machine app

8/8/2019 Machine App

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CAT GLOBAL MINI

www.CAT.com

2006Caterpillar

A Reference Guide t

Mining Machine Application

Field

Guid

Printed in U.S.A.

AEXQ0030


2/46

Contents

Basic Application Benchmarks andOperating Techniques

Loading Tools 2Trucks 8Wheel Dozers 14

Motor Graders 18Track-type Tractors/Wheel Tractor Scrapers 22

Basic Haul Road Design and MaintenanceDesign 26Maintenance 34

Management IdeasManagement Strategies 41Hauling System Application Zones 45

Reference InformationPercentage Swell and Load Factors 49

Approximate Loose Weight of Materials 50Typical Rolling Resistances 52Approximate Coefficient of Traction Factors 53Formulas and Rules of Thumb 54Weights and Measures 56Miscellaneous Technical Data 60

Machine SpecificationsTrack-type Tractors 63Wheel Loaders 65Wheel Dozers 67Trucks 69Motor Graders 73Tractor Scraper 75Underground Mining Equipment 77

Scope

This document is primarily intended for use by

Caterpillar and CAT dealer project managers as a ready

reference for the assessment of machine application

and haul road conditions on their project sites. It may

also prove useful to other Caterpillar and CAT dealerpersonnel in need of a concise reference tool.

It contains practical benchmarking data that is

achievable with correct and well-managed machine

application. It is also intended to provide guidance on

assessing haul road design and maintenance that

supports sound industry practices.


3/46

CAT GLOBAL MIN

Loading Too


4/46

Watch for...

Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating TechniquesLO AD ING TO OLS

* GET - Ground

Engaging Tools

** ME - Mass

Excavation

First pass must be a good pass(operator has entire truck exchange

to get bucket full)

Ensure truck is correctly spottedby loader (with first pass, or the

horn)

Hydraulic Front Shovels First two passes:

Upper half of face

3rd / 4th passes:Load out the center

Final passes:Clean up floor

Keep work area as tightas possible Avoid excessive prying or

corner loading; dont swinginto pile

Maximize GET* tip contact andminimize bowl contact (i.e.,boom up and curl bowl throughmaterial).

Use boom-up to minimize

bucket heel contact. Never operate a bare edge

Hydraulic Backhoes (ME**) Maintain tight work zone;

ideally dig no more than 45degrees either side ofcenter line (i.e., work over

idlers and swing no morethan 60 degrees to truck) Watch poorly blasted toe

Maximize GET* tip contactand minimize bucketcontact (i.e., enter facewith tips at the correctangle and curl bucket

through material). Useboom-up to minimize

bucket heel contact Never operate a bare edge

Wheel Loaders Enter pile straight-on, with

floor of bucket parallel tofloor

Keep frame straightwhen digging

Lift bucket before crowding Fill bucket by the time liftarms are horizontal

Minimize non-productivefloor contact (cleanup)

Maintain proper kick-oadjustment

Keep time in face belowminute (12 seconds)

Wheel turns only from

to truck Never operate a bare e

Rope Shovels 70 - 90 degree

maximum swing

Efficient support machactivity to keep floor cl

Power cable maintena

Never operate abare edge


5/46


Rope Shovels

Top of boom sheaves

28 - 40 seconds

(avg. 35 seconds)

100 - 105%

3 - 5 passes

Working a single face of thecorrect height

Stable/level floor Wide benches

(to facilitate truck maneuverability)

Well-shot material

Poor underfoot

Optimum Bench Height

Cycle Times

Bucket Fill Factor

in Well-shot Rock

Most Efficient

Pass Match

Favorable Site

Conditions

Adverse Site

Conditions to Avoid

Hydraulic Front Shovels

Just above boom/stick pivot

24 - 28 seconds(avg. 27 seconds)

90 - 100%

4 - 6 passes

Selective digging: can also efficiently minemultiple targets

Tight load area with tight material Can work in poor floor conditions Angle tracks slightly to face Define dig pattern,

L to R or R to L, and maintain pattern

Excessive tramming

Low benches


6/46


Hydraulic Backhoes

(Mass Excavation)

Length of stick, or between truck siderailand ducktail

24 - 28 seconds

(avg. 25 seconds)

80 - 110%

4 - 6 passes

Correct bench height (worth 10-15%

more production than too high) Truck below HEX

(worth 15-20% over same-level loading)

Tight load area, with tight material Short swing 60 (worth 5% over

90 swing) Well-shot material Remove farthest pass duringtruck exchange

Maintain key-cut

High benches Excessive tramming Unstable benches Low angle of repose material

Large Wheel Loaders

Bucket hinge pin height at maximum lift

32 - 42 seconds

(avg. 38 seconds)

90 - 110%

4 - 6 passes

Level, dry, smooth, firm floors

Sufficient crossfall and drainage in high rainfall areasto minimize tire damage

Well-fragmented materials that minimize crowdingtime, particularly in the toe-area of the cut

Lower face profile Multi-face loading

Poor/wet underfoot Tight load areas Tire damage due to poor clean up

Optimum Bench Height

Cycle Times

Bucket Fill Factor

in Well-shot Rock

Most Efficient

Pass Match

Favorable Site

Conditions

Adverse Site

Conditions to Avoid


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CAT GLOBAL MIN

Truck


8/46

Exchange Time

Load Placement

Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Good 0.7 minute(42 seconds)

Acceptable 0.9 minute(54 seconds)

Lateral Center load abovehoist cylinders or

load arrow.Longitudinal Centered about

centerline of body.

General No substantial amount ofmaterial on headboard.

Enough freeboardto minimize spillage fromsides through cornersand from the rear ongrades.

Target 33%/66%load split on front/rear axles.

Correct Loading Correct Loading

Incorrect Loading Incorrect Loadi

TRUCKS

PayloadAccuracy VIMS/TPMS Payload

system will readheavy if the load isplaced rearward andlight when the load isplaced forward of thecorrect point. Payloadaccuracy can vary3 5% for each 600 mm(2 feet) the load is outof position laterally.

The elapsed time fromwhen the loaded truckreceives its last load

until the next truckreceives its firstloading pass


9/46

Watch for...

Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating TechniquesTRUCKS

* TKPH - Tonne Kilometers Per Hour (Tons Mile Per Hour)

Truck Position - Spotted incorrect position by loader operator,rather than where

truck operator decides to stop.Can be spotted by horn or byfirst pass.

Positioned to help facilitate fastercycles: At 45 for wheel loaders Depending on loading technique

for shovels and backhoes

Not parked with rear tires up on toeof pile.No excessive queuing or waitingfor loading tool.

Safety - Truck parked withParking Brake ON, Trans. in N(Retarder may be applied inaddition to Parking Brake, butParking Brake must be appliedwhenever truck is stopped more

than momentarily).

Body - Watch for wear-through

of liner plates: Dual Slope bodiestypically wear the front triangleof the rear slope, and rear corners.

Wear is typically even across therear 1/3 of the floor.

Also, ensure correct alignment ofbody pads.

Tires - Tires offer a valuableinsight into road and pitconditions.

Look for sidewall cutting, impactand cutting in the tread face,erosion and cracking in thebead/flange area, etc.

