major divisions of lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. uniramia ... parasitic...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Phylum Arthropoda“joint-footed” animals
![Page 2: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Subphylum Crustacea
Subphylum Chelicerata
Subphylum Uniramia
Subphylum Trilobita
Mer
osto
mat
aPy
cnog
onida
Arac
hnida
Bran
chiop
oda
Cope
poda
Ostrac
oda
Cirri
pedia
Mala
costr
aca
Chilo
poda
Diplo
poda
Inse
cta
Trilo
bitom
orph
a
![Page 3: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Phylum ArthropodaSubphylum Uniramia
Subphylum Uniramia
all otherphyla
• the largest subphylum• comprises ~75% of all known animals
othe
rar
thro
pods
![Page 4: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Uniramia Characteristics
Have the general arthropod characteristics plus:
1. unbranched (uniramous) appendages 2. 1 pair of antennae3. mandibles4. 2 pairs of maxillae (usually)5. body is covered with a cuticular exoskeleton
![Page 5: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Feeding
•Free living: Herbivores, carnivores, detritivores•Parasites and parasitoids
![Page 6: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of their lives (e.g. mosquitoes). However, some insects are parasites for their entire lives (lice).
Anopheles mosquitostransmit malaria
Lice are ectoparasites of most birds and mammals
![Page 7: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
ParasitoidsParasitoid larvae are parasites that eventually killtheir hosts, while the adults are free-living.
![Page 8: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Digestive System
• complete with regional specialization
![Page 9: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Generalized Arthropod Digestive System
mouth
foregut (lined with cuticle) hindgut
(lined with cuticle)
midgut
anus
![Page 10: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Subphylum UniramiaGas Exchange
• by tracheal system (consists of thin-walled tubes) • tracheal tubes open to the outside by spiracles• if juveniles are aquatic, they may have gills
![Page 11: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Insect tracheal system
![Page 12: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Insect tracheal system
![Page 13: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Circulatory System• open circulatory system consisting of a hemocoel(main body-cavity) filled with hemolymph (blood)
![Page 14: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
heartpericardial sinus
![Page 15: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Arthropoda Characteristics
Excretion•Malpighian tubules
![Page 17: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
foregut midgut hindgut
Malpighian tubules: collect waste from the hemocoel, and pass it intothe hind gut where water and ions are resorbed
![Page 18: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Arthropoda Characteristics
Reproduction• usually sexual and dioecious • usually internal fertilization
![Page 19: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• centipedes• active predators• body is slightly flattened dorsoventrally
Subphylum Uniramia
Class Chilopoda
![Page 21: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Subphylum Uniramia
Class Chilopoda
• 2 tagmata:
head
trunk
somite
1 pair of appendages on most somites
1st somite has poison claws
![Page 22: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
maxilliped
![Page 23: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Subphylum Uniramia
Class Diplopoda• millipedes• generally herbivores + detritovores• body is cylindrical
![Page 24: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Subphylum Uniramia
Class Diplopoda
• 2 tagmata:
trunk
somite
head
2 pairs of appendages on most somites
![Page 25: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Subphylum Uniramia
Class InsectaMost numerous and diverse group of the arthropods
~ 1 million species with many still undiscovered and undescribed
![Page 27: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Class InsectaCharacteristics
• 3 tagmata:
head
thorax- has 3 pairs of legs- may have 2 pairs of wings (usually)abdomen
no appendages
![Page 28: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Class InsectaCharacteristics
• a pair of large compound eyes, and usually 3 ocelli on the head
Compound eyes
ocelli
![Page 30: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Class InsectaCharacteristics
• a pair of antennae
antennae
![Page 31: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Class InsectaCharacteristics
• characteristic mouthparts
1. A labrum2. A pair of mandibles3. A pair of maxillae4. A labium5. A hypopharynx (tongue)
![Page 32: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Mandible: jaws
Maxillae: handle food
Labium: lower lip
Labrum: upper lib
![Page 33: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
These mouthparts are highly modified for different types of feeding:
maxillae
Mosquito: piercing and sucking
Butterfly: siphoning
![Page 34: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Horsefly: sponging
maxillae
labrumlabium
labella
![Page 35: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Class InsectaCharacteristics
• Wings
Most insects have 2 pairs of wings on the thorax
The wings are derived from outgrowths of the boy wall and are made of the cuticle
![Page 36: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Some insects have both direct and indirect flight muscles (e.g. Orthoptera, Odonata).
