m55 case study

7/21/2019 M55 Case Study

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Alexis Roberts

ANT 366

M55 Case Study

Case M55 is heavily characterized by one main, large individual and components of

smaller skeletal material. The first individual, largely concentrated and analyzed with long bones

and feet, is telltale of an older male (which we will name ndividual !ne". The skeleton is not

very complete, having very little a#ial elements. $ections of most appendicular elements are

present and used to indicate stature and identification. f anything, it’s the feet that will tell the

most about the life of this person, which seems to be a highly unusual way of considering the

struggles and lifespan of a human being. There also seems to be signs of a second, third, and

fourth individual, younger in age.

n terms of the skull, only elements on the superior side are present (aside from one side

of the mandible". The skull is broken into pieces, with breaks along sutures as well as diagonally

between bones (figure %". The breaks are fairly clean and do not seem to indicate any trauma

aside from post&mortem breakage. The parietal bone is not complete, and broken into si#

separate parts (figure '". The parietal bone right of the sagittal suture contains four parts, with

break points forming an (figure )". !ne section of the parietal bone is broken at the s*uamosal

suture, and displays thick scored lines, which correspond to the temporal bone and may e#press

the slight attachment of the temporalis muscle on the parietal bone (figure +". o temporal bones

are present. The left side of the parietal bone is of two parts, one very small piece attached to the

coronal suture, and a larger piece, missing the section at the left s*uamosal suture. The frontal

bone is actually composed of two bones, with a persistent metopic suture broken between them

(figures -,),". t is an unusual but not *uite rare condition, as the metopic/frontal suture usually

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fuses between three and nine months of age. The closure of the sutures is, according to 0uikstra

and 1belaker, between minimal and significant closure. This means that there is between 52&

%223 closure of the sutures by bridges that e#tend over the gaps in the cranium. 4ll sutures are

fused together and in some places there is no discernible gap (0yers -22". The right frontal

bone has a curved crack that indicated a fresh break. This is e#cluded in analysis of what may

have happened to this skull, since it most likely happened in a lab or at the hands of a

coroner/student. The beginning of the zygomaticofrontal suture and a component of the upper

right eye orbital are present as well. There is a left portion of the mandible, including its condyle,

coronoid process, and mental foramen. The bone is thinning and the condyle is indicative of

arthritis, as the angle has changed horizontally (figures ,%2". There is a strong amount of

alveolar resorption and no teeth are present, but there are few roots, indicating few teeth may

have been e#istant at time of death. The mental protuberance has sunken in.

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Figure 1 - Proximal view of the cranium

Figure 2 - Frontal bone split by the metopic suture

Figure 3 - Right side of cranium with fractured parietal bone and frontal bone

Figure 4 - ll five pieces of a bro!en parietal bone

Figure " - ll five pieces of a bro!en frontal boneFigure # - interior of the craniumFigure $ - interior of the frontal bone and the metopic suture

Figure % - sutures on the parietal bone that may have been affected by the temporalis muscle

Figure & - left mandible with absorption and obtuse angleFigure 1' - left mandible with absorption and no visible teeth



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6ertebral elements are few and far between, and no complete

material e#ists. There are few components of the thoracic vertebrae (around T%2&T%-", even

fewer lumbar pieces, and only one identified cervical vertebrae (assumed to be either C) or C'"

(figure -2". The transverse process on one thoracic vertebra is curved unusually to the left and

may indicate some previous skeletal trauma, as parts of the ribs in the same area (articulating

with the vertebrae" went through abnormal bone growth/decay (figure -%,--". There is arthritis

present on the body of one vertebra, which happens to be only one of two body components

present in the entire set. Most ribs are unsided, and sided ribs cannot be specifically identified by

number. There are portions of two first ribs, the left and the right. The rest are merely fragments

and are arranged by size in millimeters (figures %'&%". The parts of the ribs that articulate with

the vertebrae are unusually molded, as if ndividual !ne sustained in7ury at a younger age, or had

some osteoarthritis in that area (figure %".

