSCIOUSNESS
ENTIRE EXISTENCE
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PART -V. SELF REALIZATION
MOKSHA
1. SELF REALIZATION
2. LIBERATION
3. MEDITATION METHODS
4. CONNECT TO NATURE
5. SELF ACCOMPLISHMENT
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PART VI.
MAJOR RELIGIOUS
TRADITIONS OF INDIA
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1. HINDUISM
2. B U D D H I S M
3. J A I N I S M
4. CHRISTIANITY
5. I S L A M
6. S I K H I S M
MAJOR RELIGIONS IN INDIA
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WORLD RELIGIONS BY SIZE OF WORLD
POPULATION & PERCENTAGE
RELIGIOUS FAITH POPULATION PERCENTAGE
Christians ---- 225 ---- 32%
Muslims ---- 140 ---- 20 %
Hindus ---- 90 ---- 13 %
Non Religious ---- 75 ---- 11%
Buddhists ---- 40 ---- 6%
Sikhs ---- 35 ---- 5%
Chinese Universes ---- 40 ---- 6%
Ethno religionists ---- 20 ---- 3%
Atheists ---- 10 ---- 1%
Others ---- 22 ---- 3%
Total ---- 697 ---- 100%
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HINDUISM
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FOLK TRADITIONS Primitive
Based on creed
Shakthi Cult
Village Deities
Rituals and Festivals
Offerings to the Dead
Vamachara
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DRAVIDIAN (PREVEDIC CULTURE 5000 – 3000 BC)
Proto Siva Worship
Mother Goddess
Worship of Fertility God
Erotic Figures
Human Sacrifice
Amulets
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Indus Valley 2,500BC Aryan Invasion Theory Vedas
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INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION (ARYAN 3300 -1300 BCE)
ORIGIN OF WORD HINDUISM
3- GODS & GODESSES
RELIGION-MONOTHEISTIC
4 VEDAS-SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE
GANGES AND COW AS SACRED
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BRAHMINICAL RELIGION
4 - Vedas & 4 - Upa Vedas
6 –Vedangas
4 Ashramas of Life
4 Purushardhas
HINDU PHILOSOPHY
6- Schools of Philosophy
Upanishads & Brahma Sutras
Karma Theory , Reincarnation & Astrology
4 Paths of Liberation & Process
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VEDAS 1. RIGVEDA
2. YAJURVEDA
3. SAMA VEDA
4. ATHARVA VEDA
1. AYUR VEDA
2. GANDHARVA VEDA
3. STAPATYA VEDA
4. DHANUR VEDA
UPA VEDAS
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VEDANGAS 1. SIKSHA
2. VYAKARANA
3. CHANDASSU
4. NIRUKTA
5. JYOTHISHA
6. KALPA
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VARNASRAMA DHARMA
The purpose of the Varnasrama social system is to provide a structure which allows people to work according to their natural tendencies and to organize society so that everyone,
regardless of their position, makes spiritual advancement.
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DHARMA SHASTRAS
• Work of Individual Sages
• Rules of Conduct for Dharmic Life
• Total 18 Smritis
• Most Popular Manu Smriti
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4 - ASHRAMAS OF LIFE • BRAHMA CHARYA
• GRIHASTA
• VANA PRASTA
• SANYASA
4 - PURUSHARDHAS • DHARMA
• ARTHA
• KAMA
• MOKSHA
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SPIRITUAL JOURNEY 1. SELF REALIZATION
2. PROGRESS OF SPIRITUAL JOURNEY
a) DWAITA- MADHWA b) VISISTA ADWAITA-RAMANUJA c) ADWAITA-SANKARA
3. LIBERATED MAN-MOKSHA
4. UNIVERSAL LOVE , UNIVERSAL SERVICE
5. ENLIGHTENED LIVING
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POST VEDIC PERIOD
AVATARAS
EPICS
PURANAS
DHARMASHASTRAS
BHAGAVATHAM
BHAGAVADGITA
“
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MAHA BHARATHA
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THE TEN AVATARS
1. Matsya -The Fish
2. Koorma -The Tortoise
3. Varaha -The Boar
4. Narasimha -The Human-Lion
5. Vamana -The Dwarf
6. Parasurama -The Angry Man, Rama with an axe
7. Lord Rama -The Perfect Man, King of Ayodha
8. Lord Krishna -The Divine Statesman
9. Buddha - The Man of Wisdom
10.Kalki -The Mighty Warrior
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RAMAYANA
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PURANAS PURANA NAME VERSES COMMENTS
1. Bhagavata 18,000 The Most celebrated and Popular of the Puranas telling of Vishnu’s Ten Avatars. Its Tenth and longest canto narrates the deeds of Krishna, introducing his child hood exploits, a theme later elaborated by many Bhakthi Movements
