ELASTIC SCATTERING AND HIGHER ORDER MULTIPACTOR

Magnetrons for accelerators History Opportunities Current status Magnetron efficiency Magnetron phase locking

PLANAmos Dexter

1The Reflection AmplifierJ. Kline The magnetron as a negative-resistance amplifier,IRE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. ED-8, Nov 1961

H.L. Thal and R.G. Lock, Locking of magnetrons by an injected r.f. signal,IEEE Trans. MTT, vol. 13, 1965 Linacs require accurate phase control Phase control requires an amplifier Magnetrons can be operated as reflection amplifiers CavityInjection SourceMagnetronCirculatorLoadCompared to Klystrons, in general Magnetrons

- are smaller - more efficient - can use permanent magnets - utilise lower d.c. voltage but higher current - are easier to manufacture

Consequently they are much cheaper topurchase and operateEnEfficient RF Sources Workshop Daresbury June 20142The most convenient way to set up a magnetron as a reflection amplifier is with a circulator.

History Single magnetrons 2.856 GHz, 5 MW, 3ms pulse, 200 Hz repetition are used to power linacs for medical and security applications.Multiple magnetrons have been considered for high energy normal conducting linacs but the injection power needed for an unstabilised magnetron made it uncompetitive with a Klystron.

Courtesy of e2vJ.C. Slater The Phasing of Magnetrons MIT Technical Report 35, 1947Overett, T.; Bowles, E.; Remsen, D. B.; Smith, R. E., III; Thomas, G. E. Phase Locked Magnetrons as Accelerator RF Sources PAC 1987 Benford J., Sze H., Woo W., Smith R., and Harteneck B., Phase locking of relativistic magnetrons Phys. Rev.Lett., vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 969, 1989.Treado T. A., Hansen T. A., and Jenkins D.J. Power-combining and injection locking magnetrons for accelerator applications, Proc IEEE Particle Accelerator Conf., San Francisco, CA 1991. Chen, S. C.; Bekefi, G.; Temkin, R. J. Injection Locking of a Long-Pulse Relativistic Magnetron PAC 1991 Treado, T. A.; Brown, P. D.; Hansen, T. A.; Aiguier, D. J. Phase locking of two long-pulse, high-power magnetrons , IEEE Trans. Plasma Science, vol 22, p616-625, 1994Treado, Todd A.; Brown, Paul D., Aiguier, Darrell New experimental results at long pulse and high repetition rate, from Varian's phase-locked magnetron array program Proceedings Intense Microwave Pulses, SPIE vol. 1872, July 1993EnEfficient RF Sources Workshop Daresbury June 20143Most accelerators are for medical and industrial applications,.

Achieving precise phase control of magnetrons opens the possibility of their application to drive accelerators where multiple sources are required. It has been well known for 50 years that the phase of a magnetron can be locked and hence controlled by an injection signal. In the early 1990s extensive studies of short pulse, high power, injection locked, relativistic magnetrons were pursued by Varian as potential RF sources for particle accelerators.

[1]Benford J., Sze H., Woo W., Smith R., and Harteneck B., Phase locking of relativistic magnetrons Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 969, 1989.

[2] Treado T. A., Hansen T. A., and Jenkins D. J. Power-combining and injection locking magnetrons for accelerator applications, Proc IEEE Particle Accelerator Conf., San Francisco, CA 1991.

The ultimate aim of our project is to investigate the overall phase performance that might be achieved when injection locked magnetrons, with state of the art control electronics are used to drive high Q cavities for long pulse and CW accelerator applications.

Low Noise State for Cooker MagnetronsThe Magnetron A Low Noise, Long Life Amplifier

This author, a leading proponent of the transmission of power via microwave beams, describes how the common microwave oven magnetron can be externally locked to provide 30 .dB of gain - resulting in a 500 watt, 70% efficient, $15, coherent microwave source.

William C. BrownConsultantWeston, Massachusetts

The 2450 MHz magnetron which supplies 700 watts of average power to the ubiquitous microwave oven is made in a quantity of 15,000,000 units annually at a very low price, less than $15. It has a high conversion efficiency of 70% and small size and mass. What is not generally recognized is that it has very low noise and long life properties, and that it can be combined with external circuitry to convert it into a phase-locked amplifier with 30 dB gain, without compromising its noise or life properties.Such amplifiers are ideal for combining with slot ted waveguide radiators to form radiating modules in a low-cost , electronically steerable phased array for beamed power , which motivated this study. However, there are conceivably numerous other practical purposes for which these properties can be utilized.The low noise and long life properties are associated with a feedback mechanism internal to the magnetron that hold s the emission capabilities of the cathode to those levels consistent with both low noise and Jong life. This internal feedback mechanism is effective when the magnetron is operated from a relatively well filtered DC power supply with the cathode heated by back bombardment power alone.