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Figure 14 - left vertebrosternal ribs including rib one

Figure 1" - unsided or identified ribs between si*es $'(1-1'' mm

Figure 1# - unsided or identified ribs between si*es #'(1-$' mm

Figure 1$ - unsided or identified ribs between si*es 2'-4' mm

Figure 1% - unsided or identified ribs between si*es 4'(1-#' m

Figure 2' - various fragmented parts of the vertebral column

Figure 1& + abnormal bone on one left vertebrosternal rib

Figure 22 + curved spinous process of one v,as show in Figure 21Figure 21 - spinous process of one vertebra



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The chest and shoulder girdle are sparse in material remains. Three pieces of a left

scapula (acromion process, spine, lateral border" and one piece of a right scapula (coracoid

process" e#ist. There is a postmortem break of the left acromion process and spine with no

unusual markings otherwise (figure -'". $mall fragments from the body of the scapula indicate

the presence of a strong lateral line and some thinning/holes in the surface (figure -5". 4lso

present is a single clavicle from the left side. The costal facet is very pronounced and must have

sat heavily on the costal cartilage of the first rib (figure -)".

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Figure 23 + complete left clavicle with a pronounced costal facet



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Figure 24 + acromion process of the left scapula. in two parts(

Figure 2" + various fragments of the scapulae



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4 portion of all arm bones of the left and right sides of ndividual !ne are present, with

varying completeness (figure -8". The 9umeri are almost complete, with the right side missing

its pro#imal head (figure -+". There is a complete right ulna and very small piece of the left

ulna’s distal shaft (figure -". The right ulna displays a heavy amount of arthritis at its distal end

and the articular circumference is smoothed over and molded upwards, as if a heavy thumb

pushed it up pro#imally from underneath. The styloid process is splayed and curved medically

(figure )-". The right radius is almost complete, with a piece missing from the styloid process.

There is a pattern of indentation and beveling on the pro#imal right shaft, which seems to have

smoothed itself out antemortem (figure )%". The pattern cuts diagonally where the supinator

muscle insert along the lateral pro#imal radial shaft. :ach line is parallel to the others, indicating

a pattern. The most plausible e#planation for these markings might be a heavy in7ury in which

the bone grew back afterwards. The bone may have been cut by some ob7ect and then healed

before ndividual !ne died. There are no signs of strain on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus,

which is part of the supinator ’s origin. This shows that the in7ury most likely did not happen

during fle#ion. There are also signs that this may have been affected by periostitis. There is a

much darker color to the in7ury, and its te#ture may be revealing of active periostitis. ;ower

down the shaft there seems to be healed periostitis (Mann -225". ts compliment, the left radius,

e#ists only as two pieces of a shaft. 0oth distal heads are missing and the break between the two

pieces is clean and recent (figure -". This is telltale by the clean te#ture and bright color of the

break surface< a separation out of the lab would have left a darker stain on the revealed bone

post&break (figure )2".

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Figure 2# + all present bones of the arm ,from top to bottom radii. ulnae. and humeri

Figure 2% + both humerii. right and leftFigure 2$ + left and right ulnae

Figure 2& + left and right radiiFigure 3' + post-mortem brea! of the left radius. exhibiting a clean and bright surfaceFigure 31 + strange mar!ings on the right radius. possibly in/ury or periostitis(Figure 32 + signs of osteoarthritis in the distal end of the right ulna



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There are only four bones of the hand= two carpals and two phalanges. There is one right

trapezium and one left scaphoid which show some signs of arthritis. Two unsided middle

phalanges are also present (figure ))". t is very difficult to deduce much information from the

hands other than potential sizing.

4nother part of the a#ial skeleton, the pelvis, helps us identify the traits of this person.

