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TRANSCRIPT
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Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 1
EUROCODE 6Background and applications
EUROCODE 6Design of masonry structures
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EUROCODE 6Background and applications
EUROCODE 6Combined loading
Poul ChristiansenDanish Technological Institute
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EUROCODE 6Background and applications
Combined loading
Walls subjected to vertical
and lateral load
Walls supported by2 3 4 edges and withopenings
Edges restrained or simplysupported
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EUROCODE 6Background and applications
Distribution of wind load between outer and inner leaf
Either:1. A distribution between the outer andinner leaf.
or
2.The total wind load applied on theinner leaf, when (5.11) is used.
If 1. Either:A. According to the stiffness
B. According to the capacityWcap = Wcap,1 + Wcap,2 (6.3.1 (6))
In this example (5.11) is used
3 3
2
3
1tefef ttkt +=
21
1
1,1, )()(
)(
EIEI
EIWW
EdEd +=
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EUROCODE 6Background and applications
Horizontal and vertical load
Yield line theory is relevant for openings, 3-4 sided walls.- method is relevant for 2. order effects and wallssupported in top and buttom
The link between the methods is the equivalence of MEd.Thus an equivalent windload is introduced: Weqv ( Wed) (Annex I)
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EUROCODE 6Background and applications
Determining weqv
The apparent flexural strength: fxd1,app = fxd1 + (6.16)The moment of resistance: MRd = (1/6)(teff)
2 x fxd1,appBased on the yield line theory: Wcap is calculated
The actual moment due to (Wed): MEd = (WEd/ Wcap) x MRdLink: (1/8) x h2 x Weqv= MEd = (WEd/ Wcap) x MRdFinally: Weqv = (8/h
2) x (WEd/ Wcap) x MRd
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EUROCODE 6Background and applications
Determining the effective thickness
The thickness can be formally altered:
When formula 5.11 is used:
When table 5.1 is used:
When using both formulas
the expression will be:
=eft
3 32
31tefef ttkt +=
3 32t
31tefef )t(tkt +=
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EUROCODE 6Background and applications
Determining the effective height
For this example the effectiveheight will normally be setequal to the geometricallyheight. i.e.:
heff = h
In Eurocode 1996-1-1 thereare rules for determining
3 and 4, i.e. the reductionfactor for 3 and 4 sided sup-ported walls (without ope-nings). E.g.:
(5.8)
To implement openings follo-wing procedure can be used.
+
=24
l
h1
1
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EUROCODE 6Background and applications
Determining the effective height
The effective height is determined in sections
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EUROCODE 6Background and applications
Determining of the eccentricity
The main issue when regarding the eccentricity at the top (and the bottom) is thestiffness of the slab in the moment of fracture. The eccentricity can in practice bet/2 in favour of the construction or t/2 in disfavour of the construction. Theimplication for the load capacity is large.
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EUROCODE 6Background and applications
Determining of the eccentricity
The Danish approach is to define an interval of eccentricity producing an intervalfor the compression stress. For stiff slabs, foundation, etc the interval is thebearing length. For slack slabs it is half the bearing length.
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EUROCODE 6Background and applications
Determination of the compression zone
Determination of thecompression line/
zone after determi-ning heff, teff, Weqv,etc is done by theusually statically
methods.Wide of thecompression zoneis determined by fd
The shape of thecompression zoneis an affinity to themoment
The slack slabs with
an eccentricity indisfavour to theconstruction gives adecreased load
capacity.Here an area wherethe neccessity for fxd1is actual
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EUROCODE 6Background and applications
Determining the load capacity
To cover the spectraof eccentricities flis introduced in6.3.1 (4) (ii).
Here the extendedNavier expression isused to cover thearea of small Nand large M
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EUROCODE 6Background and applications
Final comments
Thank you for listening
Any later comments, etc to the papers:[email protected]
Computer program on the Internet fordesigning according to EN1996-1-1:
www.ec6design.com