APPLIED MICROWAVE Summer 1990EnEfficient RF Sources Workshop Daresbury June 20144Brown varies the magnetic field to stabilise his magnetron. Few details on the circuits are given.Pushing Curves and Low Noise State

Low noise state associated with low heater power and low anode currentPushing for Panasonic 2M137These measurements were made with the magnetron running in a phase locked loop.

Anode current is varies as the external match is varied.EnEfficient RF Sources Workshop Daresbury June 2014At Lancaster stabilization was done by varying the anode current. The magnetron was run as a current controlled oscillator in a phase lock loop.5Amplifier Selection MagnetronGyro-KlystronKlystronFrequencyAbove ~ 200MHzabove a few GHzAbove ~ 350MHzPeak PowerLowerHighHighAverage powerLowerHighHighGainLowerHighHighTuneable rangeLargeSmallSmallInstantaneous bandwidthSmallerSmallSmallSlew rateSmallerSmallSmallNoise figureHigherLowerBest Efficiency L band~ 90% ILC ~ 69%Best Efficiency X band~ 50%50%XL5 = 40%Pushing figureSignificantSignificantPulling figureSignificantAmplifier costLowhighhighModulator & magnet costLowervery highhighEnEfficient RF Sources Workshop Daresbury June 2014Stiff superconducting cavities run do not need a lot of amplifier bandwidth.One magnetron per cavity is the best option for good control.6OpportunitiesOur conceptual application was for intense proton beams as would be required for a neutrino factory or future spallation sources.

Magnetrons can become an option for intense proton beams where they give significantly greater efficiency than other devices and bring down the lifetime cost of the machine without sacrificing performance and reliability.

The easiest applications are where beam quality is not a key issue. EnEfficient RF Sources Workshop Daresbury June 20147A Magnetron Solution for SPL? Permits fast phase control but only slow, full range amplitude controlLLRF880 kW Magnetron4 Port CirculatorLoadSlow tuner60 kW IOTStandard ModulatorPulse to pulse amplitude can be variedCavity~ -13 dB to -17 dB needed for locking i.e. between 18 kW and 44kW hence between 42 kW and 16 kW available for fast amplitude controlA substantial development program would be required for a 704 MHz, 880 kW long pulse magnetronCould fill cavity with IOT then pulse magnetron when beam arriveshttps://indico.cern.ch/event/63935/session/1/contribution/73EnEfficient RF Sources Workshop Daresbury June 20148Roland Garoby saw the work we were doing at the Cockcroft Institute in 2007 and pointed out that it could be a good solution for CERN super conducting proton linac proposal.Magnetron Exciting Superconducting cavity

Demonstration of CW 2.45 GHz magnetron driving a specially manufactured superconducting cavity in a vertical test facility at JLab and the control of phase in the presence of microphonics was successful. First demonstration and performance of an injection locked continuous wave magnetron to phase control a superconducting cavity A.C. Dexter, G. Burt, R. Carter, I. Tahir, H. Wang, K. Davis, and R. Rimmer, Physical Review Special Topics: Accelerators and Beams, Vol. 14, No. 3, 17.03.2011, p. 032001.http://journals.aps.org/prstab/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.14.032001 EnEfficient RF Sources Workshop Daresbury June 20149Protons at FermiLabFERMILAB-PUB-13-315-AD-TD

High-power magnetron transmitter as an RF source for superconducting linear accelerators

Grigory Kazakevich*,Rolland Johnson, Gene Flanagan, Frank Marhauser,Muons, Inc., Batavia, 60510 IL, USA

Vyacheslav Yakovlev, Brian Chase, Valeri Lebedev, Sergei Nagaitsev, Ralph Pasquinelli, Nikolay Solyak, Kenneth Quinn, and Daniel Wolff,Fermilab, Batavia, 60510 IL, USA

Viatcheslav Pavlov,Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP), Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia

A concept of a high-power magnetron transmitter based on the vector addition of signals of two injection-locked Continuous Wave (CW) magnetrons, intended to operate within a fast and precise control loop in phase and amplitude, is presented. This transmitter is proposed to drive Superconducting RF (SRF) cavities for intensity-frontier GeV-scale proton/ion linacs, such as the Fermilab Project X 3 GeV CW proton linac or linacs for Accelerator Driven System (ADS) projects. The transmitter consists of two 2-cascade injection-locked magnetrons with outputs combined by a 3- dB hybrid. In such a scheme the phase and power control are accomplished by management of the phase and the phase difference, respectively, in both injection-locked magnetrons, allowing a fast and10Is exciting to see that Fermilab is pursuing the concept.High Efficiency Proven at L Band

11CTL and SLAC have demonstrated that high power long pulses do not compromise efficiency.Efficiency High magnetic field important for good efficiency Can high efficiency be achieved when magnetron is injection locked? Low external Q is needed for stable locking over a useable bandwidth Low external Q is good for efficiency

