426

hlh{of, ¿; / xª\u]/Lsf /fi6«fWoIfx¿l;t e]6jftf{— dbgdl0f bLlIft

;g\ !(^# sf] @! ;]K6]Da/df …ljZj kqsf/ dxfd~rÚsf] t];|f] dxflwj]zgdf efulng d PSn} /f]d, clNho;{, 6\o'lgl;of,lnleof, ld>df uO{ ( cS6f]j/ ;g\ !(^# df =========== cGToePsf] lyof] . To;kl5 tL @*@ kqsf/dWo] d;lxt yk &(kqsf/nfO{ kmf]lno;Ddsf] e|d0f ug]{ lgDtf lbOP/ sfnfdfufsf];'vdL eGg] ¿;L hxfhaf6 cf]ln{of}F . xfdL *) hgf hlthlh{ofsf pk/fi6«klt e]6\g uPsf lyof}F .

lTjlnl;of hlh{of k|]l;8]G6n lbPsf /flqef]hdf d]/f] e]6;fOa]l/ofsf] Os'{tf ;x/sf kqsf/l;t eof] . ;jf306f nfdf]xfd|f] s'/fsfgLdf ltgL ;fOa]l/ofsf] Os'{tf ;x/sf kqsf/ x'g\eGg]afx]s d}n] s]xL a'l‰gF . d cfk"m g]kfnsf] x'F egL atfPkl5ltgL …afNjf < ÛÚ egL k|;Gg eP / lxdfno / a'4sf] gfpFlnP . ltgLn] dnfO{ Pp6f ;fdfGo kmfpG6]gk]g lbP . dl;t 5rflxGg eGbf klg gdfg]/ ltgn] d]/f] sf]6sf] h]adf anhˆtL Tof]k]g 3';fl/lbP / d}n] gl‰s"F eGg] ljrf/ u/L d]/f] Tof] h]anfO{xftn] Ps ldg]6;Dd 5f]kL d]/f] d'vdf dGbd':sfgdf x]b}{xfFl;/x] . d}n] :jLsf/ ug}{ k¥of] .

lbjf ef]heGbf klxn] tL /fi6«kltn] cfˆgf] ejgsf] ;efsIfdfk|]; e]63f6 u/]sf lyP . d}n] hlh{ofsf] cª\u'/ ljZjk|l;4 5t/ a]?tsf] h:tf] ;'ulGwt 5}g, lsg < egL k|Zg u/]F .e"dWo;fu/sf] jfo'sf] k|efjn] ubf{ To:tf] ePsf] xf], j]?taf6k"j{lt/ xfjf aUb} cfpFbf cª\u'/sf] ;'uGw a9\b} hfG5 / hlh{ofdfss]l;ofnL lxdz[ª\vnfsf] jfo'l;t lTjlnl;of hlh{ofsf/fi6«kltåf/f k|]; e]63f6kl5 pk/fi6«kltn] /fi6«kltsf tkm{af6/flqef]hgsf] cfof]hgf ug'{eof] . kl/sf/hlt ;a} g} hlh{ofnL:jfbsf / g]kfnL tyf ef/tLo lgldQ :jflbi6 k|sf/sf lyP .g[To klg x'g] uy]{ . o'/f]k]nL / hlh{ofnL Psn jf å}t g[To . ;a}hgf 6]landf a;]/ x]l//x]sf lyof}F . TolQs}df cb\h'j]On] tfnL

427

lk6] . ;a}sf Wofg Totf uP . x]5f}{F t ltgsf] ;fd'Gg] 6]landflao/sf] 7"nf] l;;L *) l8u|Lsf] sf]0fdf 9lNsP/ pleO/x]sf] Û of]s] ePsf] eg]/ ;a} 5Ss k/] . clGtddf v':r]esf tL HjfOFn]af]tnsf] afËf] cfs[ltsf] /x:o vf]n] . ltgn] k"jL{ hd{gLdf lao/vfPsf af]tnnfO{ To;/L *) l8u|Lsf] sf]0fdf c8\ofpg] ;fdfGordTsf/ l;s]sf /x]5g\ .

