macroeconomics in islamic economy: a theoretical perspective prof. dr. sayyid tahir kenms,...

23
Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective Prof. Dr. Sayyid Tahir KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia Tuesday April 23, 2013 IRTI’s 18 th DL Program (Spring 2013) 1 KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia

Upload: donna-caitlin-lucas

Post on 25-Dec-2015

219 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective Prof. Dr. Sayyid Tahir KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia Tuesday April 23,

KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia 1

 Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective 

Prof. Dr. Sayyid TahirKENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia

Tuesday April 23, 2013

IRTI’s 18th DL Program (Spring 2013)

Page 2: Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective Prof. Dr. Sayyid Tahir KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia Tuesday April 23,

2

Theme

• Change the theme for discussion from:Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective

To:Macroeconomic Theorizing from Islamic Economics Perspective

• Why?

(1) In line with other presentations in 18th DL Course, we cover methodological issues.

(2) Islamic economics – economics based on the Shariʽah –  is for everyone, not just the Muslims.—— After all, the Shariʽah is a way of doing things, albeit in the light 

of the Qur’an and the Sunnah

Page 3: Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective Prof. Dr. Sayyid Tahir KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia Tuesday April 23,

3

Agenda

1. Nature and Scope  of Conventional Macroeconomics

2. The possibilities in respect of Islamic Macroeconomics

3. An Islamic economy – The general structure and working

4. Nature and Role of the Government in Modern Times

5. Policy Agenda

6. Islamic Macroeconomic – State of the Art

Page 4: Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective Prof. Dr. Sayyid Tahir KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia Tuesday April 23,

4

Nature and Scope  of Conventional Macroeconomics

• Macroeconomics is economic inquiry at an economy’s level.• The focus is on description and prescription.Description:• The economy is taken for granted, and description is on “As is” basis. • The economy is described in terms of selected macroeconomic aggregates.• The models also capture the institutional framework and key economic processes at 

work.Prescription:• Macroeconomic policy is major goal of macroeconomics.• Macroeconomic policy agenda is dictated by what is deemed to be good (as 

determined at the society’s level)• The policy targets are aggregate output/income, price level/inflation, unemployment, 

interest rate and balance of payments.

Page 5: Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective Prof. Dr. Sayyid Tahir KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia Tuesday April 23,

5

The Possibilities in respect of Islamic Macroeconomics

• Foundation of Islamic economics is that Allah SWT is the Original, the Absolute and the Ultimate Owner of everything that  is in the heavens and the earth. Accordingly, the Will of Allah SWT should be recognized in all aspects of practical life. After all, it illogical to ignore the willingness of anyone who is stakeholder in any thing.

• Islamic macroeconomics is organization of thought at economy level in the light of the Shariʽah ideal. Shariʽah-based solutions are inconceivable without the Shariʽah-based economic 

framework — the stakeholders, the institutional framework and the working. It is for this reason that “Islamic economy” comes into the picture for organizing the argument.

• The Shariʽah also shapes the goals, especially at the macro level. Goals at macro level involves gains for some at the cost of the others. The Shariʽah 

becomes all the more important here.

Page 6: Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective Prof. Dr. Sayyid Tahir KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia Tuesday April 23,

6

An Islamic Economy

Distinguishing Characteristics:

1. Terms of Reference: Not only reason and experience but also Wahi (Divine Guidance)2. Principle of Equality of Man3. ‘Adl4. Efficiency and Equity

General Structure:

I. Basic Economic Institutions:FamilyMarket (determined by number of players and other eco. considerations)Government (see also later)

Page 7: Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective Prof. Dr. Sayyid Tahir KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia Tuesday April 23,

7

II. Transactions Matrix:Parameters: No Riba, No Gharar, No Maesir/Qiimar, No Mutually Exclusive Terms 

in a Given Contract, No Contract with Mutually Exclusive Sub-contract, Free Willing Conent, etc.

Transaction Modes: Bai’ (Trading), Ijarah (leasing/employment), Sharikah (sharing), Qard (loaning), Amanah (Sake-keeping), Wadi’ah (Safe-keeping along with using) and combinations thereof

III. Other Economic Institutions:1. Zakah2. Organized Businesses – Partnerships and Joint Stock Companies3. No-Interest Banking – Banks as Economic Agents4. Securities and Equity Markets

An Islamic Economy (contd.)