For good efficiency need to have slow electrons hitting the anode.Simple estimate 800W Cooker1200W CookerSPL 704MHzRadius Cathoderc (mm)1.932.9617.74Radius Anodera (mm)4.355.8024.01Anode voltageV4000400041876~Electric fieldE (V/m)1.65E+061.41E+066.68E+06Magnetic fieldB (T)0.1850.1350.413Nominal Efficiencyh77.3%69.1%92.9%J.C.Slater, Microwave Electronics, Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol 18, No 4, 1946EnEfficient RF Sources Workshop Daresbury June 201412PIC Code Modelling

Have used VORPAL and MAGIC to simulate magnetronsTakes a huge amount of time to get a single operating pointGets impedance incorrect for efficient cooker magnetronsPrefer to assume RF field and compute trajectories in a self consistent d.c. field

efficientinefficientRF OutputRF InputB field into pageCathodeEnEfficient RF Sources Workshop Daresbury June 201413VORPAL model of 2M137 Panasonic magnetron

5.2 ns5.6 ns6.0 ns11.15ns23.1 ns36.24 ns37.40 ns38.60 ns39.42 ns39.80 ns41.00 ns45.80 ns14Magnetron Start Up No RF seeding /RF injection has been used in previous slide. Spoke growth requires noise. The noise comes from mesh irregularities and random emission. Start up time is mesh dependent. Start also requires sufficient charge to collect in cathode anode gap. Without random emission and mesh irregularity all electrons return to cathode and the magnetron does not start. Once the rotating charge has a certain density and extent, the spokes form very quickly. A lot of time is wasted with PIC models waiting for the magnetron to start. Conversely a problem with steady state models is that one does not necessarily know how to get to the operating point that was modelled.EnEfficient RF Sources Workshop Daresbury June 201415Magnetron Operation Panasonic 2M137

Electrons can leave from any point on coil hence emission points are within the inner circle marking the outside radius of the cathode

Electrons can spiral between turns contributing to space charge at the cathode.

If the electrons become synchronous with the RF then they move to the anode in about 5 arcs.

Most electrons return to the cathode.Results from a self consistent model with a coiled cathodeEnEfficient RF Sources Workshop Daresbury June 201416Orbits in high efficiency 2.45 GHz cooker designCATHODEB = 2.2T, V = 4000, IA=1.13A, VRF=2450V, P=3.86kW, Eff = 86%, Solid Cathode 1880KCentre trajectories have almost perfect cusps all the way to the anodeEarly and late trajectories have loops as they leave but become cusped as they approach the anode17Field in high efficiency 2.45 GHz cooker designEfficiency peaks as tops of cusps coincide with anode.

Calculations are not fully realistic as to change the RF voltage one has to change external Q and this changes the frequencyAt this operating point the field at cathode is just negative. Field at cathode becomes positive as cathode temperature increases or anode current decreases. To get a stable calculation mesh size near cathode ~ 2 micronsEnEfficient RF Sources Workshop Daresbury June 201418

Orbits for 1 MW 704 MHz designAn efficient orbit should have no loop, electronic efficiency prediction ~ 96%EnEfficient RF Sources Workshop Daresbury June 201419Reflection Amplifier ControllabilityMagnetron frequency and output vary together as a consequence ofVarying the magnetic fieldVarying the anode current (pushing)Varying the reflected power (pulling)Phase of output follows the phase of the input signalPhase shift through magnetron depends on difference between input frequency and the magnetrons natural frequencyOutput power has minimal dependence on input signal power (Should add)Phase shift through magnetron depends on input signal powerThere is a time constant associated with the output phase following the input phase 12345Anode Current Amps10.0 kV10.5 kV11.0 kV11.5 kV12.0 kVAnodeVoltagePower supply load line916MHz915MHz10kW20kW30kW40kW2.70A3.00A2.85A2.92A2.78AMagnetic field coil current2346900 W800 W700 WtowardsmagnetronVSWR+5MHz+2.5MHz-2.5MHz-5MHzModing+0MHzArcing0o270o180o90o20Frequency Stabilisation with Phase Lock Loop (PPL)

EnEfficient RF Sources Workshop Daresbury June 201421Phase frequency detection for the PLL was implemented with a low cost ADF4113 IC. The output of this IC is a series of current pulses whose length is proportional to the phase difference. The loop filter acts as a proportional/integral controller and hence determines how the switch mode power supplys output varies in response to a phase error.The absolute reference was provided by a 10MHz temperature compensated, crystal oscillator. The chosen frequency of operation is programmed by the micro-controller that sets division ratios for the phase detector and multiplication ratios for the 2.3 2.6 GHz oscillator.