Check TKPH (TMPH)* for allchosen haul profiles.

Visit tire graveyard lookinfor scrapped tires withsignificant tread remaining.Identify causes and work

to improve life and

tread utilization.


10/46

CAT GLOBAL MINI

Wheel Dozer


11/46

Watch for...

Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating TechniquesWHEEL DOZERS

Truck / Wheel Dozer Match

The following truck/wheeldozer model sizes arerecommended for pushingdumped material from these

truck models (target is atwo-pass clean upprocedure):

834 773 / 777

844 777 / 785

854 785 / 789 / 793

General Keep loads small and roll. Avoid excessive down-

pressure.

Dont ballast front tires. Push load with machinestraight as possible.

Minimize heel-platecontact.

Maintain full blade contactwith the floor.

Blade Angle Keep heel-plate parallel

with floor and the back of

the blade vertical. A blade rolled too far

forward will wear end-bitsand moldboard prematurelyand decrease productivity.


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CAT GLOBAL MIN

Motor Grader

MOTOR GRADERS


13/46

Watch for...General Grade in 2nd or 3rd gear

(611 km/h / 4-7 mph).Grading in 4th gear greatlyaccelerates circle drivepinion and cutting edgewear.Speed is excessive ifcutting edge shows signs ofexcessive heat (temperingback/bluing) and flaking.Maintain 1st gear for allripping, manually operate

throttle.

Ensure cutting edgesmaintain protection for

moldboard; change aheadof moldboard damage(recommend when 10 mm[1/2 inch] remaining).

Keep edges sharp forimproved penetration.

Use scarifiers to break uphard-packed top surface formaterial redistribution ifblade is unable to penetrateeffectively. A number ofpasses may be required topenetrate effectively.

Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating TechniquesMOTOR GRADERS

For further information, consult H-series Motor Grader Application Guide AEGQ0945

Blade

PositionTip Angle Top of moldboard

should be 50 mm -100 mm(2- 4) ahead of the

cutting edge (16 and24 motor graders).

Maintaining aconstant tip angle inoperation minimizescutting edge wear.

BladeAngle Use widest possible

pass width/

increase angle ifmaterial flowsaround leading edge.When using theGraderbit system or aserrated edge, use ablade angle of 10degrees maximum.Maintain full widthcutting edge contact

with road surface.

WorkEnvelope Maintain full blade

contact with thefloor to avoid highpoint loading.Consider using

track-type tractorsor wheel dozerswhen not able tomaintain contact.


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CAT GLOBAL MIN

Track-Type Tractors

Wheel Tractor Scraper

TRACK-TYPE


15/46

Watch for... GeneralOperation Excessive tramming

between jobs (


16/46

Watch for... LoadingTime Good: 0.4-0.5 minute

(24-30 seconds)*

Average 0.6-0.7 minute(36-43 seconds)*

* Open bowl/push-loadedWheel-Tractor Scraper(shorter time for tandem,longer time forsingle-powered)

Consult publications for

self-loading (elevating/auger) and push-pullmachines.

Basic Application

Benchmarks and

Operating Techniques 25

SCRAPERS

Scraper/Tractor

The following TTTmodel sizes arerecommended forpush loading thefollowing scrapermodels.

621 D8631 D9 / D10651 D10 / D11

For further information,

consult Making the Most

of Scraper Potential

AEGQ2380and Optimum

Scraper Load Time

AEGC0195.

CAT GLOBAL MIN

Basic Haul Road Design an

Maintenanc


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Horizontal andGeneral VerticalAlignment

Cross-slopes

Basic Haul Road Design and Maintenance

To maximize safe workingconditions, corners and crestsmust be designed such thatmachine operators are capable

of seeing and avoiding hazardswhen travelling at normaloperating speeds. Thesecalculations must becompleted using worst casescenarios (i.e., smallestobstacle, longest stoppingdistance, highest expectedspeeds, wet roads, etc.).

On FlatsApply the minimum slope tomaintain drainage for expectedrainfall conditions on site.

If conditions permit, consider a2% constant crossfall, withloaded trucks running on the

uphill side of the road. Thiscan help optimize tire loadsharing across the rear of the

truck. Otherwise, a crown withminimum slope angle.

On GradesMinimal cross-slope requiredunless rainfall is very heavy,as drainage is provided bydowngrade.

2 constant crossfall

1

10


18/46

Grade

Corners

Road Width


GeneralSmooth and of constant grade tominimize transmission shifts andmaintain higher average grade

speed. This also allows moreconstant braking effort on returns.

Radius

Use maximum practical radius.

Keep constant and smooth aspossible.

Super-elevation

Employ if speeds exceed 15 km/h

(10 mph) per PerformanceHandbook recommendations(Tables section). Super-elevationgreater than 10% should be usedwith caution due to the danger ofsideways slippage in wetconditions.

1 way Straights/Corners A

minimum 2 - 2.5 widths isrecommended.

2 way - In Straights A minimum of3 - 3.5 truck widths.

- In Corners A minimum of3.5 - 4 truck widths.

Correct Incorrect

One-way (Straights/Corners)

Two-way (In Straights)

Two-way (In Corners)

B i H l R d D i d M i t


19/46

Bench Width

Drainage

Safety Berms

(windrows)

Rolling Resistance


GeneralTruck to clear loader under fullacceleration.Minimum width = machine turningradius + safety berm.

GeneralMust be able to adequately carryaway maximum expected rainfall, witha minimum of puddling, pot holing, orentry of water into the road sub-base.

All LocationsBerm should be a minimum half ofwheel height at the dump edge andalong all haul road/highwall edges.Check against local mining regulations.

For trucks running radial-ply tires,assume a minimum rollingresistance of: 1.5% for a hard, well-maintained,

permanent haulroads

3% for a well-maintained road withlittle flexing

4% for a road with 25 mm (1)tire penetration

5% for a road with 50 mm (2)tire penetration 8% for a road with 100 mm (4)tire penetration

14% for a road with 200 mm (8)tire penetration

In practice, a 5% increase in rollingresistance can result in up to a 10%decrease in production and a 35%increase in production costs.

1/2 whee

Drainage

Bench Width

B i H l R d D i d M i t


20/46

Rules of Thumb

Soft/Wet Areas

Dust


Can you travel comfortably at 60km/h (35 mph) on haul roadin a light vehicle?

Haul road begins at the loading

face and ends at the dump.Can you travel at a reasonablespeed to the dump zone?

It is far more practical to fullyremove wet/soft spots in thehaul road completely and refill

than to continually try andmaintain.

Fix it once, fix it right!

Watering to remove the hazardof dust also helps maintaincompaction (and strength) of

the road base. Use checkerboard or spot intermittentwatering pattern on slopes toreduce the risk of slippageduring braking.

Spot watering works well forareas with limited water supply.



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Analysis Tools


Fleet Production and Cost (FPC)

Use FPC to compare actual cycle

times with theoretical values: Are trucks achieving predicted

speed on grades?

Are trucks cycling in predictedcycle times?

Are truck wait times at theloader in the predicted range?

If theoretical values dont match

actual times, investigatepossible causes:

Rough/slippery roadscausing operators to slow

Higher rolling resistancethan planned/expected

Tight corners forcingmachine to slow

Poor visibility due to dustor obscured views

Pinch points, STOP signs atintersections, etc.

