madrid, 26 june 2009 session iii: institutional and ... varela orte… · case studies in mediation...
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Madrid, 26 June 2009
Session III: Institutional and governmental stakeho lders
MINISTRY OF ECONOMY AND FINANCE OF SPAINASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
WORKSHOP ON IMPROVING WATER SECURITY IN A WORLD OF CHANGING CONDITIONS
Water and Agriculture:policies, governance and institutions
Consuelo Varela Ortega
Department of Agricultural Economics
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
Contents
1. Overview: water resources and agriculture
2. The EU water research projects
3. Water and agricultural policies
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4. The role of stakeholders: Down-scaling to the Regional perspective
5. Concluding reflections
Water resources in an international context
EU Research Projects � water and agriculture, climate change
WORLD BANK : Modernization of water resources management in Mexico: PROMMA)- Mexico, (2001)
IDB (Inter -American Development Bank ): National Irrigation
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IDB (Inter -American Development Bank ): National Irrigation Development Plan of Jamaica (JA-0106). Institutional and Policy component. (2002- 2003)
FAO: Utilization of Water Resources for Agriculture: Analysis of the Current Regime and Policy in Syria. Assistance in institutional strengthening and agricultural policy (GCP/SYR/006/ITA) (2001-2002)
1. CROSS-COMPLIANCE (Facilitating the CAP reform: compliance and competitiveness of European agriculture) (2005-2008). STREP, 6PM
www.cross-compliance-fp6.eu/
LINKING WATER AND AGRICULTURAL POLICIES: EU RESEARC H PROJECTS
2. NEWATER (New Approaches to Adaptive Water Management under Uncertainty) (2005-2009). IP, 6FP
www.newater.info
3. SCENES (Water Scenarios for Europe and for Neighbouring States) (2007-2011). IP, 6FP
http://www.environment.fi/syke/scenes
5. MEDPRO (Prospective Analysis for the Mediterranean Region) (2010-2013). 7FP, SSH
4. MEDIATION (Methodology for Effective Decision-making on Impacts and Adaptation to Climate Change) (2010-2013). 7FP, Environment
www.mediation-project.eu
Basins in the EU project NewaterNeWater
Basins in the SCENES project
BALTIC REGION
PILOT AREAS-Narew (Poland)-Lake Peipsi (Estonia)
LOW DANUBE REGION
MEDITERRANEAN REGION
PILOT AREAS-Guadiana (Spain)-Candelaro (Italia)-Seyhan (Turkey)
BLACK SEA REGION
PILOT AREAS-Lower Don (Russia)-Lower Dnieper (Ukraine)
PILOT AREAS
-Tisza (Hungary-Ukraine)
-Danube Delta (RU/UA/BG)
Case studies in Mediation
Main biogeographic regions of
Europe (EEA member countries)
Key past and projected impacts and
effects on sectors for the main
biogeographic regions of Europe
Source: after EEA, 2008.
From based on Swart 2010Southern Europe, covering the Mediterranean
Water management (droughts), irrigation
agriculture, health (heat waves), tourism
Multi-level, multi-sector water resource
management
Water and agriculture: an international perspective (IWMI, 2006)
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In the new context of increasing water-scarcity…
Irrigation water resources management: new trends
� New objectives of water policies � efficient and sustainable water management
� From water supply enhancement (engineering solutions )
Increasing costs??
to water demand management (socio-economic solutions )
Increasing costs??
Decreasing farm income returns??
Environmental damage??
Water resources
RENEWABLE RESOURCES(m3/person/year)
� In the WORLD � 6,750
� In EUROPE � 4,560
Areas of physical and economic water scarcity
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Source: Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture, 2007
� In EUROPE � 4,560
� In SPAIN � 2,829
Heterogeneous distribution (spatial and temporal) of water resources and high precipitation variability
Only 10% of natural water resources are available
Little or no water scarcity
Physical water scarcity
Economic water scarcity No estimatedApproaching physical water scarcity
Irrigation Agriculture in the world
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% Agriculture water withdrawals as percentage of renewable water resources
Water and Agriculture
MEDITERRANEAN REGION (Agriculture represents a 63%
of total water demand)
� 42% in the North
� 81% in the South and East
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Category Percentage
Source: FAO, 2002
� 81% in the South and East
% Agriculture water withdrawals as percentage of renewable water resources
MEDITERRANEAN REGION (Agriculture represents a 63%
of total water demand)
� 42% in the North
� 81% in the South and East
Water and Agriculture
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Category Percentage
Source: FAO, 2002
� 81% in the South and East
2000 2025
Source: Plan Bleu, 2005WATER EXPLOITATION INDEX
Aridity map in Spain
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Fuente: MARM (2006)
Irrigation Agriculture � 80% ���� 70% of w r
• Extends over 15% of all Arable Land (3.6 M ha)
Water and Agriculture
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LEGEND
SurfaceGroundwaterMix
68%28%4%
• 60 % of total A. Production
• 80 % of Total Farm exports
Source: MMA (PHN, 2002), MAPA (2006)
Gravity 35%Drip 42%TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
YEAR 2005
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WATER TARIFFS:82 % surface13% volumetric5 % two-part
Sprinkler 23%
INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE?