PLL Board LayoutEnEfficient RF Sources Workshop Daresbury June 201422ADF4113 in centreMicrocontroller used to fixed division ratios on leftVCO used for injection locking on rightSpectrum with PLL frequency control

Heater Power = 4.2WBandwidth ~ 100 kHzEnEfficient RF Sources Workshop Daresbury June 201423Once the PLL is activated just a single peak remains. The frequency is completely stable against magnetron temperature and reflected power as one would expect if the PLL is doing it job correctly. Under PLL control varying the reflected power alters the anode current and hence the power output. The spectrum can be seen more clearly at a higher resolution.Magnetron Layout for Locking

EnEfficient RF Sources Workshop Daresbury June 201424Note variac used to adjust heater power.Note can adjust output power with by changing reflection using tuning stubs.Thermometer was used to measure the anode temperature.Phase & Freq Shift Keying Injection Locked Magnetron

The performance of a magnetron in the control loop of a phase locked accelerator cavity depends on its bandwidth.

Its bandwidth determines how quickly it can respond to a new required phase.EnEfficient RF Sources Workshop Daresbury June 201425Frequency Shift Keying

Input to pin diodeOutput from double balanced mixer after mixing with 3rd frequencyLower trace is output from double-balance mixer when magnetron injection signal is switched from 2.452 to 2.453 GHz at a rate of 250 kb/s (upper trace) and referenced to 2.451 GHz.EnEfficient RF Sources Workshop Daresbury June 201426Response as function of heater power

Mismatch ~13% reflected power at 100 deg towards load. Matched. 8 Wheater

15 W heater

36 Wheater

43 WheaterInput waveEnEfficient RF Sources Workshop Daresbury June 201427Phase Control in Warm Cavity D/A1W Amplifier MMicro-Controller2.3 - 2.6 GHz PLL Oscillator ADF4113 + VCO10 MHz TCXO 1ppmA/DD/AFrequency Divider / NPhase - Freq Detector & Charge PumpWater LoadWater LoadHigh Voltage Transformer40kHz ChopperPulse Width Modulator SG 2525Loop Coupler3 Stub Tuner 1Circulator1Circulator2Double Balance MixerLP Filter 8 kHz cut-off1.5 kW Power SupplyLoop FilterDivider / RIQ Modulator(Amplitude & phase shifter)ADF 4113325 V DC +5% 100 Hz ripple M10 Vane MagnetronD/ALoop Coupler2 Stub Tuner 2OscilloscopeLoadC3OscilloscopeDSP Digital Phase Detector 1.3GHz

Power supply rippleMagnetron phase no LLRFMagnetron phase with LLRFpk-pk 1.2o pk-pk 26o28Prospects Intense beams in user facilities need to be generated efficiently. Developing a new HPRF source is expensive and comparison to available sources is difficult before development is mature. Would not use magnetron for a superconducting linac if klystron affordable. Universities will continue to explore new concepts. Need accelerator labs to explore new devices at accelerator test stands to have any chance of new devices becoming feasible alternatives. Future accelerators constrained on cost so research on efficient low cost sources is worthwhile.

EnEfficient RF Sources Workshop Daresbury June 201429Extra SlidesSCRF cavity powered with magnetron

Injection but magnetron offInjection +magnetron onInjection +magnetron on +control

31Uncorrected freq. vs current2.44942.44942.452.452.452.452.452.452.44962.44962.45022.45022.45022.45022.45022.45022.44982.44982.45042.45042.45042.45042.45042.45042.452.452.45062.45062.45062.45062.45062.45062.45022.45022.45082.45082.45082.45082.45082.45082.45042.45042.4512.4512.4512.4512.4512.4512.45062.45062.45122.45122.45122.45122.45122.45122.45082.45082.45142.45142.45142.45142.45142.45142.4512.4512.45142.45142.45162.45162.45162.45162.45122.45122.45182.45162.45182.45182.45182.45182.45142.45142.4522.45182.45182.45182.4522.4522.45162.45162.45222.4522.4522.45182.45222.45182.45182.45242.45222.45222.4522.4522.4522.45262.45242.45242.45222.45222.45222.45282.45262.45242.45242.45262.45262.45262.4528

16W18W21W25W27W30W33W36WAnode CurrentFrequencyUncorrected Pushing Curves as a function of heater power (with Injection)

Temp vs currrent9996.796.697.39695.39697.39996.395.696.79695.195.296.499.396.396.296.99795.395.196.410096.996.297.8989695.397.2100.297.797.498.59996.996.298.4101.198.199.2101.61009897.299.5101.499.2101.8103101.499.297.2101.3103100.3102103.6101.9100.498.5103.4104.5101.8110.6105.2103.2102.2100.3106.5106.1102.5109.5104.6104.9104.9106.5108.7107.5104.7108.3104.6108.4109.3109.3120108.6106.2108.4105108.6113.5117112108.9111.3107109.5113.2113.3110.9113.3108.8110.5114.3118.3118118.6113.5113.7115.3116.9117.4118.6118.4

