THE EFFECTS OF PARENTING STYLES ON ADOLESCENTS SELF-

ESTEEM

Maddie NilsonPsy 1100-050

Parenting Styles

Authoritarian: Highly demanding and directive, yet unresponsive. Obedience and status oriented. Clearly stated rules, structured environments.

Authoritative: Both demanding and responsive. Assertive but not intrusive and restrictive. Disciplinary methods are supportive.

Permissive: More responsive than demanding. Nontraditional and extremely lenient. Indulgent and passive in parenting.

Neglectful/Uninvolved: Low in both responsiveness and demands. Does not meet needs of child/adolescent.

Psychological Control: The practice of guilt induction, withdrawal of love and affection, or shaming of the child. These practices are attempts of control that affect the emotional and psychological development of a child.

Aspects of self-esteem that are affected in adolescents and greatly

influenced by parenting style. Confidence Goal Orientations Life Success Bullying Anxiety and Internalized Distress Depersonalization Coping Behavior Problem Behavior Psychosocial Development Academic Achievement and Competence

Parenting Style and Its Correlates:ERIC Digests

(Educational Resources Information Center)

Found to predict well-being in social competence, academic performance, psychosocial development and problem behavior.

Adolescents who have uninvolved parents perform the most unsuccessfully in all of the above areas.

Parental responsiveness assists in predicting social competence and psychosocial functioning.

Adolescents who come from authoritarian families perform moderately well in school and tend to be less involved in problem behavior. These adolescents also have a lower self-esteem and higher levels of depression with poorer social skills than others.

Adolescents from permissive homes are mostly opposite, demonstrating problem behavior, and low performance in school but have a higher self-esteem, better social skills and show lower levels or depression.

Parental demandingness is found to be associated with an adolescents instrumental competence and behavioral control such as their academic performance and deviance.

Maternal and Paternal Parenting Styles in Adolescents: Associations with Self-Esteem, Depression and Life-Satisfaction

(Journal of Child and Family Studies)

Study that examined 272 participants from grades 9 to 11 on maternal and paternal parenting styles and their adjustments as a result of that style. Examines the relationship between parental behaviors and the well-being in not only children but adolescents.

Authoritative mothering found higher self-esteem and life-satisfaction with lower depression in adolescents. Authoritative advantages outweighed the permissive style in all of the outcomes that were reviewed.

Found that authoritative parenting style fosters an adolescent’s well being and boosts their learning goals.

Though authoritarian parents do well with obedience and conformity to their standards, adolescents show poor self-conception.

Permissive parents show a strong sense of confidence in themselves, but also experience more problems with drug experimentation and misbehavior inside and outside of school environments.

Academic achievement in adolescents is also affected by parenting style.

Perceived Parental Behavior, Self-Esteem and Happiness

(Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology)

In this study of the effect of parenting styles and personality on adolescents, it was found that “Maternal authoritativeness was the only direct predictor of happiness when paternal and maternal rearing styles were examined together, suggesting that a reasonable discipline exercised by mothers towards their children was particularly beneficial in enhancing the off-springs' self-esteem... Regressional and path analysis showed self-esteem to be the most dominant and powerful predictor of happiness.”

The self-esteem in adolescents is extremely important to their development psychologically and emotionally. This demonstrates the effect that parenting style has on an adolescent’s self-esteem, and its important role in doing so.

Resources

Avidan Milevsky , Melissa Schlechter, Sarah Netter, & Danielle Keehn (2007, February).Maternal and Paternal Parenting Styles in Adolescents: Associations with Self-Esteem, Depression and Life-Satisfaction - Springer. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10826-006-9066-5

Furnham, A., & Cheng, H. (2000, October). Perceived parental behaviour, self-esteem and happiness - Springer. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s001270050265

Kimberly Kopko (2007). Parenting Styles and Adolescents. Retrieved from http://che-725726433.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com/pam/outreach/parenting/research/upload/Parenting-20Styles-20and-20Adolescents.pdf

Nancy Darling (1999, March). Parenting Style and Its Correlates. ERIC Digest. Retrieved from http://csped.com/educator/earlychildhood/articles/parentingstyle.pdf