magne-c'radia-on'shielding'...
TRANSCRIPT
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Magne-c'Radia-on'Shielding'for'Space'Explora-on
EUCAS';2015''
Rainer'Meinke'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Human Space Exploration
2'
NASA$Core$Mission:$“Inves'ng)in)innova'ons)and)new)technologies)to)pursue)bold)missions)that)will)include!sending!humans!to!deep!space!to!compelling!des1na1ons!such!as!near3Earth!asteroids!and!Mars.”!
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Heavy Lift Space Launch System (SLS)
3'
Explora3on$Beyond$Earth’s$Orbit:'• Expand'reach'into'the'solar'system'aboard'Orion'spacecraG'• SLS'NASA’s'first'explora-on;class'rocket'since'Saturn;V'• Explore!deep3space!des1na1ons!including!near3Earth!
asteroids,!Lagrange!points,!moon!and!ul1mately!Mars.!!
Orion$Mul3=Purpose$Crew$Vehicle$(Orion$MPCV):$• Carry'crew'of'up'to'four'astronauts'to'des-na-ons'at'or'
beyond'low'Earth'orbit'• Europe’s'Automated'Transfer'Vehicle'(ATV)'will'provide'
propulsion,'power,'thermal'control,'as'well'as'supplying'water'and'gas'to'the'habitable'module.'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Space Radiation Hazard
4'
11=year$Solar$Ac3vity$Cycle:$Periodic'varia-on'in'number'of'solar'flares;'Billion;ton'clouds'of'electrified'gas'hurled'into'space'during'erup-ons.'Induced'changes'in'solar'system'plasma'density'affects'GCR'flux.''An13correla1on!between!GCR!flux!and!solar!ac1vity!for'energies'lower'than'10'GeV.'
Galac3c$Cosmic$Rays$(GCR):$ 'Mainly'protons'and'fully'ionized'atomic'nuclei'' ' ' ' ' 'HZE'(high'Z,'high'energy)'most'dangerous'component,'e.g.'Fe+26'
'Solar$Energy$Par3cles$(SEP):$'Protons,'electrons'and'HZE'ions'with'energies'ranging'from'a'few'
' ' ' ' ' 'ten'keV'to'about'1'GeV,'Solar!Wind!'
Ra-o'of'the'energy;integrated'cosmic'ray'fluxes'between'solar'minimum'and'maximum;''
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Solar Eruptions
5'
NASA's$Goddard$Space$Flight$Center:$Genna$Duberstein'(USRA):'Lead'Producer'Tom$Bridgman'(GST):'Lead'Data'Visualizer'Karen$Fox'(ASI):'Writer'
Earth'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Radiation Dose Definitions
6'
Absorbed$Dose:$ $Amount'of'energy'deposited'by'ionizing'radia-on:''1Gy!=!1!Joule/kg!' ' ' 'Any'type'of'radia-on,'does'not'include'biological'effects'
Equivalent$Dose:$ $Absorbed'dose'weighted'with'biological'impact'of'radia-on'type'
HT!=!WR!DT,R!!!![Sievert];!!!!(stochas1c!health!risk)!WR:''Weigh-ng'factor'for'radia-on'type'R'(W'for'gamma'ray'='1)'DT,R:'Absorbed'dose'delivered'by'radia-on'type'R'over'-ssue/organ'T'
Effec3ve$Dose:$ $Summa-on'of'-ssue'equivalent'doses'weighted'with'appropriate'' ' ' ' '-ssue'weigh-ng'factors'
E!=!∑!WT!HT!!!![Sievert]!WR:''Weigh-ng'factor'for'radia-on'type'R'DT,R:'Absorbed'dose'delivered'by'radia-on'type'R'over'-ssue/organ'T'
1!Sv:!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!5.5%'chance'of'developing'cancer'50!mSv/year:!Occupa-onal'exposure'limit;'maximum'of'100'mSv'in'consecu-ve'5'years'1!Sv:!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Maximum'allowed'radia-on'exposure'for'NASA'astronauts'over'their'career'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
NASA Space Radiation Risk Assessment
7'
• NASA'limits'astronaut'exposures'to'a'3%'risk'of'exposure;induced'death'(95%'confidence'intervals'in'the'projec-on'model).'