T(16w)T(18w)T(21w)T(25w)T(27w)T(30w)T(33w)T(36w)Anode CurrentAnode temperature

Black and white2.450063882.450010242.449992282.44999322.450075242.450034562.449434282.4493422.450190482.45015322.45014822.450159122.450222522.450167522.449671322.449553362.450339362.450308442.450324122.450352322.450387082.450352082.449894042.449761082.450505522.45044462.450490962.450556882.450563922.450500962.450092442.449960162.450691682.45066122.450701882.45077282.450764842.450738242.450286522.450189922.450878522.45085442.45092282.450988722.451034642.450965762.450511962.450384682.451054922.45096922.451114642.451213282.451242162.45122762.450696722.450603762.4512522.451131962.45130082.451398522.451438082.451375122.450887162.450780562.45143662.4512972.451494242.451601042.45156922.451742642.451046242.450956682.45160462.451682042.451744042.451817882.45171082.45207062.451273722.451139162.451966322.4518632.451856122.451981522.451888082.452176522.45142622.451325962.4521642.452037722.45214042.452028562.452307682.451625042.45154482.452148882.452254762.452237682.452499322.45175822.451677042.452290282.45237982.452391362.452680042.45197182.45190862.45244942.45245462.45261622.45290082.452112162.45211422.452581522.45264082.45272942.452834

fc(36W)fc(33W)fc(30W)fc(27W)fc(25W)fc(21W)fc(18W)fc(16W)Anode CurrentFrequency (GHz)

Temp corrected pushing curve2.450063882.450010242.449992282.44999322.450075242.450034562.449434282.4493422.450190482.45015322.45014822.450159122.450222522.450167522.449671322.449553362.450339362.450308442.450324122.450352322.450387082.450352082.449894042.449761082.450505522.45044462.450490962.450556882.450563922.450500962.450092442.449960162.450691682.45066122.450701882.45077282.450764842.450738242.450286522.450189922.450878522.45085442.45092282.450988722.451034642.450965762.450511962.450384682.451054922.45096922.451114642.451213282.451242162.45122762.450696722.450603762.4512522.451131962.45130082.451398522.451438082.451375122.450887162.450780562.45143662.4512972.451494242.451601042.45156922.451742642.451046242.450956682.45160462.451682042.451744042.451817882.45171082.45207062.451273722.451139162.451966322.4518632.451856122.451981522.451888082.452176522.45142622.451325962.4521642.452037722.45214042.452028562.452307682.451625042.45154482.452148882.452254762.452237682.452499322.45175822.451677042.452290282.45237982.452391362.452680042.45197182.45190862.45244942.45245462.45261622.45290082.452112162.45211422.452581522.45264082.45272942.452834

fc(36W)fc(33W)fc(30W)fc(27W)fc(25W)fc(21W)fc(18W)fc(16W)Anode CurrentFrequency (GHz)Temperature corrected pushing curves as a function of heater power (with injection)