2. Bhavishya 14,500 Contains a record of Prophecies. Portions of the Extant text are drawn from the law book of manu
3. Brahma 10,000 Describes the Godavari and its tributaries. It is shortest of the Puranas
4. Brahmanda 12,000 Includes Lalita Sahasranamam, a text some Hindus Recite as prayer
5.Brahmavaivarta 17,000 Worship of Devis, Krishna and Ganesha
6. Garuda 19, 000 Describes death and its aftermaths
7. Kurma 17,000 Narrated by the Lord Vishnu to the sage Narada, and it contains the details about the Kurma Avatar.
8. Linga 11,000 Describes the magnifence of Lingam symbol of shiva and origin of the universe.
9. Markandeya 9,000 The Devi mahatya an important text for shaktas is embedded in it
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PURANA NAME VERSES COMMENTS
10.Matsya 14,000 Narrates the story of Matsya, the first of ten major Avatars of Vishnu. It also contains genealogical details of various dynasties
11.Narada 25,000 Describes the Greatness of Vedas and Vedangas
12.Padma 55,000 Describes the Greatness of Bhagavadgita. Hence it is also known as Gitamahatmya
13.Shiva 24,000 Describes the Greatness of Shiva, Greatness in worshipping shiva and other stories about him
14.Skanda 81,100 Describes the Birth of Skanda/ karthikeya) it is a piligrimage guide, containing geographical locations of pilgrimage centres in India with related legends ,parables hymns and stories.
15.Vamana 10,000 Describes areas around Kurukshetra in North India
16.Varaha 24,000 Describes various forms prayer and devotional observances to vishnu. Many illustrations also involve shiva and durga
17.Vayu 24,000 Dedicated to the God Vayu
18.Vishnu 23,000 Verses
Describes the many mythic deeds of vishnu and various ways to worship him
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CONCEPT OF GOD IN HINDUISM
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DEVI BHAGAVATHA PURANA
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BHAKTI MOVEMENT
• Alvars
• Nayanars, Veera Saivism
• Bhagavatha Moment – Srivaishnavism, Prapanna Marga
• Nadha Sampradaya – Gorak Nadh
DEVOTIONAL SAINTS
• Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
• Bhakta Ramdas.
• Suradas
• Tulsidas
• Thukaram
• Mira Bhai
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PHILOSOPHERS & REFORMERS • Avadhutas, Sages, Kabir & Shirdi Sai
• Ramana Maharshi
• Ramakrishna Paramahamsa
• Vivekananda
• Aurobindo Gosh
• Jiddu Krishna Murthy
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
• Dayanand Saraswathi
• M.K.Gandhi
• Mother Theresa
• Missionaries -R.K.Mission, Chinmaya Mission,
• Societies –Yogada Satsang Society etc.
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BUDDHISM
(PATH OF ENLIGHTENED LIVING)
• FOUNDER - Siddhartha – (566-486BC)
• BIRTH PLACE – Lumbini,
• ENLIGHTENED – Bodhgaya
• FIRST PREACHING – Saranath
• GROWTH - Ashoka’s Period (272-231BC)
• AGAINST – Caste & Animal killing
• FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS &
• EIGHT FOLD PATH
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BUDDHIST TEACHINGS FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
TANHA- DESIRE DUKKHA -SUFFERING
THE WAY -8 FOLD PATH NIRVANA-FREEDOM
IMPORTANT TEXTS
THRI PITIKAS (THREE BASKETS)
VINAYA PITIKA
SUTTA PITIKA
ABHIDHARMA PITIKA
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THE EIGHT FOLD PATH I. PANNA- Wisdom
1. Right View
2. Right Thought
II. SILA -Ethical Conduct 3. Right speech
4. Right action
5. Right livelihood
III. SAMADHI -Concentration
6. Right effort
7. Right mindfulness
8. Right contemplation
TAKE REFUGE IN THE BUDDHA—TAKE REFUGE IN THE DHARMA,
TAKE REFUGE IN THE SANGHA
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SARNATH STUPA
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J A I N I S M FOUNDER ----- MAHAVIR JAIN (599-527BC)
JINA ----- ENLIGHTENED
RELIGION ----- ATHEISTIC,NON VEDIC
AGAINST ----- CASTEISM, RITUALS &
SACRIFICES
AJAIVIKISM ----- MATTER & SOUL SEPARATE
SOULS ----- PLURAL & SPATIAL DIMENSION
BELIEVED ----- KARMA SIDDHANTA, &
REBIRTH
LIBERATION ----- BY THE PATH OF - VIRTUOUS
LIVING
ANEKANTHAVADA ----- PLURALITY OF APPROAH TO THE
TRUTH
SCHISMS ----- SWETAMBARA, DIGAMBARA
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JAIN CONTRIBUTION
CANONICAL TEXTS Purva bhaga -- 14 texts - Cosmos, Soul, Astrology
Anga bhaga --- 12 texts - Rules, Conduct, Laws,
Anga bhaya --- 34 texts - Punishments, stories
ETHICAL EMPHASIS
AVOID SIN- BE CHARITABLE--BE POSITIVE Human unity, trust, charity and compassion
REJUVENATION- MOMENT
1. BHIKKUMJI
Emphasized ---- Virtuous living than worship
Non violence ---- Alleviation of –sufferings.