'
• Experimental'studies'have'shown'that'HZE'nuclei'produce'both'qualita-ve'and'quan-ta-ve'differences'in'biological'effects'compared'to'terrestrial'radia-on.'
• Large'uncertain-es'in'predic-ng'exposure'outcomes'to'humans.''
Data:$Radia3on$Assessment$Detector$$Mars$Science$Laboratory$–$Curiosity$Rover$
• Silicon'detectors'and'a'cesium'iodide'detector'measure'high;energy'charged'par-cles.''
• Signal'processor'analyzes'the'pulses'to'iden-fy'high;energy'par-cles'and'determines'their'energies.''
• Iden-fy'neutrons,'gamma'rays,'protons,'alpha'par-cles'and'heavy'ions'up'to'iron.'
Unprotected!astronauts!would!receive!radia1on!dose!of!0.7!Sv!132!mSv/day!in!space!
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Dosimetry Comparison
8'
Chiara'La'Tessa'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Micro-Meteorite Protection
Micro-Meteorite Fluence Models for Solar System:
• The damage capability of micro-meteoroid depends on their mass, velocity (7-10 km/sec), density, and angle of impact.
• The physical response of an impacted structure depends on the material, thickness, temperature, stress level, and the number and spacing of the plates (including shielding) composing the shielding.
• Based on models of the micro-meteoroid fluence and calculations of the number of impacts that can lead to failure, the degree of damage can be estimated and appropriate design or operational measures need to be implemented.
Protection: • Multi-layered Systems of Kevlar (similar to MLI) • Layer spacing important parameter (spread debris before next impact)
9'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Passive versus Active Shielding Needed
10'
Shielding'Thickness'[g/cm2]'
Required'
===$Passive$Shielding$Performance$===$
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Active Magnetic Shielding Proposed
11'
Doughnut;shaped'manned'spaceship,'pictured'near'Mars,'wards'off'lethal'solar'protons'(curved'white'trails)'with'huge'built;in'magne-c'coil'(5'Tesla).'
By:''Dr.'Wernher'von'Braun'Director'of'NASA’s'George'C.'Marshall'Space'Flight'Center,'Huntsville,'Ala.'
Popular'Science'–'Jan'1969'Page'98'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
ARSSEM Project
12'
12$Double=helix$Dipole$coils$surrounding$spaceship$habitat$(∫BdL$=$4$Tm,$AML$Coil$Design)$
Ac3ve$Radia3on$Shielding$for$Space$Explora3on$Missions$$
R.'Bapston'et'al,'INFN'Perugia.'Final'Report'ESTEC'Contract'N°4200023087/10/NL/AF'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'13'
Field'Enhancement'between'coils' Strong'Arrac-ve'Forces'between'Neighboring'Coils'
Fy$=$=28$MN$per$Coil$
High$Pressure$Ac3ng$on$Habitat$
ARSSEM
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Space Radiation Superconducting Shield
14'
Union'European'Seventh'Framework'Program'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Toroidal Magnetic Shield
15'
M.'Voulo'M.'Giraudo'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Toroidal Magnetic Field Shielding
16'
Bending$Radius:$R)[m])=)P)[GeV/c]/(0.3)q)B)[T])
M.'Voulo'M.'Giraudo'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Continuous Toroid Configuration
17'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
120-Segments Toroidal Coil
18'
Origins'of'secondary'par-cles'Large'contribu-on'to'GCR'doses'
Increased'number'of'coils'for'more'uniform'force'distribu-on'on'habitat'120'Coils'providing'integrated'flux'(∫'BdL)'of'8'Tesla'meter''
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Main Toroidal Coil Parameters
19'
Columbus'Superconductor'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Quench Protection
20'
1320!Subdivisions!