DataI_imranIaf (16w)T(16w)Te(16w)fc(16W)InjI_imranIaf(18w)T(18w)Te(18w)fc(18W)InjI_imranIaf(21w)T(21w)Te(21w)fc(21W)InjI_imranIaf(25w)T(25w)Te(25W)fc(25W)InjI_imranIaf(27w)T(27w)Te(27W)fc(27W)InjI_imranIaf(30w)T(30w)Te(30W)fc(30W)InjI_imranIaf(33w)T(33w)Te(33W)fc(33W)InjI_imranIaf(36w)T(36w)Te(36W)fc(36W)Inj194.61952.449499.01.22.449375191.21912.449496.7-0.72.449475177.81782.450096.60.72.450075176.61772.450097.31.52.450175180.01802.450096.0-0.12.450075174.01742.450095.3-0.22.450075176.91772.450096.00.22.450075178.71792.450097.31.32.450175196.71972.449699.00.92.449675194.51942.449696.3-1.42.449775181.21812.450295.6-0.62.450275180.91812.450296.70.52.450275186.21862.450296.0-0.82.450275180.31802.450295.1-1.02.450175180.21802.450295.2-0.92.450275184.11842.450296.4-0.22.450275200.72012.449899.30.82.449875198.71982.449896.3-1.92.449975189.31892.450496.2-1.02.450475189.11892.450496.9-0.32.450475196.31962.450497.0-1.02.450475186.41862.450495.3-1.52.450375187.51872.450495.1-1.82.450375193.41932.450496.4-1.22.450375206.72072.4500100.00.82.450075203.72032.450096.9-1.82.450175198.71982.450696.2-2.02.450575201.32012.450697.8-0.72.450675204.32042.450698.0-0.92.450675198.81982.450696.0-2.22.450575201.12002.450695.3-3.12.450475206.82062.450697.2-1.92.450575213.92142.4502100.20.22.450275209.72092.450297.7-1.72.450375202.52022.450897.4-1.22.450775207.32072.450898.5-0.72.450875210.22102.450899.0-0.52.450875204.82042.450896.9-2.02.450775206.12052.450896.2-2.82.450775220.02192.450898.4-2.22.450775220.82212.4504101.10.32.450475218.02172.450498.1-2.22.450575213.32132.451099.2-0.72.451075221.72222.4510101.60.72.451075216.12162.4510100.0-0.22.451075210.62102.451098.0-1.52.450975216.32152.451097.2-2.92.450975232.42312.451099.5-2.42.450975227.02272.4506101.4-0.12.450675225.02242.450699.2-1.92.450775224.72252.4512101.80.62.451275232.52332.4512103.00.82.451275223.92242.4512101.40.32.451275222.82222.451299.2-1.72.451175232.62302.451297.2-4.62.451075253.12512.4512101.3-2.92.451175236.82372.4508103.00.42.450875233.02322.4508100.3-1.72.450975236.32362.4514102.0-0.52.451475238.52392.4514103.60.82.451475231.02312.4514101.9-0.02.451475236.22352.4514100.4-2.02.451375251.72482.451498.5-5.42.451175272.62702.4514103.4-3.02.451375245.42462.4510104.50.92.451075238.62382.4510101.8-0.92.451075242.32472.4514110.66.92.4517400228.12302.4514105.23.42.4516400242.02422.4516103.20.02.451675253.52522.4516102.2-2.12.451575275.42702.4516100.3-6.12.451375304.03002.4516106.5-3.32.451475256.12572.4512106.11.22.451175250.02492.4512102.5-1.52.451375246.22502.4518109.55.42.4521400233.72352.4516104.62.22.4517400253.72542.4518104.90.42.451875268.02672.4518104.9-1.12.451775294.72922.4518106.5-2.42.451775331.13252.4518108.7-3.92.451675265.72672.4514107.51.52.451375260.42602.4514104.7-0.52.451475253.32562.4520108.33.52.4522400237.92392.4518104.61.82.4519400253.22562.4518108.43.62.4520400284.82862.4518109.31.12.451975324.13202.4520109.3-2.72.451975397.93962.4520120.0-0.72.452075278.92802.4516108.61.12.451575273.52732.4516106.2-0.52.451675267.12692.4522108.42.22.4523400252.62532.4520105.00.62.4520400262.62652.4520108.62.82.4521400285.72912.4518113.54.82.4520400371.73702.4522117.0-0.72.452275295.02982.4518112.02.52.451775284.12852.4518108.90.82.451875293.72962.4524111.32.02.4525400268.32692.4522107.00.82.4522400286.82882.4522109.51.12.4523400300.23042.4520113.23.02.4521400312.43152.4520113.31.82.451975304.33052.4520110.90.62.452075314.73172.4526113.31.62.4527400293.22932.4524108.8-0.22.4524400310.53102.4524110.5-0.42.4524400321.23242.4522114.31.82.4523400356.43602.4522118.31.72.452175353.43572.4522118.01.82.452175355.73602.4528118.62.02.4529400329.53302.4526113.50.32.4526400323.33252.4524113.71.12.4525400338.23402.4524115.31.02.4524400335.43402.4526116.92.62.4527400358.33602.4526117.40.82.4526400381.93812.4526118.6-0.42.4526400368.43702.4528118.40.72.4528400

Data00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

f(21w)f(27w)f(30w)