• indirect muscles pull body wall down and lift wings
• direct muscles pull the wings down
direct indirect
![Page 37: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Some insects have only indirect flight muscles (e.g. Diptera, Hymenoptera).
In these insects, the wings are moved by altering the shape of the thorax.
indirect
![Page 38: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Class InsectaCharacteristics
•Most insects undergo metamorphosis:
non-growingreproducing
adult
growingnon-reproducinglarva or nymph
usually have wingsno wings
![Page 39: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Insects are separated into 2 subclasses based on whether they undergo metamorphosis and develop wings.
Subclass Apterygota- primitive insects that do not have wings
silverfish
Subclass Pterygota- insects that develop wings via 2 types of metamorphosis
![Page 40: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Class InsectaSubclass Apterygota
Direct development: no metamorphosis, no wings
![Page 41: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Class InsectaSubclass Pterygota
2 types of Metamorphosis:
Hemimetabolous(incomplete metamorphosis)
Holometabolous(complete metamorphosis)
Division Exopterygota
Division Endopterygota
![Page 42: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Class Insecta, Subclass PterygotaDivision Exopterygota
small juvenile
medium juvenile
-wings develop on the outside-adults reproduce but do not grow
Hemimetabolous(incomplete metamorphosis)
egg
adultlarge juvenile
![Page 43: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Class Insecta, Subclass PterygotaDivision Endopterygota
egg
young larva
terminal larva
-wings develop on the inside-adults reproduce but do not grow
Holometabolous(complete metamorphosis)
pupaadult
![Page 44: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Class Insecta, Subclass PterygotaDivision Exopterygota
Hemimetabolous(incomplete metamorphosis)
5 ORDERS:Order OrthopteraOrder IsopteraOrder OdonataOrder HemipteraOrder Homoptera
![Page 45: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Class Insecta, Subclass PterygotaDivision Exopterygota
Order Orthopteracrickets, grasshoppers, roaches, mantids
![Page 46: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Class Insecta, Subclass PterygotaDivision Exopterygota
Order Isopteratermites
![Page 47: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
EcologyEusocial (truly social) insects (Hymenoptera and Isoptera) live in societies characterized by:
• Cooperative care of young
• Overlap of generations
• Polymorphism (caste system)
![Page 48: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
EcologyHaplodiploid Sex Determination
Females (diploid)fertili
zed
Queen eggsunfertilized Males (haploid)
This method of sex determination along with the ability of queens to store sperm, allows the queen to control the sex of her offspring
![Page 49: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Class Insecta, Subclass PterygotaDivision Exopterygota
Order Odonatadragonflies, damselflies
![Page 50: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Class Insecta, Subclass PterygotaDivision Exopterygota
Order HemipteraTrue bugs: assassin bugs, bedbugs
![Page 51: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Class Insecta, Subclass PterygotaDivision Exopterygota
Order Homopteracicadas, aphids, leaf hoppers
![Page 52: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Class Insecta, Subclass PterygotaDivision Endopterygota
Holometabolous(complete metamorphosis)
4 ORDERS:Order ColeopteraOrder LepidopteraOrder HymenopteraOrder Diptera
![Page 53: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Class Insecta, Subclass PterygotaDivision Exopterygota
Order Coleopterabeetles
-top pair of wings is modified into an armor-like covering called an elytra
![Page 54: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
There are at 350, 000 described species of beetle:
When asked what his studies of nature had revealed about God, J.B.S. Haldane, the renowned British physiologist and philosopher, is said to have replied: “an inordinate fondness for beetles."