2. ACHARY TULASI -1971
Anuvrata Moment - Prekshaka Dhyana
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JAIN TEMPLE AT DEHRADUN
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CHRISTIANITY • FOUNDATION – Hebrews - Judaism – Christianity
• GOD – Creator of the Universe - One god – Three persons
FATHER – SON – HOLY SPIRIT
• NON VIOLENCE – One of the non-killing religions and removed animal sacrifice and redistribution of meat.
• BOOK – The Bible Composed of Old and New Testament.
• SCHISMS – Many churches for different interpretations – of the Bible
• MARTYRDOM - Jesus known for unconditional love & martyrdom - in order to relieve man of sin.
• God had sacrificed his only son to remove human sin and those without sin would have eternal life.
• PATH – 10 commandments, LOVE AND SERVICE.
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10 COMMANDEMENTS
1. The lord is your God you shall have no other Gods besides me.
2. Thou shall not take the lord’s name in vain
3. Keep Holy the Sabbath
4. Honor thy father and thy mother
5. Thou shall not kill
6. Thou shall not commit adultery
7. Thou shall not steal
8. Thou shall not bear false witness against thy neighbor
9. Thou shall not covet thy neighbor’s wife
10. Thou shall not covet anything belonging to thy neighbor.
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I S L A M • GOD --------- Allaha
• ISLAM --------- Peace
• BOOK ---------- Holy Quran
• FOUNDER -- Prophet Mohammed
• HISTORICAL MONUMENT -- Kaaba
• PRAYER BUILDING ----------Mosque
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FIVE PILLARS --OF ISLAM
Iman -- Faith
Salah -- Prayer
Siyam -- Fasting
Zakaht -- Poor Due
Haj -- Pilgrimage
HAJ - A TRAVEL -TOWARDS GOD Ihram --- Dress Code
Tawaf --- Circum ambulation-Round the Kaaba
Mina ---- Stay in the valley
Arafat --- Stay at Mount Arafat
Muzdalifa --- Night Halt
Mina ---- Stay again in the valley
Zam zam --- Water Spring Well
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SOCIAL ASPECTS & SCHISMS
NAMAZ
FASTING
Z A K A T
CULTURE & ART
LAW & PUNISHMENTS
PROTECTION OF WOMEN
SCHISMS ---- SHIA, SUNNI,SUFI
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SIKHISM - GURUHOOD & CONFLICTS
1st GURUNANAK – Founder
2nd GURU ANGAD – Formed Gurumukhi Script
3rd GURU AMAR DAS– Dug - Baoli (Amruthsar)
4th GURU RAM DAS– Organized Sikh society structure
5th - GURU ARJUN DAS – Constructed Haramandir Sahib (Golden Temple) Compiled Gurugrandha Sahib
6th - HAR GOBIND SINGH– Meri – Peri, Saint - Sepoy
7th - GURU HAR RAI -
8th - GURU HARI KRISHAN –Bangla Sahib Gurudwara
9th - GURU TEGH BAHDUR –Killed by Aurangazeb
10th - GURU GOVIND SINGH – Integrated Sikhism - and stated Kalsa Movement – Idea and Identity
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S I K H I S M
Founder --- Guru Nanak
Sikh --- Disciple
God --- Monotheistic
Book --- Guru Grandh Sahib
Script --- Gurmukhi
Building --- Gurudwara
Language --- Punjabi
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THREE ASPECTS OF SIKHISM
SANGATH ---- Congregation.
LANGAR ---- Group Dining.
KEERTAN ---- Group Singing.
FIVE PILLARS OF SIKHISM
HUKUM ---- Divine ordinance
HAUMAI ---- Self Centeredness
NAAM ---- God - but no particular
God
MERI - PERI ---- Material - Spiritual Worlds
SACHAI ---- Ethical - Virtuous Living
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I am the Self…
seated in the hearts...
of all Creatures.
I am the beginning,…..
the middle ………
and end of all beings.”
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SILENCE ESSENCE OF RELIGION IS SILENCE
WAY TO SILENCE IS MEDITATION
WAY TO MEDITATION IS SILENCE
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SERVICE TO THE WORLD
BUILDING OF A MODERN SOCIETY
ETHICS & VIRTUOUS LIVING
UNIVERSAL LOVE
Unity of Existence
Equanimity of Soul
Universal Brotherhood
UNIVERSAL SERVICE
Joy of Giving
Joy of Serving
Joy of Enlightening
ESSENCE OF RELIGIONS IS TO LOVE & SERVE
SERVICE TO MANKIND IS - SERVICE TO GOD