Fleet Productivity Optimization

(FPO)

Use FPO to assess machine

application severity: To identify locations/features

on the road for improvement

To quantify the severity of thehaul from strut pressure data

To illustrate transmission shiftfrequency and gear on grade

To identify brake/retarderapplication (frequency and

location)

Note: Earlier version of FPOwere known as (ASA)Application Severity Analysis

Vital Information ManagemenSystem (VIMS)

Use VIMS to help manage

machine application: Datalogger data export to FPto quantify haul roadconditions

Better payload managementto optimize speed on grade

Check event logs for highbrake temperatures, engineover-speeds, etc.

Use RAC (Road AnalysisControl) to alert an operator a damaging haul roadcondition



22/46

Loading Zone

Main Haul Road


Watch for smooth floor, withadequate water removal, keptclear of debris fallen from theface and from trucks as theyleave the zone.

Make certain trucks are notbacking onto rocks fallen from

the face, or driving over rocksspilled during loading, as thisdamages tires and powertraincomponents and adverselyaffects payload accuracy.

Avoid tight, high-speed turns astrucks return to the load area.

Can the truck leave the loadingzone under full and continuousacceleration, or is the loadingzone too tight, too rough, or toocongested with other machines

to allow this to occur?

A well-maintained, smooth haulroad, with sufficient drainage,

free from potholes, ruts andgullies, with smooth/constantgrades, adequate passing room(road width), adequate cornerradius (super-elevated ifnecessary), etc., that allows safe

Loading Zone

and reliable operation at thehighest possible road speed.

Is spillage that falls from movingtrucks removed quickly?

Are there signs of rubber beingdeposited on tight or rocky turns?

Are operators applying highbraking forces to negotiate

corners?Can the truck achieve expectroad speeds for all segments?

Basic Haul Road Design


23/46

Dump Zone A smooth floor that allows trucks tomaintain speed until they reach dumpzone, entering parallel to edge andbraking in a straight line before turningand stopping to reverse and dump.

Safety berms of regulation height alongthe entire edge.

Ensure dump is stable, or dump short andpush off.

Basic Haul Road Design

and Maintenance 39

CAT GLOBAL MIN

Management Idea

Management Ideas


24/46

Management

Strategies

Management Ideas

Present machine applicationissues to mine management in alanguage they understand; i.e.,Productivity (lost or gained)and Cost per Ton.

Identify the potential to improveproductivity.

Better bucket fill factorsthrough:

Improved fragmentation Correct bucket selection,

GET selection and GETmaintenance

Correct bench heights Correct loader orientationto face

Faster loader cycle timesthrough:

Correct orientation to face Correct truck placement

Improved material condition Improved floor conditions

Higher average OHT roadspeeds through:

Smoother Roads (includingloading and dump zones)

-use Vital InformationManagement System(VIMS)

- RAC

- FPO

-use TPMS (Truck PayloadMeasurement System)

-FPO Minimize rolling resistance

Better haul road designsthat:

-reduce switchbacks-remove cross-overs withSTOP signs-allow constantspeed/gear on grades

Better payload control toensure highest possible gear

on grade-use VIMS/TPMS andVIMS Supervisor

Use Cat Software Tools [FPEMF, DOZSIM, etc.] to:

Compare theoretical withactual:

Grade speeds/Cycle tim

Fuel consumption Total machine/fleet

productivity

Model the effects on totalproductivity through chang

to: Average road speeds

-higher on-grade spee-reduced rolling resis-reduced corner seve-removal of speed lim

Improved bucket fill facand truck/loader match

Reduced truck exchangand waiting times

Reduced fuel consumpt

Improved component lifand machine/fleetavailability

Improved tire life/reductire costs

Management Ideas


25/46

Hauling Systems

Application Zones

Management Ideas

Consider whether the most economic

earthmoving system is being used in

the application. The following values

are rules of thumb but will vary with

underfoot conditions, material type,

required production rate, andoperator skill:

Dozers: 0 to 150 m (0 to 500 ft)

Load and Carry: 50 to 120 m (150 to 400 ft)

Scrapers: 120 to 1200 m (400 to 4000 ft)

Articulated Trucks: 120 to 1200 m

Rear Dump Truck: 120 to 9000 m

(400 to 4000 ft)

(400 to 29,500 ft)

Management Ideas


26/46

Support Equipment

g

Tractors, Wheel Dozers,Motor Graders and

Water Trucks

Consider the benefits outlined in

Management Strategies forcorrect support machine use:allows optimum machineproductivity, minimum impact onmajor component lives, maximum

tire life, maximum haul road life,and most importantly, maximumoperational safety.

Also consider that Wheel Dozersare typically more cost-effective

than Track-type Tractors in lighterapplications, such as haul roadand shovel clean up, and offergreater speed for better coverageand improved flexibility.


27/46

CAT GLOBAL MIN

Reference Informatio

Reference Information


28/46

% Swell Load FactorCINDERS 45 .69CLAY

Dry 40 .72Wet 40 .72

CLAY & GRAVEL

Dry 40 .72Wet 40 .72COAL

Anthracite 35 .74Bituminous 35 .74

EARTH, LOAMDry 25 .80Wet 25 .80

GRAVELDry 12 .89Wet 12 .89

GYPSUM 74 .57HARDPAN 50 .67LIMESTONE 67 .60

ROCK, WELL BLASTED 65 .60SANDDry 12 .89Wet 12 .89

SANDSTONE 54 .65SHALE & SOFT ROCK 65 .60SLAG, BANK 23 .81SLATE 65 .60TRAP ROCK 65 .61*Varies with moisture content, grain size, degree of compaction, etc. Tests mustbe made to determine exact material characteristics.

lbs/yd3 kg/m3

BASALT 3,300 1960BAUXITE, KAOLIN 2,400 1420CALICHE 2,100 1250CARNOTITE, URANIUM ORE 2,750 1630CINDERS 950 560

CLAY Natural Bed 2,800 1600Dry 2,500 1480Wet 2,800 1660

CLAY & GRAVELDry 2,400 1420Wet 2,600 1540

COALAnthracite, Raw 2,000 1190

Washed 1,850 1100Ash, Bituminous Coal 900-1,100 530-650Bituminous, Raw 1,600 950Washed 1,400 830

DECOMPOSED ROCK75% Rock, 25% Earth 3,300 196050% Rock, 50% Earth 2,900 172025% Rock, 75% Earth 2,650 1570

EARTHDry packed 2,550 1510Wet excavated 2,700 1600Loam 2,100 1250

GRANITEBroken or Crushed 2,800 1660

GRAVELPit Run 3,250 1930Dry 2,550 1510Dry 1/4 2 2,850 1690Wet 1/4 2 3,400 2020

GYPSUMBroken 3,050 1810Crushed 2,700 1600

*Varies with moisture content, grain size, degree of compaction, etc. Tests mustbe made to determine exact material characteristics.