Two partial lium are present, one from each side of a single individual (figures )', )+". :ach

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Figure 33 + bones of the hand. including phalanges ,top a partial scaphoid and a trape*ium ,bottom



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Figure 3% + partial right ilium

Figure 3& + unsided nfragments of the acetabulum and left pectineal line of the pubis

Figure 3$ + auricular surface of the left ilium. displaying a rounded apex and no preauricular surface



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ndividual !ne has almost a full breadth of left leg bones, and little evidence of ade*uate

right leg bones. !n the left, the femur is separated into four parts, with breaks at the neck, the

midshaft, and around the popliteal surface (figure ''". !n the fovea capitis are signs of

osteoarthritis= the floor is rough and porous and the rim is beveled

and raised (Mann -225" (figure 8+". The tibia is broken right above the tibial tuberosity and only

the lateral condyle remains (figure '5". The fibula is broken into three parts, each end separated

(figure ')". !n the distal femur there are beginning signs of marginal and surface osteophytes

(osteoarthritis" by the curvature on the medial side of the medial condyle (Mann -225". The

medial epicondyle e#hibits some cracks, which may be drying cracks. The tibia is heavily

abound with root markings, and there is a small crack/puncture near the attachment for the

semimembranosus muscle. 9owever, the bone revealed after the puncture is bright and doesn>t

seem to be meddled with. The severity of the infliction may have been small and unrelated to

cause of death. n the middle of the shaft is a small circular imperfection that is much darker in

appearance and like that of the predicted

periostitis in the right radius.

:#amination of the fibula proves this connection, as there are bold markings indented into the

surface of the bone. 9owever upon further microscopic e#amination, it is indeterminate if this is

cause by pathologies or heavy weathering. The right leg includes the distal end of the femur in

three parts, and the fibula in two parts, with the distal end separated (figure '-, ')". The fibula

also shows the same signs or weathering/pathologies on the right as the left. 1nusually, there are

many other bones of the legs that vary entirely in color and type. There is left tibia of an entirely

different color, with none of the same root markings. The margins of the tibia of ndividual !ne

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Figure 4' + left femoral head and proximal third of shaft



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are much sharper and bolder, while the shaft of the discolored right tibia is smoother and more

consistent in its radius. n addition, there are three other parts that seem to belong to neither two

individuals. !ne is a portion of the medial condyle

of the right tibia, which is brightly colored in

hues of sepia and beige. 4 piece of the lateral

condyle of a left femur seems to match this, as it

is a beige color and has some sepia markings

where it articulates with the condyle of the tibia

(figure 58".

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Figure 41 - distal end of left femur



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This brings us to a minimum number of three individuals based solely on the legs.

9owever this is not all= separate from everything else is the very distal end of a tibia, separated

from everything by a growth plate on its surface. The articular surface for the talus is incredibly

smooth and unworn. The epiphyseal plate is rigid and full of smaller trabeculae.

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Figure 42 + concluded fragments of a partial right distal femur ,condyles present



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Figure 44 + all parts of the left femur

Figure 4" + left tibia



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The feet, which are the most intriguing feature of this skeleton, have been through *uite

the beating. n both feet, most tarsals are present (figure '8". 0oth feet are missing the lateral

cuneiform, and the left foot is missing the cuboid. n the left foot, metatarsals %, ' and 5 are

present. The right foot maintains metatarsals %, - and '. 0oth feet e#hibit various pro#imal

phalanges, many of which are broken (only small portions remain". ?ew middle and distal

phalanges are in the set, and many cannot be sided. !n the superior portion of the intermediate

cuneiform of both feet, there is a harsh green staining (figure '". This green stain e#ists on no

other surrounding bones and maintains the same gradation pattern on both sides (figure '". The

most plausible e#planation is that this is copper staining from some form of material on the shoes

this person had left on when they decayed. :very metatarsal (aside from the left first and right

first" e#hibits some form of abnormal bone growth, indicative of breaks or growths antemortem.

This hinders ease of identification, as the pro#imal ends of each metatarsal are twisted and

misshapen. The shaft of the right second metatarsal is thicker than the rest of the metatarsals and

flares/bulges out (figure '+". The pro#imal ends of both fourth metatarsals are bent and smoothed

over. There are signs of arthritis throughout, especially at the pro#imal end of the calcaneus

where sharp bony edges have formed. n the same area there are deep grooves running up from

the bone spurs, which might respond to the insertion of the calcaneal tendon (figure +%". There

are also two bones that do not fit with this set= an e#tra left intermediate cuneiform and left

lateral cuneiform, which are appro#imately the same size but vary highly in color and fit. They

are much lighter and have gone through a different style of wear than the cuneiforms of

ndividual !ne (figure 5".

