major concepts of anatomy and physiology part 1: organization of the human body
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Major Concepts of Anatomy and PhysiologyPart 1: Organization of the Human Body
What is A&P?
Anatomy: The study of the structure of the human body.
Physiology:The study of the function of the human body.
Subdivisions of Anatomy Gross Anatomy: Studies structures visible
to naked eye. Histology: Studies structure of tissues
visible through a microscope. Neuroanatomy: Studies the structures of
the human nervous system. Embryology: Studies the development of
human embryos. Radiographic Anatomy: Studies the
structures visible via x-ray.
Subdivisions of Physiology Neurophysiology: Studies the function of
the human nervous system Cardiophysiology: Studies the human
cardiovascular system. Immunology: Studies the structure &
function of the immune system. Endocrinology: Studies the function of
hormones and their effects. Pathophysiology: Studies the changes
brought on by disease and aging.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis: The healthy internal balance of the human
organism.The body will always attempt to return to
homeostasis if change occurs. Feedback Systems are used to maintain
homeostasis. E.g. blood glucose, body temperature, etc.Major fluctuations may indicate a problem!
Feedback Mechanisms Negative Feedback Mechanisms:
Maintains the body condition in question within a small “normal range” of its set point.
Examples: Blood sugar range (80-120mg/ml)Body Temperature (36.5-38*C)Blood pHYour thermostat!
Feedback Mechanisms
Positive Feedback Mechanisms:Strengthens of reinforces a change where the
response to a stimulus actually increases the original stimulus. Produces a fairly rapid change.
Examples: Labor
Hierarchy of Complexity
6 Levels of the HierarchyChemical LevelCellular LevelTissue LevelOrgan LevelSystem LevelOrganism Level
Moves from simple to complex.
Chemical Level
The atoms and molecules that make up the cells of the body.
Subatomic Particles: Smaller than atoms Include protons, neutrons & electrons
Atoms: The smallest unit of the elementsFormed by combinations of the subatomic
particles
Chemical Level Elements:
Fundamental substances composed of atoms Chemically alike &cannot be separated into smaller
substances by typical methods Include Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, & nitrogen
Molecules: Composed of groups of atoms Includes things like Glucose & Macromolecules
Macromolecules: Composed of hundreds or thousands of molecules Includes proteins, fats, carbohydrates, DNA, RNA
Cellular Level
Organelles: Microscopic structures contained inside cellsCarry out individual functions Include Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum,
lysosomes Cells:
The basic building block of all organic organisms (living things)
Tissue Level
Tissue: A mass of similar cells that perform the same
specific functionFOUR PRIMARY TISSUES
Epithelium Tissue Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue
Organ Level
Organ: Structure composed of two or more separate
tissue types working together to carry out a particular function
Distinct gross anatomical boundaries Include stomach, heart, brain, etc.
System Level
Organ System: A group of organs connected together to
accomplish a unique collective functionExample: Digestive system
Separate organs include the esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines
Functions include digestion, absorption, and excretion
Organism Level Organism:
A single complete individualComposed of a number of different organ
systems11 Systems in the Human
Integumentary Skeletal Muscular
Cardiovascular Nervous Endocrine
Respiratory Digestive Lymphatic
Reproductive Urinary
Six Characteristics of Living Organisms
1. Metabolism: All chemical reaction occurring within living cells.
1. Anabolism: Synthesis reactions to combine small molecules to form larger ones. Requires an input of energy.
2. Catabolism: Reactions reduce large, complex substances into simpler ones. Releases energy.
2. Growth: An increase in size through division and/or enlargement of cells.
3. Differentiation: The process of developing unspecialized cells into specialized cells with specific structure and function.
Six Characteristics of Living Organisms
1. Movement: Includes motion of a body part or materials through the body.
2. Responsiveness: The ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment.
3. Reproduction: The process of producing a new organism or forming new cells.
Anatomical Position
The anatomical position is the standard reference position for A&P.
Requires a person to… Stand with feet flat on the floor Arms at the sides Palms, face, eyes, and feet face
forward
All descriptions assume the body is in this position.
Directional Terms Superior: Toward the top of the head Inferior: Below or toward the feet Anterior or Ventral: Front Posterior or Dorsal: Back Medial: Toward the midline/midsagittal
plane Lateral: Away from the midline Proximal: Closer to midline or the point of
limb attachment
Directional Terms
Distal: Farther away from the midline or point of limb attachment
Superficial: Closer to the surface of the body
Deep: Farther from the surface of the body
Anatomical Planes
Sagittal Plane: Extends vertically from head to toes; divides the body into left and right portions. Midsagittal Median Plane: Passes exactly
through midline (middle) of the body; divides the body into equal halves.
Parasagittal Plane: Any sagittal plane that passes through the body to the left or right of the midline; divides the body into unequal left & right portions.
Anatomical Planes
Frontal Coronal Plane: Vertically oriented planeAt right angles perpendicular to the sagittal
planeDivides the body into a front (anterior) and
back (posterior) portion
Anatomical Planes
Transverse Plane: Passes through the body horizontallyPerpendicular to the long axis of the bodyDivides the body into top (superior) and
bottom (inferior) portions. Typical plane of Computerized Tomography
(CT) scans
Anatomical Planes
Oblique Plane: Passes through the body at an angleBetween the transverse plan and either a
sagittal or frontal plane.
Surface Anatomy Axial Region: The area of the body
closest to the midline. Consists of..headneckTrunk
Thoracic region (chest above diaphragm) Abdominopelvic region (below diaphragm)
Surface Anatomy Appendicular Region: Are of body farthest away from
the midline. Consists of the Appendages (upper and lower limbs, extremities). Brachium: Arm from shoulder to elbow Antebrachium: Forearm from elbow to wrist Carpus: Wrist area Metacarpus: Hand between carpus & phalanges Manus: Hand Digits (Phalanges): Fingers Thigh: From hip to knee Crus (Shank): From knee to ankle Tarsus: Ankle between leg and metatarsus Metatarsus: Foot from ankle to toes. Pes: The foot Digits (Phalanges): The toes
Body Cavities
Dorsal Cavity: Lined by the meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater). Cranial Cavity: Contains the brain; enclosed in the skull. Vertebral or Spinal Cavity: Contains the spinal chord; enclosed
in the vertebral column. Ventral Cavity
Thoracic Cavity: Contains the heart, lungs, & upper digestive system organs.
Abdominopelvic Cavity: Contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, urinary bladder, small & large intestine. Kidneys located BEHIND abdominopelvic cavity.
Organs located in these cavities are referred to as viscera.
Abdominopelvic Cavity
4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants: Right Upper QuadrantLeft Upper QuadrantLeft Lower QuadrantRight Lower Quadrant
Abdominopelvic Cavity 9 Abdominopelvic Regions
Right Hypochondriac Region: Liver, gall bladder Epigastric Region: Liver, stomach, pancreas Left Hypochondriac Region: Stomach, spleen Right Lateral or Lumbar Region: Ascending colon, gall
bladder Umbilical Region: Stomach, transverse colon, small
intestine, pancreas Left Lateral or Lumbar Region: Small intestine,
descending colon Right Inguinal or Iliac Region: Cecum, small intestine Hypogastric Region: Small intestine, rectum, urinary
bladder, reproductive organs Left Inguinal or Iliac Region: Small intestine, sigmoid colon