Page 8: Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective Prof. Dr. Sayyid Tahir KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia Tuesday April 23,

8

Working & Performance of the Economy

1. At the micro level all economic agents—consumers, producers, resource suppliers, including financial institutions—will pursue their self-interest not selfishness.

2. Financial flows will either run parallel to or be tied to the real flows in the economy.

3. The structure of preferences of the consumers, objective functions of the firms, dominant concerns of the resource suppliers, along with the ground economic realities (resource endowments of various economic agents, competitive or non-competitive market environments and state of financial institutions), will determine allocation of resources, production of goods and services and distribution of output, income and wealth.

4. The Shariʽah-compliant institutional framework will ensure that the aforesaid outcome is fair.

5. The said outcome will be further refined through the zakah and other distributive filters in the economy.

6. The final outcome—production as well as distribution—at the micro and the macro levels will be socially desirable. The integration of real and the financial sectors will result in greater outcome and less inflation and less unemployment.

An Islamic Economy (contd.)

Page 9: Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective Prof. Dr. Sayyid Tahir KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia Tuesday April 23,

9

Nature and Role of the Government – 1

1. Whereas the state is a geo-legal entity, government is operational arm of the state.

2. Government (or whoever is at the mental of government) is representative of all Shariʽah-related matters (zakah, etc.), on one hand, and representative of the people, on the other.

3. Government’s Obligations as Representative of the Shariʽah:(i) Fulfilment of critical minimum needs of the citizens through the institution of zakah and, if need be, taxation, (ii) protection of state sovereignty and (iii) enforcement of the Shariʽah (incl. Islamization of the economy).

Page 10: Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective Prof. Dr. Sayyid Tahir KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia Tuesday April 23,

10

4. Government as Representatives of the People• Whatever is prohibited for an individual, that is also prohibited for the government. On the 

permissibility side, however, the case may be different.• No interest-based transactions in government’s name (i.e. for and on behalf of government)• No trading of public (common) property; the use only in public interest• Government to be abstain from economic activity – trading, etc. – in its name• All taxation earmarked• Pure public goods: Government to look after their with equitable taxation or user charges• Government might play a stop-gap role for the provision of semi-public goods with the 

concerned parties bearing the associated cost, whether immediately or over time• Poverty and Welfare Matters: Except for unfulfilled critical minimum needs of people, 

government to leave the initiative as well as necessary action to the individuals’ level.• Constraints on taxation and public debt sides

Nature and Role of the Government – 2

Page 11: Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective Prof. Dr. Sayyid Tahir KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia Tuesday April 23,

11

Goals & Instruments of Macroeconomic Policy from the Shariʽah Perspective – 1 (debatable)

Constants:• Development and preservation of institutional framework to support economic and 

distributional activity• Maintenance of a credible deterrence

Other Critical Goals:• Meeting unfulfilled critical minimum needs of the citizens• Reduction in inter-regional economic disparities• Education, incl. that of science and technology

Reviewable Goals:• Unemployment? •     Price/Monetary stability (Inflation)?• Exchange Rate stability? •     Economic Growth/Development?• Temporary help to local communities to tied over constraints (for local public goods)

Page 12: Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective Prof. Dr. Sayyid Tahir KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia Tuesday April 23,

12

Other Goals of Public Policy (both Macroeconomic or Microeconomic Policy):• Islamization of economy

• Avoidance of increase in concentration of income and wealth, incl. increase in poverty

Policy Instruments for Macroeconomic Policy:

• Main emphasis on bringing/keeping the economy in line with Islamic economic and financial architecture that would change the list of policy goals

• Meeting of society’s economic concerns (economic infrastructure, higher education, etc.) in off-budget manner

• Given the above, government expenditure, taxes and transfer payments and volume of liquidity in the economy to the extent that is affected by government’s budgetary

Goals & Instruments of Macroeconomic Policy from the Shariʽah Perspective – 2 (debatable)

Page 13: Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective Prof. Dr. Sayyid Tahir KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia Tuesday April 23,

13

• Islamic macroeconomics is inquiry at the economy’s level in the light of the Shariʽah principles.• Islamic macroeconomics will be concerned with both description and prescription.Description:• Given economic setup shall be not be modelled on “As is” basis. Rather, the ground 

realities will be scene as variants or deviations from comparable Islamic setup.• All target variables in conventional macroeconomics except interest might be focus of 

inquiry. Alternative financial arrangements would be captured by macro models. In addition, poverty and income inequality shall also be endogenous variables.

