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Pacific Settlement of Disputes as per the Charter

ofthe United NationsThe parties to any dispute, the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace andecurity, shall first of all, seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicialstt1ement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or uthur peaceful means of their own choice. The SecurityCouncil of the UN, when it deem necessary call upon the prties to settle their dispute by such means. (Article 33).The Security Council thay investigate any dispute, or any Mituution which might lead to international friction or

give rise to a dispute., in order to determine whether the entinuance of the dispute or situation is likely to endangerthe maintenance of international peace and security. (Art. 34).Any member of the U.N. may bring any dispute or any iltuation to the attention of the Security Council or of the

(4eiwral Assembly. A state which is not a Member of the UN mny bring to the attention of the Security Councilor of the Oencral Assembly any dispute to which it a party if it accepts hi udvance for the purposes of the dispute,

the obligations ofpeciflc cettlement. (Art.. 35).The Security Council may, at any stage of a dispute or of a situation, of like nature, recommend appropriateprocedures or methods of adjustment. The Security Council should tako into consideration any. procedures for, asettlement of thodlispute which have already been adopted by the parties. In making recommendations, the Security Council shouldalso take into consideration that legal dispute should as a general rule be referred by the parties to the International

Court of Justice in accordance with the provisions of the Statute of the Court. (Art. 36).The parties to a dispute, which failed to settle it by the means of peaceful settlement as indicated above, shall refer itto the Security CouniL If the Security Council deems that the continuance of the dispute is in fact likely toendanger the maintenance of international peace and security, it shall decide whether to refer to the InternationalCourt of Justice or to recommend such terms of sttlement as it may consider appropriate, (Art. 37). , .The Security Council may, if all the parties to any dispute so request, make recommendations to the parties with aview to a pacific settlement of the dispute. (Art. 38). Thus, the U.N. Charter clearly specifies the methods ofamicable or peaceful settlement of disputes.

United Nations peace-keeping Forces V V V VThe U.N. Peace-keeping forces originated in 1948 when the U.N.Security Council sent observers to monitor a truce in Palestine betweenIsrael and the surrounding Arab States. Since that time the U.N.peace-keeping forces have been involved in numerous operations around theworld, helping to maintain Vor re-establish peace in areas that have been thescene of armed conflicts. The successful completion of the largest peace-keeping operation in the history of theUnited Nationsthe United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC)and the establishment of fivenew peace-keeping missions in response to situations in Haiti, Georgia, Liberia and Rwanda, highlighted theSecurity Councils precedent-setting year of 1993.In 1988, the United Nations had five peace-keeping operations.deployed. In 1992 the number was eleven. In March, 1995 it was sixteen.Over the same period, the number of military personnel deployed hasrisen from 9,570 to 62,333. The number of civilian police deployed has risenfrom 35 to 1169.V The number of countries contributing military and police personnel has risen from 26 to 74 ; and the United

Nations Annual budget for peace-keeping has risen from $ 230 million to approximately $ 3.6 billion today.Beyond quantitative changes, there have been qualitative changes ofeven greater significance.Most of todays conflicts take place within States. They are fought not only by Armies but also by irregular forces.Civilians are the main victims. Humanitarian emergencies are common places. State institutions often havecollapsed. VThe demands go beyond traditional peace-keeping. Recent operationshave demobilized troops, promoted national reconciliation, restored effectivegovernment and organised and monitored elections.Civil operations are as important as military operations.

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United Nations peace efforts have become more expensive, morecomplex and more dangerous.