Percentage swell and load factors of different materials* Approxiamate loose weight of materials*



29/46

A hard, smooth, stabilized, surfaced roadway without penetrationunder load, watered, maintained . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

A firm, smooth, rolling roadway with dirt or light surfacing,flexing slightly under load or undulating, maintained fairly regularly,

watered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

SnowPacked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50Loose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

A dirt roadway, rutted, flexing under load, little if any maintenance, nowater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100

Rutted dirt roadway, soft under travel, no maintenance,no stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150

Loose sand or gravel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200

Soft, muddy, rutted roadway, no maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . .200 to 400

*Various tire sizes and inflation pressures will greatly reduce or increase

estimating purposes when specific information on performance of particular

equipment on given soil conditions is not available.

Typical Rolling Resistances in lbs. per gross ton of weight*lbs/yd3 kg/m3

HEMATITE, IRON ORE, HIGH GRADE 4,000-5,400 1810-2450LIMESTONE

Broken or Crushed 2,600 1540MAGNETITE, IRON ORE 4,700 2790PYRITES, IRON ORE 4,350 2580

SAND Dry, Loose 2,400 1420Damp 2,850 1690Wet 3,100 1840

SAND & CLAYLoose 2,700 1600Compacted 4,050 2400

SAND & GRAVELDry 2,900 1720Wet 3,400 2020

SANDSTONE 2,550 1510SHALE 2100 1250SLAG

Broken 2,950 1750

SNOWDry 220 130Wet 860 520

STONE, CRUSHED 2,700 1600TACONITE 3,600-4,200 1630-1900TOPSOIL 1,600 950TAP ROCK

Broken 2,950 1750* Varies with moisture content, grain size, degree of compaction, etc.Tests must be made to determine exact material characteristics.

Approximate loose weight of materials*



30/46

Production (yds./hr.) = Load (cu.yds.) X Trips per hour

Load (b.c.y.) = Weight of Load (lbs.)Lbs. Per Bank Yard

Bank Yards = Loose yds. X load factor

Bank Yards = Loose yds. X 100100 + % Swell

Bank Yards = Compacted YardsShrinkage Factor

Trips per Hour = 60 min.Cycle Time (min.)

OrWorking Min. per Hr.

Cycle Time (min.)

Cycle Time = Fixed Time + Variable Time

Fixed Time = (see respective machine production tables)

Variable Time = Total Haul Time + Total Return Time

Travel Time (min.) = Distance (ft.)Speed (ft. per min.)

OrDistance (ft.)

Mph X 88

Rolling Resistance (lbs.) = RR Factor (lbs./ton) X Weight on Wheels (tons)= 40lbs./ton + 30 lbs./ton (for each 1 tire penetratio

X weight on wheels (lbs.)= 2% + 11/2% (for each 1 tire penetration) X Weigh

on Wheels (lbs.)

Grade Resistance (lbs.) = 20 lbs./ton X % grade (units) X Total Weight (tons)= % grade (decimal) X Total Weight (lbs.)

Total Road Resistance Factor (lbs./ton or %) = Rolling Resistance Factor(lbs./ton or %) + GradeResistance Factor (lbs./ton or%)Total Pull Required = RollinResistance (lbs.) + GradeResistance (lbs.)

Formulas and rules of thumbTRACTION FACTORS

Rubber Tires TracksCONCRETE .90 .45CLAY LOAM

Dry .55 .45

Wet .40 .90Rutted .70 .70LOOSE SAND .30 .30QUARRY PIT .65 .55GRAVEL ROAD (LOOSE NOT HARD) .36 .50PACKED SNOW .20 .25ICE .12 .12*EARTH

Firm .55 .45Loose .90 .60

COAL, STOCKPILED .45 .60*Semi-Skeleton shoes = .27

Approximate coefficient of traction factors



31/46

APOTHECARIES WEIGHT20 grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 scruple 8 drams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ounce3 scruples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 dram 12 ounces . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pound

Ounce and pound are the same as in Troy Weight

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT27.344 grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 dram 25 pounds . . . . . . . . . . . .1 quarter16 drams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ounce 4 quarters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cwt16 ounces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pound 2,000 lbs . . . . . . . . . . . .1 short ton2,240 lbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 long ton

TROY WEIGHT24 grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pwt20 pwt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ounce12 ounces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 poundused for weighing gold, silver, and jewels

CLOTH MEASURE2 1/4 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 nail4 nails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 quarter4 quarters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 yard

CUBIC MEASURE1,728 cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cubic foot27 cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cubic yard128 cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cord (wood)40 cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ton (shipping)2,150.42 cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 standard bushel231 cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 U.S. standard gallon1 cubic foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .about 4/2 of a bushel

DRY MEASURE2 pints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 qt 4 pecks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 bushel8 qts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 peck 36 bushels . . . . . . . . . .1 chaldron

LIQUID MEASURE

4 gills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pt 4 qts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 gallon2 pts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 qt 31-1/2 gallons . . . . . . . . . .1 barrel2 barrels . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 hogshead

LONG MEASURE12 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 foot 40 rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 furlong3 feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 yd 8 furlongs . . . . . . . . . . .1 std. Mile5 1/2 yards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 rod 3 miles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 league

Weights and MeasuresFormulas and rules of thumbTotal Pull Required = Rolling Resistance (lbs.) + Grade

Resistance (lbs.)

Usable Lbs. Pull (Traction limitation) = Coeff. of Traction X Weighton Drivers

Alt. Derating: 3% lb. Pull loss for each 1000 feet above 3000 feet

Hourly Prod. Reqd = Quan. (b.c.y.)Working Time (hr.)

No. Units Reqd = Hourly Prod. Reqd.Unit Prod.

No. of Scrapers a Pusher will load = Scraper cycle timePusher cycle time

Drawbar Horsepower = lbs. Pull X ft./min.33000

Typical dragline calculating factors:Using 110 swing, average swing cycle

For 1/2 yd. = 24 secondsFor 11/2 yd = 30 secondsFor 2 yd. = 33 seconds

Bucket Factors:Easy digging =approx. 95-100% of rated capacityMed. digging= approx. 80-90% of rated capacityMedium hard digging = approx. 65-75% of rated capacityHard digging = approx. 40-65% of rated capacity

Typical shovel calculating factors:Using 90 swing average swing cycle

For 1/2 yd. = 20 sec.For 1 yd. = 21 sec.For 11/2 yd.= 22 sec.

For 2 yd. = 23 sec.For 21/2 yd. = 24 sec.