cS6f]a/ !! df xfdL lTjln;Laf6 d:sf]lglDt p8\of}F .d"ncfsif{0f lyof]— ;f]leot ;ª\3sf k|wfgdGqL >L lglstfv':r]el;t !% cS6f]a/df x'g] k|]; e]63f6sf] . !! b]lv !$cS6f]a/;Dd xfdLn] af]T;f]O gf6\ou[xdf …:jfgn]sÚ g[To tyf;s{;df ¿;L ;s{; x]g]{, ;x/ 3'Dg] t 5Fb} lyof], Tof] k|];e]63f6df k|wfgdGqLsf] efif0f x'g] dfq sfo{qmd lyof], k|];af6k|Zgf]Q/ lyPg .

t/ !% cS6f]a/df k|wfgdGqLnfO{ k'm;b{ ePg . clglZrtsfnlglDte]63f6 ;¥of] . ef]lnkN6 d:sf]df Hofb} s8f hf8f] ePsf]n] xfdL*) hgf lglDt pmgL 6f]kL / df]6f] pmgL cf]e/sf]6 lslglbgk|wfgdGqLn] cfb]z u/]5g\ . xfdLnfO{ …sD;]df]nÚ -o'y sDo'lg:6hdft_ n] rnfPsf] k;ndf nluof] . d}n] ToxfF df]6f] / pmgL tLga6gsf] cf]e/sf]6 / 5fnfsf] e'Tn] 6f]kL /f]h]/ lnPF .

@) cS6f]a/lglDt k|]; e]63f6 klg Tof] ;dodf a]k'm;{tLn]ubf{ ePg / h;/L eP klg @% cS6f]a/lglDt kSsfkSsLul/of] . @@ cS6f]a/ !(^# sf lbg lbpF;f] dnfO{ xfdL a;]sf]…xf]6n pq]mgÚ df vf]Hb} cfP/ Pp6f lgDtfkq lbP . To;a]nf;Ddd:sf]df g]kfnsf] /fhb"tfjf; /x]g5 . a]nfotdf /x]sf] b"tfjf;n]d:sf]sf] klg sfd ubf]{ /x]5 . >L ‰/]Gb|gf/fo0f l;+x a]nfotaf6cfPsf /x]5g\ . cS6f]a/ @# sf lbg g]kfnsf …k|yd dGqLÚ 8f=t'n;L lu/L laxfg d:sf] cfOk'u]/ lbpF;f] @ ah] d:sf]sf]bf]db|'Hef -ldqtf u[x_ df k|wfgdGqL lglstf v':r]el;tcf}krfl/s e]6jftf{ ug]{ ePsf /x]5g\ . Tof] cj;/lglDt dnfO{lgDtf /x]5 .

428

@! cS6f]a/sf lbg d:sf] l6eLn] …;fd"lxs e]6 / 5nkmnÚsf lglDt % dxfb]z o'/f]k, Pl;of, clk|msf, Nofl6g cd]l/sf /k"jL{o o'/f]ksf % kqsf/nfO{ ljZj kqsf/ ;ª\u7gdf sfd ug]{Ps ¿;L kqsf/n] ;b:ox¿nfO{ af]nfPsf] lyof] . Pl;ofaf6 d,clk|msfsf] s]Gofaf6 !, So'jfaf6 !, k"jL{o o'/f]ksf] xª\u]/Laf6 !,o'/f]kaf6 pxL a]?t k'Ug]eGbf klxn] d}n] ljjfb u/]sf k|mfG;]nLkqsf/x¿ lyof}F . cl3Nnf] jif{ cd]l/sfn] ¿;sf] () xhf/lkm6dfly k7fPsf] ljVoft …o'–6'Ú hf;';L ljdfg ¿;n] tf]k xfgLTo;nfO{ v;fn]sf] 36gf, tfk–gflesLo c:q xf]8, So'jf sf08,ljZj zflGtsf ;d:of cflbaf/] xfdL ^ hgfaLrsf 5nkmnnfO{d:sf] l6eLn] cª\lst u/L k|;f/0f ul/;s]sf] lyof] . ;f]afkt d}n]$) ?an kfO;s]sf] lyPF .

