major objectives 1. understand basic community ecology definitions and processes 2. know the two...
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Major Objectives1. Understand basic community
ecology definitions and processes
2. Know the two main hypotheses for why plant communities have different species assemblages
3. Know the 5 potential interspecific interactions between species
4. Know the difference between bottom-up and top-down control mechanisms
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What is a Community?A collection of all the populations of
different species that inhabit a particular area.
Communities differ in SPECIES RICHNESS and RELATIVE ABUNDANCE
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Beaver (Castor canadensis)
Ecosystem Engineer
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Ecosystem Engineer
keystone species
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Pisaster spp. is a keystone species
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Competitive Exclusion HypothesisTwo species competing for same limited resource can not exist
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Individualistic Hypothesis
Why do plant communities have different species assemblages?
A community is the result of chance because of species having similar abiotic requirements
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Interactive or "Organismic" Hypothesis
A community is the result of closely linked species locked in by mandatory biotic interactions
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Species Interactions
Parasitism
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Interspecific Interaction:Predation
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• Cryptic coloration, or camouflage
Figure 53.5
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• Aposematic coloration– Warns predators to stay away from prey
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Batesian Mimicry– A palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or
harmful model
The proportion of carnivore attacks on ringed replicas of scarlet kingsnakes (top left; a mimic of eastern coral snakes) and sonoran mountain kingsnakes (top right; a mimic of western coral snakes) increased with a, latitude (y = - 13.314 + 0.391 x , P < 0.035, R2 = 0.345) and b, elevation (y = - 0.329 + 0.00032 x, P < 0.014, R2 = 0.310). Horizontal dashed line: proportion of attacks on ringed replicas expected under randomness. Vertical dashed line: maximum latitude and elevation for coral snakes in North Carolina and Arizona, respectively.
Frequency-dependent Batesian mimicryDavid W. Pfennig, William R. Harcombe and Karin S. PfennigNature 410 , 323(15 March 2001)doi:10.1038/35066628
Frequency-dependent Batesian mimicryDavid W. Pfennig, William R. Harcombe and Karin S. PfennigNature 410 , 323(15 March 2001)doi:10.1038/35066628
Frequency-dependent Batesian mimicry: David W. Pfennig, William R. Harcombe and Karin S. PfennigNature 410, 323(15 March 2001)
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Müllerian mimicry– Two or more unpalatable species resemble each
other
(a) Cuckoo bee
(b) Yellow jacketFigure 53.8a, b
The viceroy (Limenitis sp.; right) and monarch (Danaus sp.) butterflies look very similar but may differ in their palatability to avian predators.
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Interspecific Interaction:Herbivory
• The process in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant
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Mutualism
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Figure 53.9
Mutualism
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Commensalism
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Competition Life in the shadePlants can tell the difference between the shade of an inanimate object and the shade of another plant. When a plant detects competition from neighboring plants, it initiates a set of responses, called collectively the shade avoidance syndrome, that alter its growth and physiology. A rapid and transient increase of newly synthesized auxin via a newly discovered auxin synthesis pathway allows plants to elongate and grow toward the sun.
Image: Courtesy of Dr. Jean-Luc Ferrer, Salk Institute for Biological Studies
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Nuetralism
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Species "A"
+
0
-
- 0 +
Species "B"
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Species "A"
+ParasitismPredationHerbivory
Commensalism Mutualism
Neutralism Commensalism
Competition ParasitismPredationHerbivory
0
-
- 0 +
Species "B"
No interaction
No interaction
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Bottom-Up Control
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Top-Down Control
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Trophic
Structure
Feeding relationship between organisms
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Major Objectives1. Understand basic community
ecology definitions and processes
2. Know the two main hypotheses for why plant communities have different species assemblages
3. Know the 5 potential interspecific interactions between species
4. Know the difference between bottom-up and top-down control mechanisms