• Toroidal'magnet'subdivided'in'n'sub;coils'(number'tbd)'• Normal'opera-on:'Switches'between'coils'are'superconduc-ng'• ' ' I)=)700)A)• Dump'sequence:'Switches'are'warmed'up'to'normal'conduc-ng'state'• Required'energy'to'ac-vate'switch'500'J/dble'pancake'
F;P.'Juster'and'C.'Berriaud'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Shielding Efficiency Simulation
21'
SR2S$Simula3ons:$INFN'–'Perugia:' 'F.'Ambrogini,'W.'J.'Burger'TAS;1: ' ' 'M.'Giraudo,'M.'Vuolo'
NIAC$Simula3ons$(see$later):$INFN'–'Perugia:' 'W.'J.'Burger'
M.'Voulo'M.'Giraudo'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Particle Interactions with Shield
22'
M.'Voulo'M.'Giraudo'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Multi-Toroid 3-Coil Configuration
23'
M.'Voulo'M.'Giraudo'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
“Pumpkin” Field Configuration
24'
M.'Voulo'M.'Giraudo'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Thermal Environment
25'
Permanent$Heat$Loads:$
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Thermal Radiation Shield
26'
Cryogenic$Design/Protec3on$
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Estimated Shielding Efficiency
27'
~20%'
~23%'
M.'Voulo'M.'Giraudo'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
MAARSS
28'
• Shayne Westover, PI – NASA JSC • Rainer Meinke - Advanced Magnet Lab, Inc. • Shashi Manikonda - Advanced Magnet Lab, Inc. • Shaun Nerolich – Capstone • Scott Washburn – University of Colorado, Boulder • Roberto Battiston – INFN, University of Perugia, Italy • W.J. Burger, Dipartimento di Fisica Perugia, Italy
NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts
Magnet)Architectures)and)Ac've)Radia'on)Shielding)Study'
Technology$Roadmap$Development$==$SC$Magnets$for$Future$Space$Applica3ons$==$
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Ultra-Lightweight, Expandable Magnets
29'
==$Paradigm$Shi\$in$Magnet$Technology$Needed$=='
Conven3onal$normal$and$superconduc3ng$magnets$are$too$heavy$for$space$applica3ons!$
Deep$Space$facilitates$applica3on$of$superconduc3vity$• Low'ambient'temperature'(~2.8'K)'• Ultra;high'vacuum'(~'10;17'Torr)'
Expandable$coils$enable$launch$of$very$large$magnets$into$space:$• Achieve'required'∫B'dl'with'very'large!coils,'but'modest!field!strength!(1'T'to'1.5'T)'• Modest'field'strength'limits'forces'on'conductors'and'requirements'for'coil'support'
structure'• Build;up'of'magne-c'pressure'during'coil'excita-on'causes'automa1c!coil!expansion!'''
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
General Design Goals/Requirements
30'
• High$Temperature$Superconductors$!$Enable$Passive$Cooling:$• Thermal'shielding'required'(sun,'planet,'spaceship'habitat'(300'K)'• High'thermal'conduc-vity'of'conductor'support'blankets'• Avoid'hot'spots''
• Very$High$Opera3onal$Current$(40=50$kA):$$• Limit'coil'inductance'and'facilitate'quench'safety''
• Persistent$Mode$Opera3on:$• “Superconduc-ng”'splice'joints'needed''• Superconduc-ng'flux'pump'for'charging'of'coils'• Slow'charging'of'coils'needed'to'avoid'quenching'of'superconductor'• Power'generated'by'solar'panels''
• Coils$Consis3ng$of$Thin$Tape$Conductor$(50=100$mm$wide):$• Conductor$remains'opera-onal'when'punctured'by'micro'meteorites'• Sandwiched'between'high'strength'fiber'blankets'''
• Ultra$Lightweight$Coils$!$Reduce$Par3cle$Showers$of$Incoming$GCR$Radia3on$
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Conductor Choice
31'