bf]db|'Hefef g]kfnsf k|yd dGqLl;t ¿;L k|wfgdGqLn] e]6ug]{ Tof] dxŒjk"0f{ cj;/df d cu|kª\lQmdf plePsf] lyP . Tof]cj;/df /fi6«;ª\3n] :jLsf/ u/]sf] ^ cf]6f efiffsf ^ hgfclwsf/Lsf bf]efif] / !@) eGbf a9L b]zsf d:sf]l:yt /fhb"ttyf ltgsf kl5 plePsf tL k|To]ssL …k|yd ;lrjÚx¿ u/L ‰G8};f9] tLg ;osf] pkl:ylt ToxfF lyof] . ;efsIfsf] aLrdf ¿;Lk|wfgdGqL / b; lkm6hlt 6f9f j[Qfsf/df plePsf /fhb"tx¿kfn}kfnf] ub}{ ¿;L k|wfg dGqL / g]kfnL dGqL5]p uP/ b'O{ ldg]6s'/fsfgL u/L kmls{g] uy]{ . To:t}df d]/f] kl5lNt/ plePsf] Ps¿;Ln] s'ddf 5f]P/ d]/f] Wofgfsif{0f u¥of] . ;g\ !(^@ dfsf7df8f}Fsf] sfof{jlw l;WofP/ d:sf] l6eLdf sfd kfO{ ;?jfePsf] To;n] cl3Nnf] lbg dnfO{ l6eLdf b]v]5 / e]6\g cfPsf] /x]5 .

…t];|f] ljZj kqsf/ dxflwj]zgaf/] cf̂ gf ;ª\lIfKt cg'ejaf/]?;L k|wfgdGqLnfO{ oxL cj;/df e]6]/ eGg lsg /fhb"tx¿nfO{klv{G5f}FÚ egL tL ¿;Ln] dnfO{ pT;flxt u/] . Sofg8fsf/fhb"tn] s'/f u/]/ kmls{gf;fy d v':r]elt/ cl3 ;/]F / ;fd'Gg]uP/ cfˆgf] kl/ro lbFb} dxflwj]zgaf/] ;ª\lIfKt atfPF . tL To;}xFl;nf k|wfgdGqL v';L eP/ …tkfO{+sf dGqL oxL d:sf]df / clxn]

429

oxL ;efsIfdf x'g'x'G5, e]6\g'eof] < eg]/ wGojfbdf dl;t xftldnfP . 8f= lu/LnfO{ d}n] e]6]F / b'O{ ldg]6 s'/f u/L dnfO{pT;flxt ug]{ ¿;Ll;t Tof] bf]db|'Hefaf6 lgl:sP/ tL ldqsf]8]/fdf uPF . tL /l;ogsf] cfu|xdf Tof] /ftel/ hfu|fd} /xL d}n]g]kfndf >L % dx]Gb|sf] k//fi6« gLlt g]kfnsf] lgSs} k5\of}6];dfhsf] /fp6] tyf To;a]nf g]kfndf ;'? ul/Psf] …b'O{jif]{of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf cj;/, ;dfkg / ;DefjgfÚaf/] !)–!)ldg]6sf # cf]6f n]v tof/ kf/]/ bf];|f] lbg d:sf] /]l8of]sf]ev{/} ;'? ul/Psf] g]kfnL sfo{qmddf uP/ /]s8{ u/fPF . ;f]afktdnfO{ !%) ?an lbOPsf] lyof] . d}n] EjfOlng lsg]/ 3/dfNofPsf] lyPF .

!! cS6f]a/df d:sf] k'u]kl5 k]mlns;j:6]{ggfds bf]efif]n]dnfO{ ;xfotf ul//x]sf lyP . !( ;]K6]Da/sf lbg d}n] g]kfn5f]8]sf] lyPF, ca t 3/ kmls{g] a]nf eof] egL tL bf]efif]nfO{eGbf …ef]ln lbpF;f] @& cS6f]a/df tkfO{+ a'8fk]:6 hfg'x'g]5,ToxfFaf6 # gf]e]Da/df oxfF kmls{g'x'g]5 clg # gf]e]Da/df /flqsf]ljdfgåf/f gofFlbNnL hfg'x'g]5Ú egL dnfO{ atfP . eof] klgTo:t} .