Prescription:• Macroeconomic policy goals and instruments might be different

Nature and Scope of Islamic Macroeconomics

Page 14: Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective Prof. Dr. Sayyid Tahir KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia Tuesday April 23,

14

Islamic Macroeconomics:State of the Art

• Macroeconomics attracted the attention of Islamic economists quite early.— See Monzer Kahf (1978, 1980) and M.M. Metwally (1981).• Most of the works have been done in the “Islamization of Economics” tradition.

• The works are mostly theoretical in nature.

• Most of the work has been done in the 1980s and some in the 1990s.

• Some works have been done in macroeconomic modeling, e.g.: Ahmad, A., Income Determination in an Islamic Economy, Jeddah: Centre for 

Research in Islamic Economics, King Abdul Aziz University, 1987. Anwar, M., Modeling Interest-Free Economy – Study in Macroeconomics and

Development, Herndon, VA: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 1987.  Hussain, M., "A Macroeconomic Taxation Model for an Islamic Economy", 

Pakistan Development Review, 32(4, Part II), Winter 1993, 947-960.

Page 15: Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective Prof. Dr. Sayyid Tahir KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia Tuesday April 23,

15

Islamic Macroeconomics:State of the Art

• Some works have been done on selected macroeconomic aggregates, e.g.:

Khan,  M.F., “Aggregate Consumption Function in an Islamic Framework”, in M.F. Khan (ed.), Distribution in Macroeconomic Framework: An Islamic Perspective, Islamabad: International Institute of Islamic Economics, 1988

Siddiqi, M.N. (1992) “Public Borrowing in Islam”, in in Mohammad A. Mannan (ed.) Financing Development in Islam, Jeddah: IRTI, 1996

• A substantial body of literature independently developed on fiscal and monetary policies without any formal macro model, e.g.:

Articles by M.U. Chapra  (Monetary policy), F.R. Faridi (Theory of Fiscal Policy), Metwally (Macroeconomic Analysis of Fiscal Policy) and Kahf (on Taxation) in (i) Money and Banking in Islam and (ii) Fiscal Policy and Resource Allocation In Islam edited by Z. Ahmad, M. Iqbal and F. Khan (Islamabad: Institute of Policy Studies, 1983).

Page 16: Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective Prof. Dr. Sayyid Tahir KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia Tuesday April 23,

16

There has been a few general works on the strengths of an Islamic economy:

Zarqa, A. (1983), "Stability of an Interest-Free Economy: A Note", Pakistan Journal of Applied Economics, II(2), 1983, 181-88.

Chishti, S. (1985), "Relative Stability of Interest-Free Economy", Journal of Research in Islamic Economics, 3(1), 1985, 3-12.

Hasan. A. and A.N. Siddiqui, "Is Equity Financed Budget Deficit Stable in An Interest-Free Economy?", in M.A. Mannan (ed.), Financing Development in Islam, Jeddah: IRTI, 1996, pp.139-59.

Islamic Macroeconomics:State of the Art

Page 17: Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective Prof. Dr. Sayyid Tahir KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia Tuesday April 23,

17

An Example of the Islamization of Economics Tradition

Mahdi, S.I. and S.M. Al-Asly (1987), "A Model of Income Determination in an Interest-Free Islamic Economy", in F.R. Faridi (ed.), Essays in Islamic Economic Analysis, New Delhi: Institute of Objective Studies, 1991.

• An Islamic economy is perceived as a conventional economy minus interest plus zakah, and the rate of interest in standard IS-LM models is replaced by profit-loss sharing ratio. The rest of the model, analysis and the conclusions are similar to those in conventional textbooks.

Islamic Macroeconomics:State of the Art

Page 18: Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective Prof. Dr. Sayyid Tahir KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia Tuesday April 23,

18

Another Example of the Islamization of Economics TraditionKhan, M.S. (1985), "Islamic Interest-Free Banking," IMF Staff Papers, 33(1), 1986, 1-27.• He seeks to explain that substitution of interest-based banking system by a profit-

and-loss sharing-based system will make the economy more efficient (in adjusting to shocks).

