made by jános nyerges, 2005 made by anna szemerei, 2006 ideas for the use of chernoff faces in...

Made by János Nyerges, 2005Made by János Nyerges, 2005 Made by Anna Szemerei, 2006Made by Anna Szemerei, 2006

IDEAS FOR THE USE IDEAS FOR THE USE OF OF

CHERNOFF FACES CHERNOFF FACES IN IN

SCHOOL CARTOGRAPHYSCHOOL CARTOGRAPHY

José Jesús Reyes NuJosé Jesús Reyes NuññezezEötvös Loránd UniversityEötvös Loránd University

Dept. of Cartography and GeoinformaticsDept. of Cartography and GeoinformaticsBudapest, HungaryBudapest, Hungary

Short IntroductionShort Introduction

What are the Chernoff faces? Iconographic representationWhat are the Chernoff faces? Iconographic representation(glyph) (glyph)

• The Chernoff faces are a graphic method for the visualisation of The Chernoff faces are a graphic method for the visualisation of multidimensional datamultidimensional data• Author: Hermann Chernoff (at present Professor Emeritus of Applied Author: Hermann Chernoff (at present Professor Emeritus of Applied Mathematics, Department of Statistics at HarvaMathematics, Department of Statistics at Harvarrd University)d University)•Published in 1973 („Published in 1973 („ThThe use of faces to represent points in k-e use of faces to represent points in k-dimensional space graphically”, dimensional space graphically”, Journal of the American Statistical Journal of the American Statistical AssociationAssociation

Short IntroductionShort Introduction

What are the Chernoff faces? Features of a human face (eyes, What are the Chernoff faces? Features of a human face (eyes, nose, mouth, etc) can be used to represent different datanose, mouth, etc) can be used to represent different data

According to Chernoff up to 18 features can be used According to Chernoff up to 18 features can be used for data representationfor data representation

Map made using SYSTAT software

First experiences using Chernoff faces on mapsFirst experiences using Chernoff faces on maps

During the last 20 years the Chernoff faces During the last 20 years the Chernoff faces were used for the representation of data in were used for the representation of data in thematic mapsthematic maps

A classic example:A classic example:

The first thematic map drawn using Chernoff The first thematic map drawn using Chernoff faces (1977)faces (1977)Title: „Life in LA, 1970”Title: „Life in LA, 1970”Author: Eugene Turner, Geography Dept. at Author: Eugene Turner, Geography Dept. at California State University (drafted by California State University (drafted by Richard Doss)Richard Doss)

http://www.csun.edu/~hfgeg005/eturner/gallery/gallery.htm

““It is probably one of the It is probably one of the mostmost interesting maps I've created because the expressions evoke an emotional association with the data. Some people don't like that.”

Other research related to Chernoff faces on maps:Other research related to Chernoff faces on maps:

• Howard Wainer (1979, University of Pennsylvania) – Regional differences Howard Wainer (1979, University of Pennsylvania) – Regional differences in USA, map using Chernoff faces to represent nine variablesin USA, map using Chernoff faces to represent nine variables• Daniel Dorling (1991, University of Newcastle upon Tyne) – PhD thesisDaniel Dorling (1991, University of Newcastle upon Tyne) – PhD thesis• Elizabeth S. Nelson (1997-2007, University of North Carolina, Greensboro) Elizabeth S. Nelson (1997-2007, University of North Carolina, Greensboro) – Cartographic potential of the face symbol – Cartographic potential of the face symbol • Sarah I. Fabrikant (2004, University of Zurich) – USA map of Presidential Sarah I. Fabrikant (2004, University of Zurich) – USA map of Presidential ElectionsElections

First experiences using Chernoff faces on mapsFirst experiences using Chernoff faces on maps

Experiences teaching Chernoff on mapsExperiences teaching Chernoff on maps

My first experience My first experience

1998, ICA Joint Seminar 1998, ICA Joint Seminar (Wroclaw, Poland) (Wroclaw, Poland) Chernoff workshop Chernoff workshop

by Prof. Henry Castner by Prof. Henry Castner (Greensboro, USA)(Greensboro, USA)

From 2005From 2005 MSc on Cartography, Practical lessons within the subject MSc on Cartography, Practical lessons within the subject entitled „Thematic Cartography III”entitled „Thematic Cartography III”

Positive and negative experiences discussed with students – Positive and negative experiences discussed with students – Psychological (Nelson, 2007) and editing factors using Chernoff facesPsychological (Nelson, 2007) and editing factors using Chernoff faces


Psychological questions:Psychological questions:

After Nelson (2007):After Nelson (2007):Reading of a face determined by two factors Reading of a face determined by two factors

Natural correspondenceNatural correspondence Feature salienceFeature salienceFace as a whole expressing a human Face as a whole expressing a human

feeling (happiness, sadness)feeling (happiness, sadness)Role of a feature transmitting the Role of a feature transmitting the

psychological message of a face as a wholepsychological message of a face as a whole

„„Individual” expression – can provoke a Individual” expression – can provoke a contradiction between featurescontradiction between features

(„angry” eyebrow – smiling mouth)(„angry” eyebrow – smiling mouth)

Psychological and editing questionsPsychological and editing questions

Dorling (1991) Dorling (1991)

Nelson (1997,2007)Nelson (1997,2007)


EditingEditing questions questionsNumber of variables to be representedNumber of variables to be represented

Chernoff (1973) – up to 18 variables can be represented on a faceChernoff (1973) – up to 18 variables can be represented on a face

Too much!!! Too much!!!

Bradley Mohr (1995-2003) – Bradley Mohr (1995-2003) – 11 features11 features

John Wiseman (1998) – John Wiseman (1998) – 10 features10 features


Number of variables that can be represented on a face:Number of variables that can be represented on a face:

MAX. SIX!!!MAX. SIX!!!

