main points of interlanguage_ krashen_ and
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Main points of Interlanguage, Krashen, and Universal
Grammar
What is Interlanguage (IL)?¨ Larry Selinker (1972)¨ Intermediate states (or intermediate
grammars) of a learner’s language as it moves toward the target L2.
¨ Creative process, driven by inner forces and interaction, and influenced by L1 and input from the target language.
Characteristics of Interlanguage¨ Systematic (governed by rules and by
students’ L1)¨ Dynamic (changes frequently)¨ Variable (based on context and situation)¨ Reduced system (form)- the interlanguage
is less complex grammatically in form¨ Reduced system (function)- used for a
smaller range of communicative needs.
Differences in IL in L2 and L1¨ Language transfer¨ How the L2 is taught.¨ How learners approach learning L2.¨ Ways that learners try to communicate with
others in L2.¨ Overgeneralization (rules are applied to
broadly).
Fossilization¨ Cease learning a language before they reach
target language norms.¨ This happens despite students receive L2
input and passage of time.¨ More likely to happen among older L2
learners.¨ Also depends on social identity and need to
communicate
Issues with Fossilization
Should individuals be considered “fossilized” if…
¨ They retain a foreign accent despite being fluent in the language?
¨ The students don’t want to “sound native”
Should “progress” be measured against native-speaker norms?
Monitor Model (Krashen)¨ Language Acquisition Device (LAD)-
children’s innate knowledge and language.¨ Collection of five hypotheses which have
major claims and assumptions about learning a language
Krashen’s Five Hypotheses¨ Acquisition-learning¨ Monitor¨ Natural Order¨ Input¨ Affective filter
Acquisition Learning
What is the difference between acquisition and learning?
Acquisition- subconscious learning, not aware; involves the LAD
Learning- conscious; what happens in the classroom.
Monitor
What is “learned” is available only as a monitor, for purposes of editing or making changes in what has already been produced.
Natural Order
Acquire the rules of language in a predictable order.
Affective Filter¨ How one feels about the learning process.
Conscious learning is taking place.¨ Input may not be processed if this is “up”. ¨ “Lower their affective filter”
Universal Grammar (UG)¨ Noam Chomsky¨ Language Acquisition is based on linguistic
competence (what learners know about the language) not on the use of the language.
¨ This knowledge is deeper than the input students get. (“Innate”)
Innate Knowledge¨ Competency in L1 come from the innate
knowledge that all students possess.¨ Knowledge is also based on what all
languages have.¨ Innate knowledge= language faculty
(physically represented in the brain)
Innate Knowledge¨ Children already have a rich system of
knowledge that they bring when are they learning L1.
¨ They are not learning UG; UG is present at birth, but this capacity is awaken with input.
¨ But, does this knowledge apply to individuals who are learning additional languages beyond childhood?
Principles and Parameters¨ Principles= the properties that ALL
languages possess.¨ Parameters= variation amongst the different
languages.
¨ Children are able to interpret the input they receive and out comes the appropriate grammar.
UG and L2¨ What is the initial state in L2? (Starting
point)¨ What is the nature of interlanguage and how
does it change over time?¨ What is the final state in SLA?
Initial State¨ Learners already have knowledge of L1
when L2 acquisition begins.¨ L1 knowledge is transferred, but what
transfers and what to degree depends on:-Any similarities between L1 and L2?-Why and how the person is learning L2?
Initial State (continued)¨ When L1 and L2 settings are the same,
positive transfer happens.¨ When L1 and L2 settings are different,
negative transfer or interference occurs.
Final State¨ All learners may not have the same degree
of access to UG.¨ Different relationships between L1 and L2
may result in negative transfer or interference.
¨ Some learners may receive different input (in terms of quality).
Functional Approaches¨ Emphasize the content of what is being
produced¨ Views language as a form of
communication rather than rules.
Other Main Points of Functionalism
¨ Focus is on the use of language in real situations (performance) as well as underlying knowledge (competence).
¨ Purpose of language is communication, and to develop that knowledge requires communicative use.
¨ Study how language is used in interaction.