Dipper Factors:Easy digging = approx. 95-100% or rated capacityMedium digging = approx. 85-90% of rated capacityMedium hard digging = approx. 70-80% of rated capacityHard digging = approx. 50-70% of rated capacity



32/46

METRIC EQUIVALENTS LINEAR MEASURE1 sq. centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.1550 sq. inch1 sq. inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.452 sq. centimeters1 sq. decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.1076 sq. foot1 sq. foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.2903 sq. decimeters1 sq. meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.196 sq. yds

1 sq. yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.83611 acre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 sq. rods1 sq. rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.00625 acre1 hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.47 acres1 acre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.4047 hectare1 sq. kilometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.386 sq. mile1 sq. mile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.59 sq kilometers

METRIC EQUIVALENTS WEIGHTS1 gram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.03527 ounce1 ounce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28.35 grams1 kilogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2046 pounds1 pound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.4536 kilogram1 metric ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.98421 English ton

1 English ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.016 metric tonsMETRIC EQUIVALENTS MEASURE OF VOLUME1 cubic centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.061 cubic inch1 cubic inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16.39 cubic centimeters1 cubic decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.0353 cubic foot1 cubic foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28.317 cubic decimeters1 cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.308 cubic yards1 cubic yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.7646 cubic meter1 stere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.2759 cord1 cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.624 steres1 liter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.908 quart dry . . . . . . . .1.0567 quarts liquid1 quart dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.101 liters1 quart liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.9463 liter

1 dekaliter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.6417 gallons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.135 pecks1 gallon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.3785 dekaliter1 peck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.881 dekaliter1 hectoliter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.8375 bushels1 bushel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.3524 hectoliter

Weights and MeasuresMARINERS MEASURE6 ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 fathom 120 fathoms . . . . .1 cable length71/2 cable lengths . . .1 mile 5280 feet . . . . . . . . . . . .1 std. mile6076.1 feet . .1 nautical mile

PAPER MEASURE

24 sheets . . . . . . . . . .1 quire 20 quires . . .1 ream (480 sheets)2 reams . . . . . . . . . .1 bundle 5 bundles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 bale

SQUARE MEASURE144 sq. inches . . . .1 sq. foot 40 sq. rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 rood9 sq. feet . . . . . . . .1 sq. yard 4 roods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 acre301/4 sq. yards . . . .1 sq. rod 640 acres . . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. mile

SURVEYORS MEASURE7.92 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 link25 links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 rod4 rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 chain10 sq. chains or 160 sq. rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 acre640 acres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. mile

36 sq. miles ( 6 miles sq.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 townshipTIME MEASURE60 seconds . . . . . . . . .1 min. 60 min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 hr.24 hr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 day 7 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 week28, 29, 30,or 31 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 calendar month30 days . . . . . . . . . . .1 month . . . . . . . . . .in computing interest365 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 yr 366 days . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 leap yr.

MISCELLANEOUS3 inches . . . . . . . . . . .1 palm 4 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 hand6 inches . . . . . . . . . . .1 span 18 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cubit21.8 inches . . .1 Bible cubit 21/2 ft . . . . . . . . . . .1 military pace

METRIC EQUIVALENTS LINEAR MEASURE1 centimeter .0.3937 inches 1 inch . . . . . . . . .2.54 centimeters1 decimeter . . .3.937 inches 1decimeter . . . . . . . . . .0.328 foot1 foot . . . .3.048 decimeters 1 meter . . . . . . . . . . .39.37 inches1 meter . . . . . . .1.0936 yards 1 yard . . . . . . . . . . . .0.9144 meter1 dekameter . . .1.9884 rods 1 rod . . . . . . . . .0.5029 dekameter1 kilometer . . . .0.62137 mile 1 mile . . . . . . . .1.6093 kilometers

Weights and Measures



33/46

To find diameter of a circle, multiply circumference by .31831.

To find circumference of a circle, multiply diameter by 3.1416.

To find area of a circle, multiply square of diameter by .7854.

To find surface of a ball, multiply square of diameter by 3.1416.

To find side of an equal square, multiply diagonal by .7072.

To find cubic inches in a ball, multiply cube of diameter by .5236.

Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four times.

Double riveting is from 16 to 20 percent stronger than single.

One cubic foot of anthracite coal weighs about 53 pounds.

One cubic foot of bituminous coal weighs from 47 to 50 pounds.

One ton of coal is equivalent to two cords of wood for steam purposes.

A gallon of water (US standard) weighs 81/3 lbs. And contains 231 cubicinches.

There are nine square feet of heating surface to each square foot of gratesurface.

A cubic foot of water contains 71/2

gallons, 1728 cubic inches, and weighs62 1/2 pounds.

Each nominal horsepower of a boiler requires 30 to 35 lbs. of water per hou

To sharpen dull files, lay them in diluted sulfuric acid until they are eatendeep enough.

A horsepower is equivalent to raising 33,000 lbs. one foot per minute, or 550lbs. on foot per second.

To find the pressure in pound per square inch of column of water, multiply thheight of the column in feet by .434.

Steam rising from water at its boiling point (212 degrees) has a pressureequal to the atmosphere (14.7 lbs. to the square inch).

Miscellaneous Technical DataAPPROXIMATE METRIC EQUIVALENTS1 decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 inches1 liter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. 06 quarts liquid . . . . . . . . . .0.9 quart dry1 meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1 yds1 kilometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5/8 of a mile1 hectoliter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 5/8 bushels

1 hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

/2 acres1 kilogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21/5 lbs1 stere, or cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1/4 of a cord1 metric ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2,200 pounds

TEMPERATURES (in Fahrenheit)Milk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 30 above zeroWater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 32 above zeroOlive Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 36 above zeroWine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 20 above zeroVinegar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 28 above zeroAlcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .boils at 173 above zeroWater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .boils at 212 above zeroPetroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .boils at 306 above zeroBlood heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98.4 above zeroEggs hatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 above zero

Weights and Measures


34/46

CAT GLOBAL MIN

Machine Specification

Miscellaneous


35/46

Track-type Tractor MODEL D9T D10T D11R D11R CD

Operating Weight 105,600 (47 900) 146,500 (66 451) 230,100 (104 600) 248,600 (113 lb (kg) (Differential Steer)Flywheel Power 410 (306) 580 (433) 850 (634) 850 (634)hp (KW)

Engine Model C18 ACERT C27 ACERT 3508B TA 3508B TA

Blade CapacitySU 17.7 (13.5) 24.2 (18.5) 35.5 (27.2)U 21.4 (16.4) 28.7 (22) 45 (34.4)CD 57 (43.6)yd3 (m3)

Blade WidthSU 14'2" (4.31) 15'11" (4.86) 18'4" (5.60)

U 15'3" (4.65) 17'3" (5.26) 20'10" (6.35)CD 22'0" (6.71)ft/in (m)(included end bits)

Track On Ground 11'5" (3.47) 12'9" (3.89) 14'7" (4.44) 14'7" (4.44)ft/in (m)

General DimensionsHeight 13'1" (3.99) 14'2" (4.34) 15'0" (4.57) 15'0" (4.57)ft/in (m)

(to top of canopy ROPS)

Overall Length 27'8" (8.48) 30'4" (9.26) 34'1" (10.68) 35'5" (10.50)ft/in (m)(U-Blade & Single Shank Ripper)

Miscellaneous


36/46

Wheel Loaders MODEL 994F 994FHL 994FSHL 992G 992G HL

Operating Weight (lb) 427,300 430,900 467,100 210,424 218,513(kg) 192 244 193 782 207 068 95 447 99 116

Engine 3516B 3516B 3516B 3508B 3508B

Flywheel Power (hp) 1438 1438 1438 800 800(kW) 933 933 933 597 597

Rated Payload (T) 38 34 34 24 24(t) 34.5 31 31 22 22

Dump Height (ft/in) 18'3" 19' 24' 15'2" 17'3"(mm) 5698 5931 7315 4626 5250

Dump Reach (ft/in) 7'5" 8'11" 9'6" 7'7" 7'7"