;f]sf] cl3Nnf] lbg cyf{t\ @% cS6f]a/sf] lbpF;f] xfdL;f]leot lgDtfdf cfPsf *) kqsf/n] qm]dlngdf k|wfgdGqLsfof{nosf] bf];|f] 7"nf] ;efsf]7fdf ¿;L k|wfgdGqLl;t e]6 u¥of}F,k|]; e]63f6 .

Tof] k|];;efdf q]mdlng k'u]kl5 klg xfdL ;a}n] Ps306fhlt s'g'{k¥of] . lgwf{l/t 6]landf $ hgfsf b/n] xfdLal;/Xof}F . ljZj kqsf/ ;ª\u7gsf ¿;L cWoIf kqsf/x¿l;tkms]{/ nfd} 6]landf a;]sf lyof}F . k|=d= lglstf v|':r]j cfP/ltgL;Fu} a:g'eof] . !% cS6f]a/ lglDt lgwf{l/t k|]; e]63f6Toltsf lbg nlDaP/ @% cS6f]a/df dfq ;'? ePsf]df v]bk|s6 u/]/ …t}klg d:sf] /dfOnf] / cfsif{s ;x/ 5, tkfO{+x¿n]cfˆgf ldqx¿l;t oxfF e]6 ug'{eof] xf]nfÚ eGb} k"/} ! 306f nfdf]

430

efif0f ;'gfpg'eof] . d:sf] l6eLsf bf]efif]n] u/]sf cg'jfb6]landf hl8Psf dfOqmf]l:ks/df xfdLn] cf–cfˆgf efiffdf;'Gof}F .

k|];sf tkm{af6 kfFr hgfn] dfq k|Zg ug{ kfP . tL k|ZgrNbf k]mlnS; j:6]{G6n] d]/f 5]p cfP/ …oL k|Zg l;l4Pkl5clk|msf, o'/f]k / Pl;ofaf6 cfPsf kqsf/x¿dWo] hDdf tLghgfn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ wGojfb lbg'kg]{5 . t];|f] dxflwj]zgafkt /cfhsf] e]63f6afkt . wGojfb lbg]df Pl;ofaf6 tkfO{ +/f]lhg'ePsf] 5Ú eg] . d ;fx|} cflQPF, t}klg ltgn] w}o{;fy;D‰fPF . …oxLF a;] 5f]6s/L d:of}bf ul/xfNg'xf];\, cflQg'kg]{ s]xL5}gÚ eg]/ uP .

!) ldg]6kl5 wGojfbsf] sfo{qmd ;'? eof] . klxn]clk|msfsf] o'ufG8fsf kqsf/sf] kfnf] cfof] . To;kl5 hd{ghgjfbL u0f/fHosf ljlzi6 kqsf/n] . b'j} hgfsf wGojfbefif0fkl56]landf ;Fu} af]nfP/ ?;L k|=d=n] wGojfb lbFb} cFufnf] xfn]/ b'j}ufnfdf b'O{ k6s r'Dag u/L labf u/] .

clg cfof] d]/f] kfnf] . #& lbgb]lv Pp6} ;'6 k}lx|g'k/]sf]d}n] cfˆgf] 8fo/Lsf] @^ kª\lQmdf n]v]/ -cª\u|]hLdf_ ToxLF tof/kf/]sf] 5f]6s/L efif0f k|=d= 5]psf] 6]lan;fd' dfOs;fd' pleP/k9]F / cg'jfbsn] d]/f] efif0f ;'Gb} / n]Vb} /x], ltgL k|=d=sfof{nosf k|an cª\u|]hL bf]efif] /x]5g\ . d]/f] wGojfbefif0f;dfKt eP/ cfˆgf] 6]lang]/ k'Ubf ¿;L k|wfgdGqLn] tfnL lk6]/dnfO{ cfk"mlt/ af]nfP/ …v/f;f], cf]lrg v/f;f] Û wGojfb, -k]ml/¿;Ldf_ bf]db|'Hefdf e]6]s} lyof}F, k]ml/ e]6f}FnfÚ eGb} cFufnf] xfn]/ufnfx¿df tLgk6s r'Dag u/L labf u/]sf lyP .

