Macromolecules

Atom

Molecule

Elements

Compound

Cell

Smallest unit of matter/retain chemical properties

Substance made of only one type of atom

Bond between atoms of 1 or more element

Chemical combination of 2 or more elements

"Building blocks" of a living organisms

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Instructions

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Atom

Molecule

Elements

Compound

Cell

Smallest unit of matter/retain chemical properties

Substance made of only one type of atom

Bond between atoms of 1 or more element

Chemical combination of 2 or more elements

"Building blocks" of a living organisms

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Instructions

Biochemistry (Organic Chemistry)Study of compounds that contain:   Carbon Although Carbon is important, organic molecules must also contain Hydrogen and Oxygen!

Why Carbon for Biochem?Carbon has 4 outer (valence) electronsMakes it possible to bond with many other elements & to other C atoms = Long ChainsForms many large molecules in living cells (macromolecules)

Types of MacromoleculesThere are 4 macromolecules or organic compounds:CarbohydratesLipidsNucleic AcidsProteins

MacromoleculesMacromolecules are formed by a process called polymerization - when monomers join to form polymers.Monomers - small molecule units (building blocks). Monomers can be identical or different.Polymers - larger molecules made of monomers.

This slide is 4 slides back in your packet!

 a. Condensation Reactions aka: Dehydration synthesis

  - Process of small monomers bonding

together to make a larger molecule. - Each monomer loses either a

  –H or –OH group in order to   bond.

 - As a result, for each bond 1 water molecule is formed.

  A + B = C + H2O

 b. Hydrolysis Reactions  Hydro = water

lysis = to break - Refers to the breaking    apart of a

polymer.

 - Occurs during the digestion   of food molecules!

  C + H2O = A + B

CarbohydratesElements Present: C,H,& O – in a 1:2:1 ratio

Functions: Carbohydrates are living things main source of ENERGY. Some are also used for structural purposes.

CarbohydratesThe monomers of carbohydrates are monosaccharides (simple sugars)

All monosaccharides have a ring structure.Glucose, fructose and galactose are examples of monosaccharides  

-All monosaccharides have the chemical formula of C6H12O6. They are called isomers - they have the same chemical formula, but their structures are each different

CarbohydratesDisaccharides- 2 monosaccharides bonded together (double sugar)

Examples: sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose, lactose (milk sugar) = glucose +galactosemaltose =glucose + glucose 

CarbohydratesPolysaccharides - long chains of sugars (complex sugar)

Examples: glycogen – stores excess energy in animalsstarch – stores excess energy in plantscellulose – makes up plant cell walls (for structure)

Draw and label a carbohydrate

carbon-hydrogen-oxygen1:2:1

plants (autotrophs)

primary source of energy monosaccharides

monosaccharides

polysaccharides

simple sugarlong chains of monosaccharides

GlucoseFructose(fruit)Galactose(milk)

ring shaped

table sugar

STARCH--potato, pasta,   bread, cerealCELLULOSE--plant cell wall

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LipidsElements Present: mostly C & H w/some O

Functions:Part of cell membranesServe as chemical messengers (steroids)Long term energy sourcewarmth waterproof coverings

LipidsBuilding Blocks: There are no set monomers in lipids, but there are some reoccurring patterns

Hydrocarbon tail + carboxylic acid = Fatty Acid

LipidsBuilding Blocks: There are no set monomers in lipids, but there are some reoccurring patterns

3 Fatty Acids + one glycerol = a triglyceride

LipidsThere are 3 types of fatty acids: saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated

LipidsSaturated Fatty Acids have no double bonds in their hydrocarbon chainThey tend to be solid at room temperature: butter, lard, coconut oil*, peanut butter, mayonnaise, margarine

Mmmm.... butter!!!!

LipidsUnsaturated fats have at least one double bond in their hydrocarbon tail. They tend to be liquid at room temp.

Monounsaturated only have one double bond - olive oil

Polyunsaturated have two or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon tail - corn oil, canola oil, sesame oil, and peanut oil

6. Cholesterol

a.  Soft waxy substance found in your  bloodstream with lipids.

b. Used to form cell membranes, some hormones, and is needed for other cell functions.

c. Lipoproteins1. Transport cholesterol to & from cells.

a. LDL (Low-Density-Lipoprotein) “Bad Cholesterol”

   1. Carries cholesterol in the    blood. Too much can form    plaque in arteries.

  b. HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein)   “Good Cholesterol”

  1. Takes cholesterol out of      blood and back to liver.

 7. TransFats (Hydrogenated Oils)

  a. Made by “hydrogenating” oils to make them solid.

  b. Hydrogenating means   “adding hydrogen.”

  c. When consumed, increases your LDL concentration.

Draw and label a lipid

energy storage

insoluble in water

hormones and cell membranes

saturated ORunsaturated

carbon-hydrogen-oxygen

fats, oilswaxes

glycerol and fatty acid

E shapedsteroids

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ProteinsElements Present: C, H, O & N & a bit of S

Functions & Examples: Control rate of reactions (enzymes) Help fight disease (anti- bodies) Form bones & muscles  (actin & myosin) Regulate cell metabolism (insulin) Transport O2 in blood (hemoglobin)

ProteinsBuilding Blocks:Amino Acids are the monomers that go together to make a protein polymerAA's are bonded by peptide bondsAmino acids have these parts:  -amino group -carboxyl group -a H atom -an R group

There are 20 naturally occurring AA’s - each has a different R group (aka variant group)

Draw and label a protein

amino acids

body to functionproperlyenzymes

control the rate of chemical reactionscarbon, hydrogen,

oxygen, nitrogen

muscle, haircartilage, nails,meat we eat

amino group carboxyl groupr group

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Nucleic Acids

Elements Present: C, H, O, N & P

Functions: -Control cell activities (give cell instructions on how to make proteins)-Carry genetic info.Examples:  DNA & RNA

Nucleic Acids

Building Blocks:Nucleotides are the monomers that go to build the polymers of Nucleic acidsNucleotides consist of a nitrogen base, a sugar & a phosphate

Draw and label a nucleic acid

carbon, hydrogen,nitrogen, oxygen, phophorus

sugar

phosphate

N-base

DNA

make proteins

nucleotidesRNA store genetic

information

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Drag thewords in order to group them as a lipid or a nucleic acid