![Page 55: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Class Insecta, Subclass PterygotaDivision Exopterygota
Order DipteraFlies, mosquitoes
-have only 1 pair of flying wings-2nd pair of wings are reduced to halteres + used in balance
![Page 56: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Class Insecta, Subclass PterygotaDivision Exopterygota
Order Hymenoptera bees, wasps, ants
![Page 57: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Class Insecta, Subclass PterygotaDivision Exopterygota
Order Lepidoptera butterflies, moths
![Page 58: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Class Insecta, Subclass PterygotaDivision Exopterygota
Order Lepidoptera butterflies, moths
![Page 59: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
What characteristics have enabled Insects to be so
successful?
![Page 60: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
1. Desiccation resistance
Insects have several adaptations that prevent them from dehydrating on land:
a. Waxy epicuticleb. Resistant egg shellsc. Trachael system
![Page 61: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
2. Wings:
Wings have enabled insects to access food and resources they wouldn’t be able to reach otherwise
Wings have also allowed insects to disperse great distances and colonize new habitats
![Page 62: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Primitively, insects held their wings outstretched (like a dragonfly)
![Page 63: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
The ability to fold the wings, allowed insects to access areas they couldn’t previously
![Page 64: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
5. Metamorphosis
Metamorphosis reduced competition between larvae and adults
Larvae feed on milkweed leaves Adults feed on milkweed flowers
![Page 65: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Plant Insect interactionsInsects are important pollinators
Many flowering plants have evolved to exploit insects as pollinators
Sexually deceptive orchids
![Page 66: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Plant Insect interactionsInsects are important pollinators
Many flowering plants have evolved rewards to attract pollinators (nectar)…
Extrafloral nectaries
![Page 67: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Plant Insect interactionsInsects are important pollinators
•… and displays to advertise these rewards.
Nectar guides
Visible light(what we see)
UV light(what a bee sees)
![Page 68: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Plant Insect interactionsMutualisms
Some insects are involved in obligate mutualisms (both partners require one another). These are often plant-pollinator relationships.
Figs and fig wasps Yucca and Yucca Moths
![Page 69: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Plant Insect interactionsHerbivory
Some insects feed on plant materials without benefiting the plant
![Page 70: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Faculty Research on Plant-Insect Interactions
Dr. Nora Underwood:Plant resistance and herbivore population dynamics
Dr. Brian Inouye: Host parasitoid interactions in gall forming wasps
![Page 71: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Galls: irregular plant growth induced by an insect or mite.
The galls are the result of an interaction between plant hormones and growth regulating compounds produced by the insect.
The insect lives within the gall which provides nutrients and shelter
![Page 72: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Some gall forming insects are involved in mutualisms with ants.
Gall former induces plant to secrete a sweet substance
Ants feed on the sweet substance and protect the gall from parasitoids
![Page 73: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
How do these ants affect Disholcaspis, and the community of parasitoids that parasitize them?
![Page 74: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Control Exclusion
gall gall
Tanglefoot: sticky substance that traps insectsThe treatment is effective in excluding ants.
![Page 75: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
05
101520253035404550
exclusion control
Treatment
% e
mer
genc
e
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
exclusion control
Treatment
para
sito
id e
mer
genc
e
Ant tended galls have higher emergence rates
Ant tended galls have lower rates of parasitoid attack
![Page 76: Major Divisions of Lifebsc2011l/sp_05_doc/Arthropoda... · 2005-03-14 · s. Uniramia ... Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of ... head trunk somite 1 pair of](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022017/5b7babef7f8b9a4c4a8d152e/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
05
101520253035404550
Sycop
hila
Tenuipe
tiolus
Barysc
apus
Torymus
others
% o
f par
asitz
ed g
alls
exclusioncontrol
Tending ants affect the community of parasitoids emerging from Disholcaspisgalls