(mm) 2263 2643 2926 2315 2304

Bucket Size (yd3) 19.5 - 41 19.5 - 41 41-47 15 - 30 15 - 30(m3) 15 - 31 15 - 31 31-36 11.4 - 23 11.4 - 23

Breakout Force (lb) 222,553 203,968 156,562 137,692 134,753(kN) 989 1015 696 612 599

Full Turn Tip Load (lb) 243,760 203,968 152,014 112,764 108,664(kg) 110 570 92 518 68 952 51 149 49 289

Miscellaneous


37/46

Wheel Dozers MODEL 854G 844 834GOperating Weight (lb) 219,128 156,120 103,849

(kg) 99 395 70 815 47 106Engine 3508B 3412E 3456

Flywheel Power (hp) 800 620 481

(kW) 597 463 359

Blade Capacity- Semi - U (yd3) 33.1 20.7 14.56

(m3) 25.4 15.9 11.13- Coal (yd3) 58.2 40.2 29

(m3) 44.7 30.7 22.2- Straight (yd3) 10.33

(m3) 7.9

Blade Width

- Semi - U (ft/in) 20' 9" 19' 4" 16' 11"(mm) 6321 5846 5151

- Coal (ft/in) 23' 7" 17' 9" 18' 7"(mm) 7200 5418 5677

- Straight (ft/in) 16' 8"(mm) 5074

Transmission Gears 3F/3R 3F/3R 4F/3R

Top Speed- Forward (mph) 13.6 14 24.1

(kph) 23.2 22.5 38.7- Reverse (mph) 15 15.4 14.3

(kph) 24.2 24.8 23

Miscellaneous


38/46

Trucks MODEL 773E 775E 777D

Body Type Dual Slope** Dual Slope** Dual Slope**

Gross MachineOperating Weight* (lb) 219,000 239,000 360,000

(kg) (99 300) (108 400) (163 293)

Target Payload* (tons) 60 68 100(tonnes) (54.3) (62.1) (90.7)

CapacityHeaped (2:1) (SAE) (yd3) 46 53.9 73.6

(m3) (35.2) (41.2) (60.1)

Engine 3412E 3412E 3508B

Gross Power (hp) 710 760 1000

(kW) (530) (567) (746)

Tire Size 24.00R35 24.00R35 27.00R49

Top Speed (loaded) (mph) 41.1 41.1 39.9(km/h) (65.8) (65.8) (60.4)

Loading Height (ft/in) 12'5" 12'11" 14'4"(m) (3.77) (3.93) (4.39)

Overall Length (ft/in) 31'9" 31'9" 32'1"(m) (9.69) (9.69) (9.78)

Overall Width (ft/in) 16'8" 16'8" 20'0"(m) (5.08) (5.08) (6.10)

*Reference Caterpillars 10/10/20 Payload

Policy Revision #4 for information on grossmachine operating weight and target payload

**Data provided is for a representative body and liner package. Several dual slope, flat floor, and mspecific design (MSD) bodies and liner packages are available. All weights, capacities, and dimensdependent on the machine configuration (body type, attachment, tires, and optional equipment) sele

Miscellaneous


39/46

Trucks MODEL 785C 789C 793C 797

Body Type Dual Slope** Dual Slope** Dual Slope** Flat Floor

Gross MachineOperating Weight* (lb) 550,000 700,000 846,000 1,375,000

(kg) (249 475) (317 513) (383 727) (623 690)

Target Payload* (tons) 155+ 201+ 240+ 380+(tonnes) (140+) (182+) (218+) (345+)

CapacityHeaped (2:1) (SAE) (yd3) 102 137 169 290

(m3) (78) (105) (129) (220)

Engine 3512B 3516B 3516B HD 3524B HD

Gross Power (hp) 1450 1900 2300 3550(kW) (1082) (1417) (1715) (2648)

Tire Size 33.00R51 37.00R57 40.00R57 59/80R6346/90R5744/80R57

Top Speed (loaded) (mph) 34 33.8 33.7 39.9(km/h) (54.8) (54.4) (54.3) (64.2)

Loading Height (ft/in) 16'4" 17'1" 19'3" 23'2"(m) (4.97) (5.21) (5.87) 7.08)

Overall Length (ft/in) 36'2" 39'11" 42'3" 47'8"(m) (11.02) (12.18) (12.87) (14.53)

Overall Width (ft/in) 21'4" 25'2" 24'4" 30'0"(m) (6.64) (7.67) (7.44) (9.15)

*Reference Caterpillars 10/10/20 Payload

Policy Revision #4 for information on grossmachine operating weight and target payload

**Data provided is for a representative body and liner package. Several dual slope, flat floor, and mspecific design (MSD) bodies and liner packages are available. All weights, capacities, and dimensdependent on the machine configuration (body type, attachment, tires, and optional equipment) sele

Miscellaneous


40/46

Motor Graders MODEL 14H 16H 24H

Operating Weight 41,010 (16,600) 54,350 (24,740) 136,610 (61,950)lb (kg)

Flywheel PowerBase : Gears 1-8 220 (164) 265 (198) 500 (373)VHP : Gears 4-8 240 (179) 285 (213)hp (kW)

Engine Model 3176C 3196 3412E HEUI

Blade Length 14' (4.27) 16' (4.88) 24' (7.32)ft (m)

Minimum Turn Distance 26'3" (8) 27'0" (8.2) 39'11" (12)ft/in (m)(full articulation & front wheel steer)

TOP SPEEDForward 28.7 (46.1) 29.9 (48.1) 23.4 (37.7)Reverse 31.8 (51.1) 26.9 (43.2) 22.4 (36.1)mph (km/h)

General DimensionsHeight (to canopy top 10'11" (3.34) 11'7" (3.52) 14'3" (4.35)of ROPS)ft/in (m)

Overall Length 35'4" (10.77) 38'2" (11.62) 51'10" (15.80)

ft/in (m)(with ripper & push plate)

Width 9'3" (2.82) 10'1" (3.08) 13'8" (4.23)ft/in (m)(at top of front tires)

Miscellaneous


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Tractor Scraper MODEL 633E II 637G 651E 657EEmpty Weight 112,580 (51065) 112,760 (51,147) 134,760 (61,130) 152,290 (69,0lb (kg)

Flywheel PowerTractor (Elevating Scraper)(gears 1-2) 450 (335) 450 (335) 552 (410) 550 (410)

(gears 3-8) 490 (365) 490 (365) 605 (452) 605 (452)(elevator on gears 1-2) 490 (365)Scraper(gears 1-2) 249 9186) 400 (298)(gears 3-8) 274 (204) 440 (328)hp (kW)

Engine ModelTractor 3408E 3412E HEUI 3408E HEUI 3412E HEUIScraper C9 3408E HEUI

CapacityStruck 23.2 (17.1) 24 (18.3) 32 (24.5) 32 (24.5)

Heaped 34 (26) 34 (26) 44 (33.6) 44 (33.6)yd3 (m3)

Rated Load 82,000 (37,285) 82,000 (37,285) 104,000 (47,175) 104,000 (47,1lb (kg)

Top Speed (Loaded) 33.4 (53.8) 33 (53) 33 (53) 33 (53)mph (km/h)

Width of Cut 11'6" (3.51) 11'6" (3.51) 12'8" (3.85) 12'8" (3.85)ft/in (m)

