m2 networking fundamentals pg
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Introduction to Networking and TCP/IP M2_Networking Fundamentals.ppt
1Copyright © 2010 Accenture All Rights Reserved.
Networking
Module 2 : Networking Fundamentals
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Objectives
At the end of this section, you should be able to understand:understand:
• What is a Network ?
• Different components of Network
• Working of topologies
• Different types of Network
• Working of OSI Model
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o g o OS ode
Introduction to Networking and TCP/IP M2_Networking Fundamentals.ppt
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Contents
• Introduction to Network • Working of NetworkWorking of Network
• Line Configuration
• Topology
• Topology categories
• Transmission Modes
• Categories of Network
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g
• OSI Model
Introduction to Network
A Network is• A set of nodes or devices
connected by media links.• A node can be a computer,
printer or any other device which can send and receive data.
• The links connecting the devices or nodes are called
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devices or nodes are called communication channels
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Working of Network
• Computer networks have unwrapped an entire frontier in theworld of computing called the client/server model.world of computing called the client/server model.
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Working of Network (Contd..)
File server
A computer that stores and manages files for multipleA computer that stores and manages files for multiple users on a network.
Web server
A computer dedicated to responding to requests (from the browser client) for web pages.
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Line Configuration
• Line configuration is the means by which two or morecommunication devices attach to a link.
Line ConfigurationLine Configuration
Point-to-pointline configuration provides a
In Multipoint lineconfiguration, morethan two specific
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provides a dedicated linkbetween two devices
than two specificdevices share asingle link. It is alsoknown as multi drop
Computer Networks
• Computers in network are connected via hardware and
software.
• It physically connects the computers together
• ex: telephone lines, fiber-optic cables, routers, gateways and the computers themselves.
Hardware
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• Enables communication and exchange of information by following a set of rules calledprotocols.
Software
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Topology
• Topology is the physical or logical organization of links in a network
– i.e. it refers to the way a network is laid out
• Two or more devices connect to a link and then two or more links form a topology.
• It is a geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and linking devices (or nodes) to each other.
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Topology Category
Ring
BusMesh
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Different Categories of Topology
TreeStar
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Mesh Topology
• In a mesh topology, every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to the other deviceto-point link to the other device.
• A fully connected mesh network has n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices and (n-1) I/O ports.
• A dedicated link guarantees that each connection can carry its own load, eliminating traffic problems.
• It is a robust topology i.e. failure of one link does not i i h i
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incapacitate the entire system
Mesh Topology (Continued)
• Privacy and security is high, as it has dedicated lineas it has dedicated line.
• Fault identification andisolation is easy because of point-to-point links.
• One major drawback is, it requires large number of cable and ports
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cable and ports
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Star Topology
• Star topology is like a star
• Each device in it has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controllerdevice known as hub
• Hub acts as an exchange
• This topology is easy to install and reconfigure and has a
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and reconfigure and has a robust structure
Tree Topology
• A tree topology is a variation of star.
• Nodes in a tree are linked to a central hub that controls the traffic of the network
• They are either directly connected to central hub or the secondary hub
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y
• The central hub is an active hub and the secondary hub may be active or passive.
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Bus Topology
• A bus topology describes a multipoint configuration• All the devices in a network are linked by one long cable which
acts like a backboneacts like a backbone• Nodes are connected to this by drop lines and taps• Bus topology is easy to install and requires less cabling• Major drawback is that a fault or break in the bus cable stops all
transmissions.
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Ring Topology
• In a ring topology, every device is connected by a dedicated point-to-point line configuration.
• Each device is connected to two other devices on either side of it.
• A signal is passed from one device to another along the ring in one direction until it reaches the destination
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the destination• It is easy to add/delete a device
as each device is connected to its immediate neighbor
• A break in the ring can disable the entire network
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Transmission Mode
• The term transmission mode defines the direction of signal flow between two linked devices.
There are three types of transmission modes• There are three types of transmission modes.
Simplex Mode
• In Simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional.
• Only one of the two stations on the link can
Half-duplex mode
• In Half-duplex mode, both station can transmit and receive, but not at the same time
Full-duplex mode
• In Full-duplex mode, both stations transmit and receive simultaneously.
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the link can transmit and the other can only receive
time.• When one
device is sending, the other can only receive and vice-versa
Network Categories
LAN
Network
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WANMAN
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Network Categories - LAN
Local Area Network (LAN)
• A LAN is a data communication system within a building or campus or between nearby buildingcampus or between nearby building.
• It is usually privately owned.
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Network Categories - WAN
Wide Area Network (WAN)
• A WAN provides transmission of data, voice, image, videoetc over large geographical areas spanning statesetc over large geographical areas spanning states,countries or even the whole world.
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Network Categories - MAN
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• A MAN is a data communication covering in and around small towns to large citiessmall towns to large cities.
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Internetworks
R
RRLAN LAN
R
R
RR
R
R R LAN
MANLAN
LAN WAN
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• Two or more networks can be connected together, to form an inter-network or internet.
• Individual networks are joined into inter-networks by using internetworking devices like routers and gateways.
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OSI Reference Model
• Open Systems Interconnection(OSI) allows diverse systems tocommunicate.
7 Application
• This model provides guidelines indevelopment of universallycompatible architecture, hardwareand software.
• It contains 7 layers• Each layer depends on the
functions of the layer below and
4 Transport
5 Session
6 Presentation
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functions of the layer below andprovides a set of functions to theabove layer
• They communicate with peerlayers sending messages back andforth
23
1 Physical
2 Datalink
3 Network
OSI Model Layers
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OSI Model Layers (Contd..)
• The physical layer directs the functions required to send out a bitPhysical Layer functions required to send out a bit stream over a physical medium.
Physical Layer
• The data link layer is accountable for transporting data units from one station to the next without errors
Data Link Layer
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• The network layer is in charge for the source-to-destination delivery of a packet across many network links
Network Layer
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OSI Model Layers (Contd..)
• The transport layer isThe transport layer isresponsible for delivery of theentire message from source todestination.
Transport Layer
Th i l
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• The session layer sets up,sustains and synchronizes theinteractions betweencommunicating devices
Session Layer
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OSI Model Layers (Contd..)
• The presentation layer guaranteesinteroperability betweeninteroperability betweencommunication devices by conversionof data into a mutually agreed uponformat.
• It is also responsible for dataformatting and encryption
Presentation Layer
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• The application layer enables theusers to access the network
Application Layer
OSI Model Layers
• These Layers support the network in the following way:following way:– Physical, data link and network layers are the Network
support layers.
– Session, presentation and application layers are the User support layers.
– The transport layer connects the network support layers
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p y pp yand the user support layers
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Key Points
• The links connecting the devices or nodes are called communication channelscommunication channels
• Computer networks have unwrapped an entire frontier in the world of computing called the client/server model
• Topology is the physical or logical organization of links in a network
• In a mesh topology, every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to the other device
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p
Key Points
• In start topology each device in it has a dedicated point-to point link only to a central controller device known asto-point link only to a central controller device known as hub
• A bus topology describes a multipoint configuration
• Two or more networks can be connected together, to form an inter-network or internet.
• Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) allows diverse
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systems to communicate
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Questions and Comments
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