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Figure 4# + full reconstruction of the feet with bones present from 0ndividual ne( esemoid bones and

unidentified metatarsal heads and distal phalange to the right(

Figure 4% + unnatural bone growth and possible previous brea!age of the right second

metatarsal ,left and possible brea!age and regrowth of the left fourth metatarsal ,rightFigure 4& + green stained intermediate cuneiform and the articulating bones ,navicular and medial

cuneiform that are unaffected by the same staining( ,present in both feet(

Figure 4$ + similar green. coppery stain pattern on the intermediate cuneiforms of both feet



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There is no documented provenience, and no way to indicate where e#actly these skeletons were

left and then found. 9owever, there is some conte#t outside of provenience which helps us

understand what these bones went through. nitial observation of ndividual !ne shows that root

markings are abound. They are most heavily cited in the pelvis, the inside of the skull, and the

bones of the legs. Thick, constantly ragged lines cover the surface of every one of these bones. t

can be noted that the right tibia of ndividual Three e#hibits almost no root markings, and varies

largely in color. t is much darker and smoother than the tibia from ndividual !ne (figure 55".

ndividual !ne also shows signs of minimal drying cracks and is heavily laden with dirt. This is

predictive of time underground< the body must have been buried for a period of time to let dirt

accumulate. @irt is most obvious in the revealed trabeculae and foramen of long bones like the

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Figure "' + bent phalanges of the first metatarsal. showing signs of osteoarthritis(



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femur and the humerus (figure 5%,5-". Cracks are very thin and individualized, and because of

this we can gather that the bone was no e#posed to much sunlight, if at all, for any long period of

time. Cracks were most likely caused by burial pressure (0yers -22".

4lso included in the case material and of no provenience is a small bag full of

burnt pieces of paper, less than a thumb print in size. There is no writing on them and no further

conclusions can be attained with them in this case study (figure 5)".

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Figure "1 + dirt in the trabeculae of the left femoral head



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t is clear that there is more than one individual in this case, but e#actly how many

individuals is difficult to assess. 0ones that clearly do not belong to ndividual !ne are hard to

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Figure "2 + dirt laden in the trabeculae of the proximal left humerus

Figure "3 + burnt pieces of paper which show no indication of writing



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separate into distinct individuals. 9owever, there are significant markers that can at least help to

indicate the minimum number of individuals (M" in the case. The strongest indication of a

second individual, ndividual Two, is a distal tibia with an epiphyseal growth plate on its

pro#imal end (figure 5'". There are no other bones e#hibiting any processes of fusion or pre&

fusion separation, and it is clear that every other identifiable bone comes from older individuals.

There are two components of a right tibia, neither belonging to ndividual !ne. This is easily

e*uatable to two more individuals. ndividual Three is comprised of the entire shaft of a right

tibia, colored a dark grey and e#hibiting very few signs of root marking. t is laden with much

more dirt than the bones of ndividual !ne, and the dirt is much more fine than the thicker

clumps in the trabeculae of all other long bones in the series. The second right tibia, ndividual

?our, is a medial condyle, sepia and beige in color (figure 5". t e#hibits almost no signs of root

weathering. The medial condyle is much smaller than the condyles of ndividual !ne, and

therefore there must be at least three individuals in the set. !ther evidence of multiple

individuals is a left lateral and intermediate cuneiform, both a similar size to ndividual !ne’s

cuneiforms, but much lighter in color. t cannot be determined whether these belong to

individuals Three or ?our, but they definitely do not belong to ndividual Two (figure 5". The

cuneiforms of ndividual Two would be much smaller and less developed than the older and

more worn cuneiforms in the case. The last piece of evidence of at least a second individual is a

lateral condyle of a left femur, which seems to be cut cleanly in half mid&sagittally. The te#ture

of the bone is e#tremely smooth and unworn, much like that of ndividual Two, yet there are no

epiphyseal plates present and it cannot be determined for certain that these two compliment each

other (figure 58". The condyle seems too large to fit a younger child, but without further

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fragments of the same bone, no size comparisons can be ade*uately accounted for. Aith multiple

indeterminate factors, it can be certain that there are three individuals in the set.