The U N peace-keeping forces intervene in a conflict, according to the guidelines of the U.N. Secretary-General DagHammarskjold issued in 1956, in a conflict with the permission of the disputing parties, achieve its goals by meansof negotiation and persuasion rather than violence and taken orders only from the U N Security Council Further, the

peace-keeping forces may use arms only in self-defense The forces have to be supported financially by all themember nations of the United Nations These principles still hold good todayWith the introduction of U N peace-keeping forces, both observer groups and military troops despite regionalconflicts in many parts of the world, the United Nations has played a significant role inpreventing seriousconfrontations between East and West.Functions of Peace-keeping ForcesPeace-keeping forces perform a non-coercive mission. They are not designed to restore orderNto stop the fightingbetween rival enemies but are deployed following a cease-fire agreement They have no offensive role in the conflictand act as a buffer between hostile forces They carry out observations tasks, viz, detecting violations of cease-firesand supervising troop withdrawal They also perform humanitarian activities, such asmedical facilities, assisting with electricity and water and providing transportation

CURRENT U N PEACE-KEEPING OPERATIONSUNTSO June, 1948 to present

United Nations Truce Supervision OrganizationCurrent strength 218 Fatalities 28

Rough annual cost to the UN $ 28 6 millionUNMOGIP January; 1949 to present

United Nations Military ObserverGroup in India andPakistanCurrent strength 39 Fatalities : 6

Rough annual cost to the UN : $ 7.2 millionUNFICYP March, 1964 to present

United Nations Peace-Keepmg Force in CyprusCurrent strength 1,183 Fatalities 163

Rough annual cost to the UN $ 42 3 million

UNDOF June, 1974 to presentUnited Nations Disengagement ObserverForceCurrent strength 1,030 Fatalities 37

Rough annual cost to the UN $ 32 2 millionUNIFIL March, 1978 to presentUnited Nations Interim Force in LebanonCurrent strength 5,146 Fatalities 200

Rough annual cost to the UN $ 142 3 million

UNIKOM April, 1991 to present

United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation MissionCurrent strength: 1,142 Fatalities : 3

Rough annual cost to the UN : $ 63.1 millionUNAVEM II . June, 1991 to present

United Nations Angola Verification Mission IICurrent strength: 135 Fatalities : 4

Rought annual cost to the UN.: $ 25.5 millionONUSAL . July, 1991 to present

United Nations Observer Mission in El SalvadorCurrent strength : 34 Fatalities : 3Rough annual cost to the UN : $28.9 million

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MINURSO September, 1991 to present

United Nations Mission for the Referendum in

Western SaharaCurrent strength : 334 Fatalities : 4

Rough annual cost to the UN : $ 40.5 millionUNPROFOR March, 1993 to present

United Nations Protection ForceCurrent strength: 39,789 Fatalities : 131Rough annual cost to the UN : $ 1.6 billionONUMOZ December, 1992 to December, 1994United Nations Operation in MozambiqueCurrent strength 5,063 Fatalities : 18

Rough annual cost to the UN: $. 295 million.UNOSOM II May, 1993 to present

United Nations Operation in SomaIM JJCurrent strength: 9,412 Fatalities: 134

Rough annual cost to the UN : $ 942, 4 millionUNOMIG August, 1993 to present

United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia

Current strength: 134Rough annual cost to. the UN : $ 10.9 millionUNOMIL . September, 1993 to presentUnited Nations Observer Mission in LibetiaCurrent strength: 84 .Rough annual cost to the UN : $ 1.1 millionUNMJH . . . September, 1993 to presentUnited Nations Mission in HaitiAuthorized strength: 6,567Current strength: 74

Rough annual cost to the UN : $ 1.1 million

UNAMIR October, 1993 to present

United Nations Assistance Mission for RwandaCurrent strength : 5,522 Fatalities : 16Rough annual cost to the UN : $ 193.5 million[includes cost of UN Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda]UNMOT December, 1994 to presentUnited Nations Mission of Observers in TajikistanAuthorized strength: 40Current strength: 17Rough annual cost to the UN $ 1.1 millionPERSONNEL las at 31 December, 1994]Military personnel served 1948 to present Over 7,20,000Fatalities 1948 to present 1,194Military and civilian police currently serving 69,356

Countries currently contributing military andcivilian personnel 77FINANCIAL ASPECTS las at 31 December, 1994]Total cost to the UN of all operations1948 to present About $ 12.5 billionAnnualized cost to the UN to current operations About $ 3.5 billionOutstanding contributions to peace-keepingoperations About $ 1.2 billion

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