Tof] lbgsf] d]/f] efif0fsf] k"/} kf7 @^ cS6f]a/sf] …k|fEbfÚsf]d'v k[i7df b'O{ sndsf] a:sdf k|sflzt ePsf lyP . efif0fsfk|To]s zAb z'4 cg'jfb ePsf 5g\ egL k]mlnS;jG:6]{n] dnfO{atfPsf lyP . d]/f] cª\u|]hL kf7 / …k|fEbfÚsf] l/kf]6{ d]/fkmfOnsf 8ª\u'/df c‰} ;'/lIft xf]nfg\ .

431

xfdL a'8fk]:6 k'Ubf ;x/sf xf]6]nx¿ o'/f]kel/af6 o'/f]k]nLk'm6an k|ltof]lutf x]g{ bz{sx¿n] el/Psf x'Fbf ;ft dfOn6f9fsf] ;/sfl/of kfpgf3/df xfdLnfO{ k'¥ofOof] . bf];|f] lbgxfdLn] klg k'm6an k|ltof]lutf x]¥of}F .

bf];|f] ljZjo'4n] ;x/df Wj:t kf/]sf 7fpFx¿ xfdLn] x]g{kfof}F . kfpgf3/ xf]rf] kxf8df lyof] . Tof] kxf8af6 cf]ln{P/d}bfgdf ‰/]kl5 6f9f–6f9f ;fgf ufpFx¿ b]lvP . …tL ufpFsf>ldssf] cfGbf]ngaf6 xª\u]/Ldf hd{g kmfl;:6x¿sf lj/f]w /cGTodf bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] ;dflKt;Fu} xª\u]/Ldf klg ;dfhjfb ;'?ePsf] xf]Ú egL kj{taf6 a'8fk]:6lt/ nUg] a;sf bf]efif]n]atfPsf lyP . ltgtfs s] eP/ xf], a;df r9\gf;fy d pF£gyfNy]F . Tof] kfpgf3/df xfdL ;a} rf/ lbg a:of}F . bf];|f] lbgcfˆgf] 5]pdf a;]sf] d]rdf a:g dnfO{ Ps j[4f r]sf]:nf]eflsogkqsf/n] af]nfOg\ . a; lxF8]sf] b'O{ ldg]6d} pF3]/ ltgsf] s'ddfd]/f] 6fpsf] c8\g yfn]5 . To;f] gug{ / a;df lgbfpg x'Fb}gegL ltgn] b'O{k6s dnfO{ Ao'F‰fOg\ . t/ a'8fk]:6 k'Ubfgk'Ub} t];|f]k6s k]ml/ ltgs} s'ddf d]/f] 6fpsf] cl8g k'u]5 . ltgLl/;fOg\ / a;sf] kl5Nnf] l;6df a:g uOg\ . d k]ml/ pF3]/s';L{df 9n]5' . xª\u]/Ldf pk/fli6«kltsf] k|]; ;Dd]ngdf t];|f]ljZj kqsf/ dxflwj]zgdf pkl:yt eO{ xª\u]/Ldf lgdlGqtxfdLx¿ klg pkl:yt lyof}F . d}n] lx6n/sf] gflhjfb / ;g\!($% df lx/f]l;df / gfuf;fsLdf cd]l/sL c0f'adsf s'/fp7fPF . tL b'j} 36gfaf/] k"jL{o o'/f]k / ;f]leot ;ª\3sfkqsf/x¿ zAbtM Ps h:t} /xg] uy]{ .

xª\u]/Lsf pk/fi6«kltl;t xfdL lgDtf kfO{ Tof] b]zdfuPsf / kqsf/dWo] dafx]s c¿x¿n] k|Zgx¿ u/] . xfdL a;]sf]kfx'gf 3/af6 ;x/lt/ hfFbf a'9fk]:6 5]p5fpsf ufpFx¿ 7"nf7"nfs[lif kmfF6x¿sf kNnf 5]pdf ;fgf;fgf t/ kSsL 3/x¿ b]lvPsflyP . d]/f] dgdf ;fdfGo k|Zg p7\of]— xª\u]/L s[lifk|wfg b]zh:tf] 5, oxfF s;/L ;dfhjfbL qmflGt eof] xf]nf < hjfkm klgcfk}Fmn] kfPF— bf];|f] ljZjo'4df gfhLjfbn] xª\u]/Ldfly sAhf