The M is three, but there may be potentially up to five individuals in the entire case. t is not

determined whether all bones belonged to M55 originally, as the other individuals may have

been intermingled with other inventories in the process of sorting and transport to the lab.

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Figure "4 + epiphyseal plate of the left distal tibia

e "" + right and left proximal tibial shafts. which differ largely insi*e. and robustness of features

Figure "# + partial left distal femur and left tibia epiphyseal plate( oth similar in color



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Figure "% + epiphyseal plate of a left tibia. in detail

Figure "$ + medial condyle of a right tibia. much more beige and sepia in color compared to

other bones in the series



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t is also *uite difficult to determine the se# of all individuals. The tibias of ndividual

Two, Three, and ?our are inconclusive evidence as to whether they come from males or females.

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Figure "& + medial and intermediate cuneiforms of 0ndividual ne ,top and medial and intermediate cuneiforms of an

unidentified individual ,bottom. both similar in si*e and shape



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0ones with epiphyseal plates are almost impossible to distinguish, as the individual is too young

and in development to show prominent signs of se#. The tibias of ndividual Three and ?our are

inconclusive as well because there are no strong proper measurements that may be taken to be

sure. ndividual !ne has much more evidence in terms of se#, and we will focus our analysis of

se# for our most concentrated individual.

ot many telltale features are e#istent in the portions we have of the pelvis, but the greater

sciatic notch is observable and according to the scale by 0uikstra and 1belaker, is rated between

% and - for both the right and left ilium (figure 82,8%". This is typical of female morphology, but

according to 0uikstra, it is not unknown for males to also possess a wider sciatic notch. 4nother

feature on the pelvis in se# determination is the pre&auricular surface, which in both ilium is not

illustrated (graded at a score of 2", a trait determinate of certain

males (figure 8)". The skull is usually highly determinate in

se#, but no strong evidence is provided by the remains available. There is no observable brow

ridge, so the skull remains out of analysis. ;astly are the long bones of the arms and legs. The

ma#imum length of the humerus is )52 mm, indicative of white males (-2&)82 mm range". The

ma#imum length of the ulna is -+% mm and lies in the range of white males at the -'2&-2 mm

range. The ma#imum length of the radius is -)+ mm, lying in the range for white males at --2&

-+2 mm. These are all based on the Terry collection, as analyzed by both 0uikstra and $teele.

Clearly the long bones all point to white males, as the ranges for females breach the lower range.

There is a very small chance the long bones are indicative of a very large female, but some

measurements (humerus, ulna" start after the range for females ends. The femoral head is

measured at ''2 mm, which is in the indeterminate range for

se# (between ')5&'85 mm". This may be caused by the slightly

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Figure #' + si*e comparison of a thumb in the

greater sciatic notch of the right ilium

Figure #1 + si*e comparison of a thumb in the

greater sciatic notch of the left ilium



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lipped as well, placing the individual between 52&82 and older (0uikstra %'". !ne other way to

view age is by looking at the stage of ectocranial closures, or closing of the sutures. There is

significant to complete closure of the sagittal suture, and minimal to complete closure of all other

sutures present. This confirms the older age of ndividual !ne.

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Figure #3 + auricular surface of the right partial ilium



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4 last attempt at aging takes us to the mandible, of which the left side is present. o teeth remain

and resorption of the aveoli is in full activity. The angle of the vertical ramus is much more

obtuse at %' degrees than a young mandible and the mental

protuberance to gonial angle is appro#imately centimeters.

The mental protuberance has sunken in completely, and the

mandibular condyle is curved lingually and e#hibits a strong

depression (figures 8',85,88". ?inal estimation of ndividual

!ne is 82 and older.