Head size and fill – two „purely” cartographic parametersHead size and fill – two „purely” cartographic parameters

More important parameters:More important parameters:

- Curvature of mouth: essential parameter to determine the expression of a faceCurvature of mouth: essential parameter to determine the expression of a face- Head size/shape and fill: easily recognizableHead size/shape and fill: easily recognizable

Map made by Gyöngyi Strapkovics, 2005Map made by Gyöngyi Strapkovics, 2005

Experiences Experiences teaching Chernoff teaching Chernoff

on mapson maps

Combining Chernoff faces Combining Chernoff faces with other traditional methods of with other traditional methods of

representationrepresentation

MSc on Cartography, Practical subject MSc on Cartography, Practical subject entitled „Thematic Cartography III”:entitled „Thematic Cartography III”:Different solutions for the use of Different solutions for the use of Chernoff faces on choroplet mapsChernoff faces on choroplet maps

Masculine Masculine populationpopulation

marriedmarried

singlesingle

widowwidow

divorceddivorced

marriedmarried

singlesingle

widowwidow

divorceddivorced

Masculine Masculine populationpopulation

Chernoff principle on school cartographyChernoff principle on school cartography

„„Unusual” pictorial method of representationUnusual” pictorial method of representation

Can or not arouse the children’s attention better than a traditional method of Can or not arouse the children’s attention better than a traditional method of thematic representation?thematic representation?

Simplified version of Chernoff facesSimplified version of Chernoff faces(representing only 3-4 themes)(representing only 3-4 themes)

on easy thematic maps for school atlaseson easy thematic maps for school atlases

Why should only faces to be used???Why should only faces to be used???

Professional discussions about Chernoff facesProfessional discussions about Chernoff faces

PositivePositive NegativeNegative


Adaptation of the principle followed by Hermann Chernoff Adaptation of the principle followed by Hermann Chernoff for cartographic symbolsfor cartographic symbols

Improving the traditional use of symbols:Improving the traditional use of symbols:A cartographic (pictorial or geometric) symbol can be divided into its more A cartographic (pictorial or geometric) symbol can be divided into its more

relevant and graphically better recognizable elements (features)relevant and graphically better recognizable elements (features)

Different data Different data (variables)(variables) related to a specific theme can be representedrelated to a specific theme can be representedusing each of these componentsusing each of these components

Max. 4-6 variables, considering which are the more important features within Max. 4-6 variables, considering which are the more important features within the selected (pictorial) symbolthe selected (pictorial) symbol


factory symbolfactory symbol

sizesize

colourcolour

Parameters changed in traditional cartographyParameters changed in traditional cartography

Nothing new…Nothing new…

height of the height of the chimney stackchimney stack

number of clouds number of clouds of smokeof smoke

Parameters not changed while Parameters not changed while using a traditional symbolusing a traditional symbol

Applying the Chernoff’s principle…Applying the Chernoff’s principle…

Possible field of use: Atlases edited for first grades in Elementary SchoolsPossible field of use: Atlases edited for first grades in Elementary Schools

Made by András Resch, 2008

CatholicCatholic

CalvinisticCalvinistic

EvangelisticEvangelistic

PopulationPopulation


Made by András Resch, Made by András Resch, 20082008

World religions in World religions in Csongrád countyCsongrád county(Hungary)(Hungary)


CatholicCatholic


EvangelisticEvangelistic


Made by Szabina Torma, 2009

CatholicCatholic


EvangelisticEvangelisticBelieversBelievers


Other religionsOther religions


Made by Szabina Torma, 2009

CatholicCatholic


EvangelisticEvangelisticBelieversBelievers

Chernoff Chernoff principle on principle on

school school cartographycartography

Other religionsOther religions


Made by Judit Kirisics, 2009

Chernoff Chernoff principle on principle on

school school cartographycartography

EmployeesEmployees Elementary SchoolElementary School

Secondary SchoolSecondary School

High SchoolHigh School

UniversityUniversity


Made by Judit Kirisics, 2009EmployeesEmployees Elementary SchoolElementary School

Secondary SchoolSecondary School

High SchoolHigh School

UniversityUniversity

Argentine-Hungarian project: Argentine-Hungarian project: The possible use of the Chernoff faces for data visualisation The possible use of the Chernoff faces for data visualisation

in school cartographyin school cartography

(2008/2009)(2008/2009)

Testing the method in Argentine and Hungarian (Elementary, High?) Testing the method in Argentine and Hungarian (Elementary, High?) schoolsschools

2008 – Theoretical research and exchange of experiences, first steps to 2008 – Theoretical research and exchange of experiences, first steps to organize a surveyorganize a survey2009 – Making of the test and survey, analysis and presentation of results2009 – Making of the test and survey, analysis and presentation of results

If you became interested on this theme – we are very glad to welcome all If you became interested on this theme – we are very glad to welcome all the contributions!the contributions!

Please contact us!!!!!Please contact us!!!!!

-„„Traditional” Chernoff faces on mapsTraditional” Chernoff faces on maps- Chernoff principle using other pictorial symbols on maps- Chernoff principle using other pictorial symbols on maps

Research projectResearch project

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

MUCHAS MUCHAS GRACIASGRACIAS

José Jesús Reyes NuJosé Jesús Reyes NuññezezEötvös Loránd UniversityEötvös Loránd University

Dept. of Cartography andDept. of Cartography andGeoinformaticsGeoinformatics

Budapest, HungaryBudapest, Hungary

made by jános nyerges, 2005 made by anna szemerei, 2006 ideas for the use of chernoff faces in...

Documents

use of chernoff faces

hermann chernoff

poland chernoff workshop

use of faces

university of newcastle

human face eyes

negative experiences

representation of data