General DimensionsHeight 14'1" (4.29) 14'1" (4.29) 15'5" (4.71) 15'5" (4.71)

ft/in (m)(top of scraper)

Length 48'7" (14.81) 47'9" (14.56) 53'1" (16.2) 53'1" (16.2)ft/in (m)

Width 13'3" (4050) 12'11" (3.94) 14'4" (4.35) 14'4" (4.35)ft/in (m)

Miscellaneous


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Underground Mining

Equipment

MODEL AD30 DE-1732 (*Based on 14.4m3 Body) AD45 DE-1644 (*Based on m3 Body)Description Metric Imperial Metric ImperialEngine Power (Gross) 298 kW 400 hp 380 kw 510 hpEngine Model Caterpillar 3406E ATAAC Caterpillar 3408E HEUIWeight (Empty) 30 000 kg 66,139 lb 40 000 kg 88,185 lbWeight (Loaded) 60 000 kg 132,277 lb 85 000 kg 187,393 lbCapacity (Body) 30 tonnes 33.1 tons 45 tonnes 49.6 tons

Heaped SAE 2:1 14.4 m3 18.8 yd3 21.3 m3 27.9 yd3Turning Radius SAE 8007 mm 315.2 inch 8594 mm 338.3 inchOuter Clearance Radius 8571 mm 337.4 inch 9228 mm 363.3 inchInner Turning Radius 5030 mm 198.0 inch 5295 mm 208.5 inchHeight (Cab) 2600 mm 102.4 inch 2700 mm 106.3 inchOverall Length* 10 160 mm 400.0 inch 10 660 mm 419.7 inchLoading Height* 2385 mm 93.9 inch 2898 mm 114.1 inchWidth* 2690 mm 105.9 inch 3000 mm 118.1 inchAxle Oscillation 10.0 12.0Articulation Angle 42.5 42.5Speeds Forward1st Speed Forward 5.5 km/h 3.4 mph 7.7 km/h 4.8 mph2nd Speed Forward 9.9 km/h 6.2 mph 10.5 km/h 6.5 mph3rd Speed Forward 17.6 km/h 10.9 mph 14.2 km/h 8.8 mph4th Speed Forward 31.0 km/h 19.3 mph 18.9 km/h 11.8 mph5th Speed Forward 25.2 km/h 15.7 mph6th Speed Forward 32.7 km/h 20.3 mph7th Speed Forward 41.6 km/h 25.9 mphSpeeds Reverse1st Speed Reverse 6.8 km/h 4.2 mph 7.3 km/h 4.5 mph2nd Speed Reverse 0.0 km/h 9.5 km/h 5.9 mph3rd Speed Reverse 0.0 km/h 0.0 km/h4th Speed Reverse 0.0 km/h 0.0 km/hTires BRIDGESTONE 26.5 x R25 MS VSNT E4 BRIDGESTONE 29.5 x R29 MS VSNT Unladen Front Axle Weight 1 kg 0,002 lb 28 500 kg 62831.67Unladen Rear Axle Weights 1 kg 0,002 lb 11 500 kg 25353.13Laden Front Axle Weight 1 kg 0,002 lb 40 469 kg 89217.88493Laden Rear Axle Weights 1 kg 0,002 lb 44 531 kg 98174.77098Weight Distribution Front Unladen 50% 71%Weight Distribution Rear Unladen 50% 29%Weight Distribution Front Laden 50% 48%Weight Distribution Rear Laden 50% 52%

Miscellaneous


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Underground Mining

Equipment

MODEL AD55 DE-1681 DNW1 & UP (*Based on 26.9m3 Body)Description Metric ImperialEngine Power (Gross) 485 kW 650 hpEngine Model Caterpillar C18 DI TA AAACWeight (Empty) 47 467 kg 104,647 lbWeight (Loaded) 102 000 kg 224,871 lbCapacity (Body) 55 tonnes 60.6 tons

Heaped SAE 2:1 26.9 m3 35.2 yd3Turning Radius SAE 9171 mm 361.1 inchOuter Clearance Radius 9885 mm 389.2 inchInner Turning Radius 5540 mm 218.1 inchHeight (Cab) 3000 mm 118.1 inchOverall Length* 11 547 mm 454.6 inchLoading Height* 3045 mm 119.9 inchWidth* 3346 mm 131.7 inchAxle Oscillation 10.0Articulation Angle 42.5Speeds Forward1st Speed Forward 8.1 km/h 5.1 mph2nd Speed Forward 11.2 km/h 6.9 mph

3rd Speed Forward 15.1 km/h 9.4 mph4th Speed Forward 20.3 km/h 12.6 mph5th Speed Forward 27.6 km/h 17.1 mph6th Speed Forward 37.2 km/h 23.1 mph7th Speed Forward 50.4 km/h 31.3 mphSpeeds Reverse1st Speed Reverse 7.9 km/h 4.9 mph2nd Speed Reverse 10.7 km/h 6.6 mph3rd Speed Reverse 0.0 km/h4th Speed Reverse 0.0 km/hTires BRIDGESTONE 35 X 65 R33 MS VSNT E4Unladen Front Axle Weight 31 300 kg 69,005 lbUnladen Rear Axle Weights 16 167 kg 35,642 lbLaden Front Axle Weight 48 202 kg 106,268 lbLaden Rear Axle Weights 53 798 kg 118,603 lbWeight Distribution Front Unladen 66%Weight Distribution Rear Unladen 34%Weight Distribution Front Laden 47%Weight Distribution Rear Laden 53%

Miscellaneous


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Underground Mining

Equipment

MODEL R1300G DE-1784 R1600G DE-1839Description Metric Imperial Metric ImperialEngine Power (Gross) 123 kW 165 hp 186 kW 250 hpEngine Power (Gross) Dual 201 kW 270 hpEngine Model Caterpillar 3406E EUI ATAAC Caterpillar 3176C EUI ATAACSpeeds Forward1st Speed Forward 4.9 km/h 3.0 mph 5.0 km/h 3.1 mph2nd Speed Forward 8.8 km/h 5.5 mph 8.7 km/h 5.4 mph

3rd Speed Forward 15.3 km/h 9.5 mph 15.2 km/h 9.5 mph4th Speed Forward 26.1 km/h 16.2 mph 22.1 km/h 13.7 mph5th Speed Forward6th Speed Forward7th Speed ForwardSpeeds Reverse1st Speed Reverse 4.5 km/h 2.8 mph 5.7 km/h 3.6 mph2nd Speed Reverse 8.0 km/h 5.0 mph 9.9 km/h 6.2 mph3rd Speed Reverse 14.0 km/h 8.7 mph 17.2 km/h 10.7 mph4th Speed Reverse 23.8 km/h 14.8 mph 23.8 km/h 14.8 mphTires B RIDG ESTO NE 17. 5X25 20 PLY ST MS L5S B RIDG ESTO NE 18X28 28 PLY ST MS L5 SHydraulic Cycle TimesRaise 5.0 secs 7.6 secsDump 2.0 secs 1.6 secsLower (empty, Float, Position) 2.3 secs 2.0 secs