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Figure #4 + resorption of the mandible

Figure #" + left side of mandible. showing broad obtuse angle



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Figure #$ + possible healed periostitis on the middle shaft of the right radius

Figure #& + deep grooves and weathering of the medial shaft on the right radius



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There are arachnoid granulations on the inside of the skull along the sagittal suture,

which“serve to filter and return cerebrospinal fluid”(Mann -225"(figure +2". They have slightly

eroded the cranial vault, which is another indicator of older age. 4ccording to Mann, their

presence is normal but they tend to grow larger and deeper with older age. 9eel spurs, which are

a common finding, are in both calcanei (figure +%". This may have resulted from acute trauma to

the abductor hallicus and fle#or digitorum brevis tendon attachments, and they increase with age

over 52 (Mann -22%5". There is a small perforation in the olecranon fossa of the left humerus,

named a sepal aperture. t is the size of a pinhole, and a common finding (figure +-". ndividuals

Two, Three and ?our show no pathologies.

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Figure %' + arachnoid granulations on the interior of the s!ull



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Figure %2 + perforations in the olecranon fossa of the left humerus

Figure %1 + heel spurs on the left calcaneus



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$tature is not predictable based on the last three individuals, but in ndividual !ne there

are enough long bones and foot bones to hypothesize. ;engths of the main long bones of the feet

are impossible to assess, as there are only fragmented bones. 4ssuming this is a white male,

have used Table +.%2 in $teele’s Anatomy and Biology of the Human Skeleton to find stature of

long bones in the arm. ?or the left humerus, stature indicates %+.-5 cm '.25 cm (or around

5’”". ?or the right ulna, stature indicates %+'.)- cm '.)- cm (or around 5’%2”". ?or the right

radius, stature indicates %8.58 cm '.)- cm (or around 5’8”". 4nalyzed together, this helps us

predict ndividual !ne’s stature to be around %82&%5 cm.

0ased on the information given and found thus far, it is not possible to know for sure

what the cause of death was. Ae have no fatal pathologies and no trauma or significant damage

to any of the individuals. Ae can predict that ndividual !ne may have died of old age, but it is

indeterminate. There are no indications of how ndividual Two, Three, or ?our died.

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Unidentified Bones

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Figure %3 + 4'(1 + "' mm unidentified fragments



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Figure %" + 2'(1-3' mm unidentified fragments

Figure %4 + 3'(1-4' mm unidentified fragments

Figure %# + 1'-2' mm unidentified fragments



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Inventory and Documentation

Index

%. 6isual $keletal Decording ?orms

ndividual !ne 8-&+'

ndividual Two +5

ndividuals Three/?our +8&++

-. Commingled Demains Decording ?orms

ndividual !ne +&8

ndividuals Two/Three/?our +

1nidentified

). 4dditional Trait ?orms &

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Works Cited

Baker, Brenda J., Tosha L. Dupras, and Matthew W. Tocheri. The Osteology of Infants

and Children. College Station: Texas A & M UP, 2005. Print.

Bass, William M. Human Osteology: A Laboratory and Field Manual of the Human

Skeleton. Columbia: Missouri Archaeological Society, 1971. Print.

Byers, Steven N. Introduction to Forensic Anthropology. Boston: Pearson/Allyn and

Bacon, 2008. Print.

Cox, Margaret, and Simon Mays. Human Osteology in Archaeology and Forensic

Science. London: Greenwich Medical Media, 2000. Print.

Haas, Jonathan, Jane E. Buikstra, Douglas H. Ubelaker, and David Aftandilian.

Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains: Proceedings of a

Seminar at the Field Museum of Natural History, Organized by Jonathan

Haas. Fayetteville, AR: Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1994. Print.

Mann, Robert W., and David R. Hunt. Photographic Regional Atlas of Bone Disease: A

Guide to Pathologic and Normal Variation in the Human Skeleton.

Springfield, IL: C.C. Thomas, 2005. Print.

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Steele, D. Gentry., and Claud A. Bramblett. The Anatomy and Biology of the Human

Skeleton. College Station: Texas A & M UP, 1988. Print.

White, T. D., and Pieter A. Folkens. The Human Bone Manual. Amsterdam: Elsevier

Academic, 2005. Print.

m55 case study

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