432

u/]sf]nfO{ ;g\ !($$ sf] cGTolt/ ¿;n] cGTo u¥of] / ;g\!($* df ægf6f]Æ (NATO) u7g ePkl5 ¿;n] jf;f{;lGw;ª\u7g v8f ufbf{ of] b]z klg ;f]cGtu{t kg{ uPsf] x'g'k5{ .

k|];sf k|Zgx¿nfO{ pk–/fi6«kltn] hjfkm lbP . d}n] eg]k|]; ;Dd]ngk|lt cfk"mdf s'g} ?lr hufpg ;lsgF, d r'krfk g}/x]F .

lglZrt ;dokl5 xfdL ljdfg3f6df k'Uof}F / xª\u]/Laf6labf eO{ d:sf]lglDt P/f]̂ nf]6sf] ljdfgdf a:of}F . d:sf]lt/ljdfg p8\of] / d:sf] ;x/dfly # rSs/ nufof] . @ rSs/nufpFbf d}n] tn To;a]nfsf] cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn æg'sf]ef]Æb]v]F t/ ljdfg ToxfF cf]ln{Pg . zfGt eP/ d ´ofnlg/}al;/fv]sf] ´ofnaflx/ x]g{ yfn]F . ;fF‰lt/sf] ljdfgsf] 5fofF3/x¿dfly kl//x]sf d x]l//x]sf] lyPF . dnfO{ nfUof] ljdfgdfs]xL uf]ndfn 5 To;sf/0f ljsfd3f6df plqPg . of] s'/fxª\u]/L / ¿;sf cGo ljdfgofqLx¿n] klg a'‰]sf /x]5g\ .

cfˆg} b]zleq x]6f}F8fb]lv yfgsf]6;Dd 6«sdf ofqf ubf{ /hf]lvddf kbf{ klg dnfO{ Tolt;f/f] 8/ nfUb}gYof] . t;y{ d}n]xª\u]/Lb]lv ;fydf /x]sf d]/} 5]pdf a;]sf Ps ofqLl;t ;':t/L¿;L / cª\u|]hL zAbx¿ ldl;Psf ;/n jfSoåf/f æof] ljdfgb'3{6gfdf kg]{ h:tf] 5, 3/dfly k/]sf ljdfgsf 5fofFx¿ x]bf{ljdfgsf kfª\u|f lgl:sPsf b]lvFb}gg\ .Æ ltgn] eg]— ædnfO{ klgTo:t} nflu/x]sf] 5 . xfdLx¿ zfGt a;f}F .Æ

tfklg ljdfgsf ;xfos rfnsn] cfk"mnfO{ l;qmLn] afFw]/´ofnaf6 pl8/x]sf] ljdfgdf cf]ln{P/ kfª\u|fnfO{ ptfg{ ;s] .ljdfgaf6 d:sf]df ;'/lIft tj/n] plqof] . dnfO{ lng k]mlnjdjd{x6]g cfPsf /x]5g\ . æhLjg hf]luP/ cfOk'Ug'eof] xflb{s:jfutÆ eg]/ ltgn] cFufnf] xfn] .

ToxL /ft lbNnLsf lglDt p8\g' lyof] . bf]efif]n] @%cS6f]a/df k|wfgdGqLsf] k|]; ;Dd]ng ;dosf tl:j/ tof/ 5g\,lng hfcf}F elgg\ To;}n] ;f]leot kqsf/ ;ª\3 s]Gb|Lo sfof{no

433

lng uof}F . k|mfG;]nL efiffdf bf]efif]sf] ;d]t sfd ug]{ Tof] ?;Lt?gLn] dnfO{ ¿;Ldf s]xL egL / æhLjgdf k]ml/ s'g} ;dodfltdLl;t e]6 xf]nf g}Æ eg]/ æbfl:gbflgof ÛÆ egL labf lbO{dnfO{ . ¿;L k|wfgdGqLl;t j|]mdlngdf a;]sf] 6]lansf] d / d}n]wGojfb lbFbf efif0f ubf{sf b'O{ ;fdfGoeGbf s]xL 7"n} leQfdf6fFUg ldNg] b'O{ tl:j/ kfPF .

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