• He explains what options might be available in an Islamic economy on the monetary side. He assumes that savers save all their savings with the banks and the investors meet all their needs from the banks.

• He then constructs a three-sector macro model (consisting of a capital market, a goods market and a money market) and explains the above-mentioned point.

• In his macro model he uses a “rate of return”, in place of the standard interest rate, that is presumably determined ex post facto.

Islamic Macroeconomics:State of the Art

Page 19: Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective Prof. Dr. Sayyid Tahir KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia Tuesday April 23,

19

Islamic Macroeconomics:Some Works Using the First

PrinciplesTahir, S. (1986), "Towards a Theory of Aggregate Output, Income and Economic Inequalities Determination in an Islamic Economy", Journal of Islamic Economics, 2(2), July 1989.

• This paper builds a model  for a hypothetical Islamic economy using the ab initio method.• Efficiency and equity are presumed to be the key concerns. The former is gauged in terms of 

aggregate output/income and the latter in terms of disparities in the distribution of disposable income between the rich and the poor.

• The equilibrium conditions are:Y = C1 + C2 + I + G 

  D = (α1 – η1)/√(α1. α2)where α1 and α2 are proportions of the poor and the rich in the population and η1 is proportion of aggregate disposable income accruing to the poor.

• The model is then completed by introducing behavioral and accounting relations.• The equilibrium levels of Y and D are worked out, and implications of Islamization as an economic 

policy are studied.

Page 20: Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective Prof. Dr. Sayyid Tahir KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia Tuesday April 23,

20

Khan, M.S. and A. Mirakhor, "The Financial System and Monetary Policy in an Islamic Economy". In M.S. Khan and A. Mirakhor (eds.), Theoretical Issues in Islamic Banking and Finance, Houston: The Institute for Research and Islamic Studies, 1987.

• The author’s perception of monetary side Islamic economy is given first.• A systematic approach is followed to build a macro model for an Islamic 

economy. The analysis starts with defining the flow-of-funds matrix for an Islamic economy in which the major players are the public, the Islamic banks and a central bank.

• The equilibrium conditions are then worked out, and money multipliers are calculated.

• The final analysis revolves around a rate of return.

Islamic Macroeconomics:Some Works Using the First

Principles

Page 21: Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective Prof. Dr. Sayyid Tahir KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia Tuesday April 23,

21

Tahir, S. (1999), “Islamic Principle of Profit-Sharing and Macroeconomic Modeling”, paper read at International Conference on Islamic Economics in the 21st Century (International Islamic University Malaysia, 9-12 August 1999).

• This paper explains that the needful can be done by highlighting not only the profit-sharing ratio but also the actual profits in the model.

• Traditional IS-LM model is used with the savings, investment and demand for real balance made a function of not only level of aggregate income but also total profits accruing to respective economic agents. The said profits are defined as product of total profits at the economy’s level and the profit-sharing ratio of the respective groups.

Islamic Macroeconomics:Some Works Using the First

Principles

Page 22: Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective Prof. Dr. Sayyid Tahir KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia Tuesday April 23,

22

What next?

• Adopt the approach of Reconstruction of Islamic Economics rather the stale Islamization of Economics approach.• Set the goals of analysis, and build macro models by using the first principles in 

the framework of the Qur’an and the Sunnah while, of course, keeping in view the existing realities.• Remember that policy agenda in Islamic economy would be different. —

Employment is a means to an end, not the end in itself. • A lot of spade work is necessary before we get down to the specifics. —

Example: What would be the financial set up of an Islamic economy? Keeping that in view, how can we proceed to build macro models? Keep in mind the diversity of financial instruments in an Islamic economy.• Also reflect on  how to build models of the existing interest-based economies in 

order to work out macroeconomic policies to expedite the move toward Islamization of economy in Muslim countries.

Page 23: Macroeconomics in Islamic Economy: A Theoretical Perspective Prof. Dr. Sayyid Tahir KENMS, International Islamic University Malaysia Tuesday April 23,

23

18th DL Program- 23 April 2013 Lecture

Thank You and WassalamKENMS, International Islamic University, Malaysia