Low Temperature Superconductors (LTS): " Required cooling too complex " Expandability excluded (low minimum quench energy)
MgB2: # Lightweight conductor
" Operational temperature of 10-15 K (complex cooling system) " Expandability excluded (very brittle conductor)
ReBCO (2G Conductor): # Operation near 40 K possible for needed current and field # Relatively large minimum quench energy # Expandability of coils experimentally proven
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Expandable Superconducting Coil
32'
• YBCO'tape'conductor's-tched'to'silk'fabric''• Rota-on'of'central'shaG'folds'coil'similar'to'umbrella'• Coil'equipped'with'voltage'taps'and'quench'detec-on'system''
Prepara-on'of'Cryogenic'Test'
Background'Field'Coil'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Cryogenic Test of Foldable Coil
33'
Test$Coil$$Voltage$Taps$
Opening$Coil$
Background$Field$Voltage$Taps$
Closing$Coil$
No$Quench$Ini3ated!$
Opening/closing$3me$~$1$sec$
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Potential Shielding Coil Configurations
34'
Extensive'set'of'poten-al'coil'configura-ons'analyzed'and'compared'Straight$solenoids$selected$as$best$solu3on$
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
6+1 Shield Coil System
35'
NIAC$Phase=1$Baseline$Design:$
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Artist View of Spacecraft with Shielding
36'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
2G Conductor Performance
37'
Very high critical currents in 2.2 µm thick 20% Zr-added tapes over a broad temperature range
“$4X$Ic$–$wire”$developed$in$ARPA=E$REACT$program'
Current$State=of=Art:$50=mm$wide$Tape:$5000$A$*$50/12$~$20$kA$$
!$Addi3onal$Factor$of$2=4$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$in$conductor$performance$required$
Other$Poten3al$Solu3ons:$• ReBCO$layer$on$both$sides$of$tape$$• Roebel$Cable$$
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Superconducting Splice Required
38'
Soldering'joint'resistance:''>'2×10;8'Ω !'Heat'load'per'joint:'>'30'War
Conven3onal$Solder$Joint:$Impossible'to'establish'a'superconduc-ng'closed'loop'for'persistent'current'mode'opera-on'in'YBCO'magnet'and'flux'pump'opera-on.''Goal/Requirement:$Joint'resistance'≤'1×10;12'Ω !'Heat'load'per'joint:'<'2×10;3'War''
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Procedures for Fabricating SC Joint
39'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Quench Detection/Protection
40'
Conven3onal'Wisdom:$$Quench'protec-on'of'large'magnets'consis-ng'of'ReBCO'conductor'difficult'or'impossible''Quench$Detec3on:$• Voltage'tap'response'too'slow''• Fiber'op-c'sensors**)'co;wound'with'conductor'detect'temperature'changes'anywhere'in'
coil'winding'solve'this'problem'$Quench$Protec3on:$• Switch'large'frac-on'of'coil'winding'to'normal'conduc-ng'state'in'shortest'possible'-me'• CLIQ'system'successfully'test'at'CERN'for'large'quadrupole'magnets+)'
• Ini-ate'AC'current'ringing'in'coil'in'case'of'quench'• Resul-ng'AC'losses'in'superconductor'heat'complete'coil'
• Eliminate'coil'insula-on'!'Conductor'copper'cladding'forms'con-nuous'passage'for'current'discharge++)'
+) 'IEEE'TRANSACTIONS'ON'APPLIED'SUPERCONDUCTIVITY,'VOL.'24,'NO.'3,'JUNE'2014,''New,'Coupling'Loss'Induced,'Quench'Protec-on'System'for'Superconduc-ng'Accelerator'Magnets,'E.'Ravaioli,'et'al.'
++) 'IEEE'TRANSACTIONS'ON'APPLIED'SUPERCONDUCTIVITY,'VOL.'21,'NO.'3,'JUNE'2011,''HTS'Pancake'Coils'Without'Turn;to;Turn'Insula-on,'Seungyong'Hahn,'et'al.'