Sustainable & competitive Agriculture
�Direct aid payments decoupled from production
Sustainable use of water resources & Good ecological status of all waters (2015)
� River Basin Organization as management unit
AGRICULTURAL POLICIES
CAP Reform 2003,2010
WATER POLICIES
Water Framework Directive, 2000
The EU policy context: water and agricultural polic ies
CAP ‘HEALTH CHECK’2010…
•Full decoupling � SFP•Reinforce and simplify Cross Com
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� Single farm payment , modulation� Cross-compliance � direct payments are subject to compliance with environmental regulations� Rural Development Programs
management unit� Planning and integrated management of all water resources � RBMP� Cost recovery , polluter pays principle� Transparency and public participation
IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE
MultifunctionalCompetitive
Environmentally sustainableAdaptable to new challenges (i.e. climate change)
•Water protection &management•Climate change
Complying with water and agricultural policies:
• Effects on water ecosystems? Land & farm changes?
• Are they socially and financially sustainable?
• Resilience and buffering capacity of the system?
GLOBAL POLICIES Dow
n-scaling to the regions
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Addressing institutional and societal responses :
• What are the effects on rural livelihoods?
• Adaptive capacity of farmers?
• Adapting management and governance structures?
LOCAL ACTIONS
scaling to the regions
Fieldwork
Policy Scenarios
STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION
Baseline Analysis
Water use
Available Water
ECONOMIC MODEL
HYDROLOGY MODEL
WEAP
Aquifer recharge/
wetland recovery
Environmental impacts
BA
SIN
LE
VE
L
Decision making
context
Policy Scenarios
Socio-economic and
agronomic Impacts
Farmers’ strategiesFarm
IncomePublic expenditure AGRONOMIC
MODEL
AQUACROP
Crop Yields
Technologies
VULNERABILITY
ANALYSIS- CART
BAYESIAN
NETWORKS
DSS
FAR
M L
EV
EL
STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATORY PROCESSES:
NeWater and SCENES Projects
ECONOMIC, HYDROLOGY, AGRONOMIC MODELS:
Joint development
between scientists and
stakeholders
ECONOMIC, HYDROLOGY, AGRONOMIC MODELS:
Joint development
between scientists and
stakeholders
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stakeholdersstakeholders
Fieldwork
Policy Scenarios
STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION
Baseline Analysis
Water use
Available Water
ECONOMIC MODEL
HYDROLOGY MODEL
WEAP
Aquifer recharge/
wetland recovery
Environmental impacts
BA
SIN
LE
VE
L
Assessment of
impacts and
vulnerability
Policy Scenarios
Socio-economic and
agronomic Impacts
Farmers’ strategiesFarm
IncomePublic expenditure AGRONOMIC
MODEL
AQUACROP
Crop Yields
Technologies
VULNERABILITY
ANALYSIS- CART
BAYESIAN
NETWORKS
DSS
FAR
M L
EV
EL
Socio-economic
evaluation of
adaptation strategies
Some reflections…
• Looking at IAWRM� consider technical, social and institutional factors
• International vision is key for addressing the world water problems �similarities in many world regions, learning process
• Balanced trade-off between conserving water resources and maintain social and economic viability � efficiency and equity considerations
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• Spatial and temporal scale � water is site-specific and context specific• Need to downscale � impacts & enforcement of policy decisions
vary across regions and local communities
• Water management , water institutions and w. governance are key �Public participation, stakeholders, credibility, legitimacy
• Participatory integrated modeling are valuable tools for policy decision relating water, agriculture and water-related ecosystems