3 Stub Tuner

Water Load

Frequency Divider / N

High Voltage Transformer

40kHz Chopper

Loop Filter

Pulse Width Modulator

SG 2525

Phase - Freq Detector & Charge Pump

10 MHz TCXO 1ppm

Low Pass Filter

8 kHz cut-off

Loop Coupler

1.5 kW Power Supply

Micro-Controller

Divider / R

ADF 4113

Power supply

325 V DC with

5% 100 Hz ripple

Chart1-59.6-57.6-57.3-58.5-57.6-57.6-59.6-59.6-57.1-58.2-57.6-62.1-57.9-57.1-60.3-61.2-57.9-58.5-57-62.1-57.3-56.5-56.3-60.7-60.7-61.2-59.6-60.3-59.6-57.9-59.2-57-59.6-56.5-59.6-56.5-60.7-59.6-56.2-59.2-60.3-57-58.5-57.3-59.2-60.3-59.2-58.2-59.2-60.3-60.7-60.3-57.6-59.6-59.6-58.2-58.2-58.2-60.7-55.8-57-57.3-59.9-58.8-56.5-56-58.8-57.9-60.7-56-54.9-59.9-59.2-57.3-58.5-59.2-56.7-58.2-60.3-56.5-58.5-60.3-58.2-61.1-56.5-56.7-57.6-57.9-60.3-59.2-57.9-59.9-55.7-58.2-56.5-57.6-55.5-58.8-57-59.5-59.9-54.4-58.5-55.7-57.3-58.2-58.8-61.1-59.5-60.7-59.9-57-57.3-59.5-57.6-56.7-57.6-58.8-57-59.9-60.3-58.8-56.2-58.5-57.6-58.5-57.3-57-60.7-56.5-57.9-59.2-57.6-58.5-58.5-58.5-59.9-58.5-60.3-58.1-57-57.8-59.9-59.1-58.5-55.7-58.1-59.1-58.8-59.1-60.7-56.7-21-11.5-1.9-1.6-20.8-36-57-58.1-57-58.5-58.5-59.1-58.8-57.8-59.1-57-55-63.6-57.5-57.8-57.8-57.8-56.7-59.1-59.9-58.4-57.8-59.5-59.9-55.5-57.2-58.4-59.1-58.8-59.1-61.1-57-60.2-59.5-58.1-57-58.4-57.5-58.8-56.9-63-57.8-59.1-59.1-58.8-58.4-57.8-56.7-58.1-58.4-58.4-57.5-56.9-55.2-57.8-60.2-58.1-57.5-60.6-56.9-59.1-58.8-56.4-60.2-56.4-57.5-59.1-57.2-59.8-60.6-58.4-60.6-58.4-57.2-59.5-57.5-60.2-57.5-60.6-56.6-57.8-58.1-58.4-57.5-59.4-60.2-59.1-61-58.1-59.4-56.4-56.1-62.5-57.8-57.8-57.5-59.1-57.2-59.4-57.5-59.1-58.7-59.1-58.4-58.1-59.4-58.1-58.7-57.2-59.1-59.4-57.8-61-58.4-58.1-60.2-58.4-58.4-59.8-59.1-59.4-59.8-59.1-59.1-57.2-60.6-57.2-57.5-60.2-55.9-59.1-56.9-58.7-57.2-57.5-57.5-61-58.7-61.5-58.4-58.4-59.4-55.8-59.8-57.7-58.4-59.4-57.7-58-59.4-56.6-59-58

Frequency (GHz)Amplitude (dBm)

