Machine-to-MachineCommunications

Aleksandr Ometov08.03.2016

Tampere,Finland

WhyM2Mfromhumanbeingpointofview?

– Tosaveusfromrepetitive,boringandtimeconsumingwork

– Tohelpusinreal-timeworkingonBig-Data– Tohaveanopportunitytoevolve!

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Machine-to-Machine(M2M)meansnohumaninterventionwhiledevicesarecommunicatingend-to-end.[Mischa Dohler]

WhatisM2M• Machine-To-Machine

– Machine – sensor/actuatorthatismonitoring/actuatinginuplink/downlink

– To – networktooperateend-to-endcommunication– Machine – devicethatisprocessinggatheredinformation

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• Originofterm“Machine-to-Machine”:– NokiaM2MPlatformFamily[2002]=NokiaM2MGatewaysoftware+Nokia31GSMConnectivityTerminal+NokiaM2MApplicationDevelop.Kit(ADK)

NetworksforM2M– Wired(Ethernet,optics,etc.)dedicatedcablingbetween sensor– gateway.• pros:veryreliable,veryhighrates,smalldelay,secure• cons:expensivetorollout,notscalable,nomobility.

– Wireless:• Capillary(WLAN,BLE,ZigBee,etc.)

– pros:cheap torollout,generallyscalable,lowpower– cons:shortrange,lowrates,weakersecurity,interference,

lackofuniversalinfrastructure/coverage.

• Cellular(3G,LTE,WiMax,etc)– pros:excellentcoverage,mobility,roaming,generally

secure,infrastructure– cons:expensive,notcheaptomaintain,notpower

efficient,delays.

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M2MNovelty– Numberofdevicestosupport– Interconnection– Coverage

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PopularDirections– BuildingAutomation– SmartGrids– IndustrialAutomation– SmartCity

• Generally:–Wirelesssensornetworks– Trafficflows–Wearablehealthmonitoring– Vehicularnetworks– Smartenergymeters– ..andsoon,andsoon.

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32© 2012 M. Dohler, D. Boswarthick, J. Alonso-Zárate

Smart City Technology Platform

Internet

Crowdsourcing

Sensor Streams

Improve Efficiency

Offer New ServicesSmart City Operating System

Power Applications

M2MinSmartCities

33© 2012 M. Dohler, D. Boswarthick, J. Alonso-Zárate

Wireless M2M Technologies

Low Cost

Low Energy

Low Env. Footprint

Mac

hine

-To-

Mac

hine

(M2M

) Sm

art C

ity T

echn

olog

ies

Capillary M2M

Cellular M2M

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WirelessinM2M

GeneralChallengesinM2M

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• Designforhugenumberofdevices• Reductionofcontrolsignaling• Optimizationforlowdatatransmissions• Costreduction• Congestioncontrolalgorithms(forcellular)• Loaddistribution/balancing• Security,e.g.,denialofservice• TrafficModels• etc..

AboutCapillaryM2M

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• Mostlyembeddeddesign,lowpower,lowcostdesign

• Short-rangecommunicationsystems• Powerconsumption• Tothisend:–M2Mwillbedominatedbyindustry-drivenstandardizedlow-powersolutions.

• IEEE802.11ahmaybeasolution

DesignforCapillaryM2M

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• Eachnodetypicallyconsistsofthesebasicelements:– Sensor– Radiochip– Microcontroller– Energysupply

• Targets:– Low– cost– Low– complexity– Small– size– Low– energy

• Problems:– Differentvendors(characteristics,inoperabilitybetweendevices)– Interference,fading– MACprotocolsweredesignedforhumans– Scalability

CellularM2M

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• LTE-A• Advantages:

– Capillarynetworksonlyprovidelocalcoverage– Usersarealreadyfamiliarwiththeinfrastructure– Easierconfiguration:suitableforshort-termdeployments– Cellularnetworksprovideubiquitous coverageandglobalconnectivitytoday

– MobilityandHigh-SpeedDataTransmission– Interferencecanbemanaged

• Challengesforoperators:– Human-to-humanexpectations– Newmarketrequiresnewwayofthinking– Highcostandapplicationscomplexity

NoveltiesforCellularM2M

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• Currentcellularsystemsaredesignedforhuman-to-human(H2H):– Notsomanyhuman users– Wetoleratedelayevenforvoiceconnections– Weliketodownload alot,mainlyhigh-bandwidth data– Weareoktorecharge ourmobilesdaily.

• Newparadigm:– EnormousnumberofM2Mnodes– Applicationsaredelay-intolerant (mainlycontrol)– Notraffic/mainly uplink– Nodesneedtooperateautonomously foralongtime– Automatedsecurityandtrustmechanisms.

LTELimitationsforM2M• Notefficientforsmalldatatransmission• Devicecostissues

– Scalablebandwidth– Datarate(overdesignedUEcategories)– Transmitpower(max.23dBm)– HalfDuplexoperation(sensorissimpledevice)– RFchainswith2antennas– Signalprocessingaccuracy

• Overloadissues- bignumberofdevices• Lowmobilitysupport• Fourreasons,whencapacityisnotrequired:

– Longevity(long-termdeployment ofinfrastructure)– PotentiallyLowerServiceCosts(comparedto2Gor3G)– Scalability(IPv6)– Superiorperformance (fordemandingM2Mapplications) 13

OptimizationPossibilitiesforM2M• Maybebasedonspecificscenariorequirement:– LowMobility– Reducereporting frequency– TimeControlled– TimeTolerant – Applications thatcandelaytransmissions

– SmallDataTransmissions– PriorityAlarmMessage– Maximumpriority foralarmtraffic

– SecureConnection– LocationSpecific Trigger– Location information fromoperators

– Infrequent transmission– etc.

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WiFi forsensors- IEEE802.11ah

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• IEEE802.11ahusecasestargetlowrate,longrangeapplications(metering,sensors,automation)

• Batteryoperateddevicesshould limitthepowerconsumptionby:– limitingthepackettransmissions– limitingtheawake/receivetime(forlowtransitpowerdevices,RXpowerconsumptionmaybecomparablewithTXpowerconsumption)

• Listeningforbeacons/trafficinformationmaps(TIM)framesconsumespower:– clockdriftduringlongsleeprequiresanearlywakeup– receptionofbeaconmayrequireseveralmilliseconds

GeneralConclusions

• ThenetworksforM2Mcommunicationsalreadyexistasamirrorfromhumanones,butthereisstillalottoimprovelike:– Delays– Powerconsumption(targetforM2M- years)– Deploymentandservicecosts(pureM2Mnetworkswouldbemuchmoreexpansible)

– Humantomachineinterfaces

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Lessonslearned• Challengesforcapillarycommunity:

– Reliability: despite license-exemptbands– Range: multihop/meshseemstobeamust– Delays:minimizeend-to-end delay– Standards: interoperability– Infrastructure:maintenance

• Challengesforcellularcommunity:– Nodes:managementofhugeamountssendingsmallpackets

– Rates:fairlylowandratheruplinkfromsmallpackets– Power: highefficiency– Delays: quickwakeupaftersleep– Application: tooperate notdisturbingcurrentnetworks.

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Thankyou

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