Total 9.3 secs 11.2 secsDimensionsRated Payload 6800 kg 14,991 lb 10 200 kg 22,487 lbBucket Capacity** 3.1 m3 4.1 yd3 4.8 m3 6.3 yd3

Width (Overall) excluding bucket 2071 mm 81.5 inch 2564 mm 100.9 inchHeight (Overall) 2118 mm 83.4 inch 2400 mm 94.5 inchLength (Tramming) 8707 mm 342.8 inch 9711 mm 382.3 inchTurning Radius SAE 4650 mm 183.1 inch 5490 mm 216.1 inchOuter Clearance Radius 5741 mm 226.0 inch 6638 mm 261.3 inchInner Turning Radius 2914 mm 114.7 inch 3291 mm 129.6 inch

Weight (Empty) 20 950 kg 46187 lb 29 800 kg 65,698 lbWeight (Loaded) 27 750 kg 61178 lb 40 000 kg 88,185 lbAxle Oscillation 10.0 10.0Articulation Angle 42.5 42.5Ground Clearance 335 mm 13.2 inch 344 mm 13.5 inch

Unladen Front Axle Weight 8200 kg 18,078 lb 12 550 kg 27,668 lbUnladen Rear Axle Weights 12 850 kg 28,329 lb 17 250 kg 38,030 lbLaden Front Axle Weight 18 650 kg 41,116 lb 28 114 kg 61,981 lbLaden Rear Axle Weights 9100 kg 20,062 lb 11 886 kg 26,204 lb

Weight Distribution Front Unladen 39% 42%Weight Distribution Rear Unladen 61% 58%Weight Distribution Front Laden 67% 70%Weight Distribution Rear Laden 33% 30%**SAE 2:1

Miscellaneous


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Underground Mining

Equipment

MODEL R1700G DE-1498Description Metric ImperialEngine Power (Gross) 231 kW 310 hpEngine Power (Gross) Dual 250 kW 335 hpEngine Model Caterpillar 3176C EUI DI-T ATAACSpeeds Forward1st Speed Forward 4.7 km/h 2.9 mph2nd Speed Forward 8.3 km/h 5.1 mph

3rd Speed Forward14.3 km/h 8.9 mph

4th Speed Forward 24.1 km/h 15.0 mph5th Speed Forward6th Speed Forward7th Speed ForwardSpeeds Reverse1st Speed Reverse 5.4 km/h 3.3 mph2nd Speed Reverse 9.4 km/h 5.8 mph3rd Speed Reverse 16.4 km/h 10.2 mph4th Speed Reverse 25.3 km/h 15.7 mphTires BRIDGESTONE 26.5X25 36 PLY STMS L5SHydraulic Cycle TimesRaise 6.7 secsDump 2.8 secsLower (empty, Float, Position) 2.4 secs

Total11.9 secs

DimensionsRated Payload 12500 kg 27,558 lbBucket Capacity** 5.8 m3 7.6 yd3

Width (Overall) excluding bucket 2689 mm 105.9 inchHeight (Overall) 2557 mm 100.7 inchLength (Tramming) 10 589 mm 416.9 inchTurning Radius SAE 5539 mm 218.1 inchOuter Clearance Radius 6878 mm 270.8 inchInner Turning Radius 3229 mm 127.1 inch

Weight (Empty) 38 500 kg 84,878 lbWeight (Loaded) 51 000 kg 112,436 lbAxle Oscillation 8.0Articulation Angle 44.0Ground Clearance 429 mm 16.9 inch

Unladen Front Axle Weight17 000 kg 37,479 lb

Unladen Rear Axle Weights 21 500 kg 47,399 lbLaden Front Axle Weight 36 950 kg 81,461 lbLaden Rear Axle Weights 14 050 kg 30,975 lb

Weight Distribution Front Unladen 44%Weight Distribution Rear Unladen 56%Weight Distribution Front Laden 72%Weight Distribution Rear Laden 28%**SAE 2:1

Miscellaneous


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Underground Mining

Equipment

MODEL R2900G Xtra DE-1825 R2900G Xtra DE-1826Description Metric Imperial Metric ImperialEngine Power (Gross) 282 kW 378 hp 282 kW 378 hpEngine Power (Gross) Dual 306 kW 410 hp 306 kW 410 hpEngine Model Caterpillar 3406E EUI ATAAC Caterpillar 3406E EUI ATAACSpeeds Forward1st Speed Forward 5.1 km/h 3.2 mph 5.3 km/h 3.3 mph2nd Speed Forward 9.0 km/h 5.6 mph 9.3 km/h 5.8 mph3rd Speed Forward 15.1 km/h 9.4 mph 16.4 km/h 10.2 mph4th Speed Forward 24.8 km/h 15.4 mph 24.2 km/h 15.0 mph5th Speed Forward6th Speed Forward7th Speed ForwardSpeeds Reverse1st Speed Reverse 6.1 km/h 3.8 mph 6.6 km/h 4.1 mph2nd Speed Reverse 10.9 km/h 6.8 mph 11.6 km/h 7.2 mph3rd Speed Reverse 17.9 km/h 11.1 mph 19.2 km/h 11.9 mph4th Speed Reverse 27.9 km/h 17.3 mph 27.0 km/h 16.8 mphTires B RIDG ESTO NE 29. 5X29 34 PLY ST MS L5S B RIDGE ST ONE 3 5/65 R33 ** VSDL L 5Hydraulic Cycle TimesRaise 9.2 secs 7.6 secsDump 3.4 secs 2.8 secsLower (empty, Float, Position) 3.1 secs 2.4 secsTotal 15.7 secs 12.8 secs

DimensionsRated Payload* 17 200 kg 37,919 lb 20 000 kg 44,092 lbBucket Capacity** 7.2 m3 9.4 yd3 8.9 m3 11.6 yd3

Width (Overall) excluding bucket 3010 mm 118.5 inch 3200 mm 126.0 inchHeight (Overall) 2886 mm 113.6 inch 2988 mm 117.6 inchLength (Tramming) 10 949 mm 431.1 inch 11083 mm 436.3 inchTurning Radius SAE 5936 mm 233.7 inch 5991 mm 235.9 inchOuter Clearance Radius 7323 mm 288.3 inch 7511 mm 295.7 inchInner Turning Radius 3383 mm 133.2 inch 3289 mm 129.5 inch

Weight (Empty) 50 100 kg 110,451 lb 56000 kg 123,459 lbWeight (Loaded) 67 300 kg 148,371 lb 76000 kg 167,551 lbAxle Oscillation 8.0 8.0Articulation Angle 42.5 42.5Ground Clearance 465 mm 18.3 inch 466 mm 18.3 inchUnladen Front Axle Weight 23 000 kg 50,706 lb 23 000 kg 50,706 lb

Unladen Rear Axle Weights 27 100 kg 59,745 lb 33 000 kg 72,752 lbLaden Front Axle Weight 51 166 kg 112,802 lb 55 173 kg 121,635 lbLaden Rear Axle Weights 16 134 kg 35,569 lb 20 827 kg 45,916 lb

Weight Distribution Front Unladen 46% 41%Weight Distribution Rear Unladen 54% 59%Weight Distribution Front Laden 76% 73%Weight Distribution Rear Laden 24% 27%*Ore pass dumping only**SAE 2:1

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