Sheet1Center;Span;RBW;Pixel2.450.053102147483647;50000000;200 kHz;3102.425-59.62.4251612903-57.62.4253225806-57.32.425483871-58.52.4256451613-57.62.4258064516-57.62.4259677419-59.62.4261290323-59.62.4262903226-57.12.4264516129-58.22.4266129032-57.62.4267741935-62.12.4269354839-57.92.4270967742-57.12.4272580645-60.32.4274193548-61.22.4275806452-57.92.4277419355-58.52.4279032258-572.4280645161-62.12.4282258065-57.32.4283870968-56.52.4285483871-56.32.4287096774-60.72.4288709677-60.72.4290322581-61.22.4291935484-59.62.4293548387-60.32.429516129-59.62.4296774194-57.92.4298387097-59.22.43-572.4301612903-59.62.4303225806-56.52.430483871-59.62.4306451613-56.52.4308064516-60.72.4309677419-59.62.4311290323-56.22.4312903226-59.22.4314516129-60.32.4316129032-572.4317741935-58.52.4319354839-57.32.4320967742-59.22.4322580645-60.32.4324193548-59.22.4325806452-58.22.4327419355-59.22.4329032258-60.32.4330645161-60.72.4332258065-60.32.4333870968-57.62.4335483871-59.62.4337096774-59.62.4338709677-58.22.4340322581-58.22.4341935484-58.22.4343548387-60.72.434516129-55.82.4346774194-572.4348387097-57.32.435-59.92.4351612903-58.82.4353225806-56.52.435483871-562.4356451613-58.82.4358064516-57.92.4359677419-60.72.4361290323-562.4362903226-54.92.4364516129-59.92.4366129032-59.22.4367741935-57.32.4369354839-58.52.4370967742-59.22.4372580645-56.72.4374193548-58.22.4375806452-60.32.4377419355-56.52.4379032258-58.52.4380645161-60.32.4382258065-58.22.4383870968-61.12.4385483871-56.52.4387096774-56.72.4388709677-57.62.4390322581-57.92.4391935484-60.32.4393548387-59.22.439516129-57.92.4396774194-59.92.4398387097-55.72.44-58.22.4401612903-56.52.4403225806-57.62.440483871-55.52.4406451613-58.82.4408064516-572.4409677419-59.52.4411290323-59.92.4412903226-54.42.4414516129-58.52.4416129032-55.72.4417741935-57.32.4419354839-58.22.4420967742-58.82.4422580645-61.12.4424193548-59.52.4425806452-60.72.4427419355-59.92.4429032258-572.4430645161-57.32.4432258065-59.52.4433870968-57.62.4435483871-56.72.4437096774-57.62.4438709677-58.82.4440322581-572.4441935484-59.92.4443548387-60.32.444516129-58.82.4446774194-56.22.4448387097-58.52.445-57.62.4451612903-58.52.4453225806-57.32.445483871-572.4456451613-60.72.4458064516-56.52.4459677419-57.92.4461290323-59.22.4462903226-57.62.4464516129-58.52.4466129032-58.52.4467741935-58.52.4469354839-59.92.4470967742-58.52.4472580645-60.32.4474193548-58.12.4475806452-572.4477419355-57.82.4479032258-59.92.4480645161-59.12.4482258065-58.52.4483870968-55.72.4485483871-58.12.4487096774-59.12.4488709677-58.82.4490322581-59.12.4491935484-60.72.4493548387-56.72.449516129-212.4496774194-11.52.4498387097-1.92.45-1.62.4501612903-20.82.4503225806-362.450483871-572.4506451613-58.12.4508064516-572.4509677419-58.52.4511290323-58.52.4512903226-59.12.4514516129-58.82.4516129032-57.82.4517741935-59.12.4519354839-572.4520967742-552.4522580645-63.62.4524193548-57.52.4525806452-57.82.4527419355-57.82.4529032258-57.82.4530645161-56.72.4532258065-59.12.4533870968-59.92.4535483871-58.42.4537096774-57.82.4538709677-59.52.4540322581-59.92.4541935484-55.52.4543548387-57.22.454516129-58.42.4546774194-59.12.4548387097-58.82.455-59.12.4551612903-61.12.4553225806-572.455483871-60.22.4556451613-59.52.4558064516-58.12.4559677419-572.4561290323-58.42.4562903226-57.52.4564516129-58.82.4566129032-56.92.4567741935-632.4569354839-57.82.4570967742-59.12.4572580645-59.12.4574193548-58.82.4575806452-58.42.4577419355-57.82.4579032258-56.72.4580645161-58.12.4582258065-58.42.4583870968-58.42.4585483871-57.52.4587096774-56.92.4588709677-55.22.4590322581-57.82.4591935484-60.22.4593548387-58.12.459516129-57.52.4596774194-60.62.4598387097-56.92.46-59.12.4601612903-58.82.4603225806-56.42.460483871-60.22.4606451613-56.42.4608064516-57.52.4609677419-59.12.4611290323-57.22.4612903226-59.82.4614516129-60.62.4616129032-58.42.4617741935-60.62.4619354839-58.42.4620967742-57.22.4622580645-59.52.4624193548-57.52.4625806452-60.22.4627419355-57.52.4629032258-60.62.4630645161-56.62.4632258065-57.82.4633870968-58.12.4635483871-58.42.4637096774-57.52.4638709677-59.42.4640322581-60.22.4641935484-59.12.4643548387-612.464516129-58.12.4646774194-59.42.4648387097-56.42.465-56.12.4651612903-62.52.4653225806-57.82.465483871-57.82.4656451613-57.52.4658064516-59.12.4659677419-57.22.4661290323-59.42.4662903226-57.52.4664516129-59.12.4666129032-58.72.4667741935-59.12.4669354839-58.42.4670967742-58.12.4672580645-59.42.4674193548-58.12.4675806452-58.72.4677419355-57.22.4679032258-59.12.4680645161-59.42.4682258065-57.82.4683870968-612.4685483871-58.42.4687096774-58.12.4688709677-60.22.4690322581-58.42.4691935484-58.42.4693548387-59.82.469516129-59.12.4696774194-59.42.4698387097-59.82.47-59.12.4701612903-59.12.4703225806-57.22.470483871-60.62.4706451613-57.22.4708064516-57.52.4709677419-60.22.4711290323-55.92.4712903226-59.12.4714516129-56.92.4716129032-58.72.4717741935-57.22.4719354839-57.52.4720967742-57.52.4722580645-612.4724193548-58.72.4725806452-61.52.4727419355-58.42.4729032258-58.42.4730645161-59.42.4732258065-55.82.4733870968-59.82.4735483871-57.72.4737096774-58.42.4738709677-59.42.4740322581-57.72.4741935484-582.4743548387-59.42.474516129-56.62.4746774194-592.4748387097-58

Sheet2

Sheet3

Fast switch

Offset/ Gain adjust

1.5 kW Power Supply

Pulse Width Modulator

SG 2525

40kHz Chopper

High Voltage Transformer

& Rectifier

325 V DC

3% ripple

ADF 4113

Divider / N

Data Signal Input

Loop Coupler

Oscillo -scope

LP Filter

8 kHz cut-off

Double Balanced Mixer

Circulator

Circulator

3 Stub Tuner

60dB Directional Coupler

RF source A

Loop Filter

1W Amplifer

Water Load

Water Load

10 MHz TCXO 1ppm

Phase - Freq Detector & Charge Pump

Frequency Divider / S

RF source B

RF Reference

Data Signal Output