**) 'NCSU'Development,'J.'Schwartz''
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Habitat Field Compensation Coil
41'
Compensa3on$Coils:$$
• Solenoidal'coil'concentric'to'habitat,'coil'does'not'need'to'expand'• Compensate'return'flux'of'main'coils'through'habitat'• Cryogenic'system'housed'in'habitat'(small'magne-c'field)'• Thermal'shielding'between'habitat'(~290'K)'and'shielding'coils'• Conven-onal'cryostat'like'MRI'coil''
-5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 50000
5
10
15
Position [mm]
Fiel
d [G
auss
]
Field along Habitat Axis at R = 0.0 [mm]
Diameter'of'Compensa-on'Coil'''''''''''' '7.20'[m]''Length'of'Compensa-on'Coil:''''''''''''' '15.8'[m]''Current'in'Compensa-on'Coil:''''''''' '10220'[A]''Mean$Field$in$Habitat:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $ $10.3$[Gauss]$$
Pitch'length'decreases'towards'coil'ends'Similar'to'MRI'Gradient'Coils'Further$op3miza3on$possible$
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Coil Strong Back
42'
Coil'Fully'Expanded' Coil'Folds'around'Strong;back'
Coil'Folded'and'Stacked'for'Launch'
Lightweight'coil'support'structure'Counteract'axial'forces''
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Forces Acting on Shielding Coils
43'
Coils$behave$like$6$perm.$magnets$$$$!$strong$repulsive$forces$
'Inter;coil'support'structure'needed''Forces'act'on'conductors'that'are'bonded'to'flexible'fabric'liner''Forces'not'uniform'over'length'of'solenoids''Possible'bending'on'strong'back''Distor-on'of'‘ideal’'cylinder'geometry'of'each'individual'coil'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Forces Acting in Shielding Arry
44'
Resul-ng'Radial'Force:''~'9'MN'on'each'individual'solenoid''
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
x 104
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5x 104
Habitat
Forces Acting on Indicated Test CoilAxial: 0.00 [MN]
Horizontal: 8.93 [MN]Vertical: -0.00 [MN]
Inside'bulging'of'individual'coils'at'contact'point.'Remaining'circumference's-ll'outside'directed'forces.'
Coil$shapes$are$changing$in$array$configura3on.$Itera3on$needed$to$determine$Shapes$and$configura3on$
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Forces versus Axial Position
45'
-2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000-1.5
-1-0.5
00.5
11.5
x 104
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
x 104
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Development$of$strong$axial$forces$near$coil$ends.$Solenoids$have$tendency$to$contract$in$axial$direc3on.$Appropriate$support$structure$needed.$
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'46'
Forces'in'Axial'Direc-on' Forces'in'Radial'Direc-on'
Coil'distor-ons'of'up'to'30'cm'near'coil'ends'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Fringe Magnetic Field
47'
50$m$ 50$m$
20$m$
• Large'fringe'magne-c'field'outside'of'array'• Effect'on'shielding'efficiency'• Breaks'speed'of'approaching'capsule'(posi-ve)'
Distance'to'Habitat'Center:'20'm,'Radius'20'm''
Approaching'Orion'SpacecraG'
10'm'
800'G'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Shield Efficiency
48'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Improve Shielding Efficiency
49'
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Optimized Tilted Windings
50'
Remaining$Issues$with$6=around=1$Shielding$Coil$Design:$• Large'forces'ac-ng'between'coils'undesirable'• Direct'contact'between'coils'imprac-cal'
!$Tilt$Coil$Windings$and$Introduce$Space$between$Coils$
Forces$between$coils$can$be$significantly$reduced$–$Shielding$field$present$in$gaps$
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Summary
51'
• Human'missions'to'near;Earth'asteroids'and'to'Mars'are'a'declared'goal'of'ESA,'NASA'• Space'is'hos-le'environment'(SPE,'GCR,'HZE'nuclei,'micro'meteorites)'''• Astronaut'exposure'needs'to'be'limited'(≤'3%'risk'of'exposure;induced'death)'
• Combina-on'of'ac-ve'and'passive'radia-on'shielding'needed'• Surround'spaceship'habitat'with'magne-c'fields'with'largest'possible'∫B'dL'• Superconduc-vity'cons-tutes'enabling'technology'
• Low'ambient'temperature'(few'Kelvin)'and'ultra;high'vacuum'facilitate'applica-on'of'superconduc-vity''
'• Two'very'different'concepts'for'superconduc-ng'magnet'systems'developed'• Both's-ll'require'substan-al'R&D,'but'seem'feasible'given'sufficient'funding'
• Both'concepts'have'advantages'and'disadvantages'• More'work'needed'to'select'the'“winning”'technology'• Combina-on'of'both'technologies'might'be'best'
• However,'human'explora-on'of'the'solar'system's-ll'be'risky''''
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Rainer'B.'Meinke'
Rectifier Type Flux Pump
52'
Flux'Pump'Principle'
Rec-fier'Type'Flux'Pump'
Persistent'Mode'Opera-on'and'Superconduc-ng'Splices'Required'