1

Module 2:

IT Architecture and Infrastructure

M2.

IT Infrastructure

and Architecture

M3.

IT-enabled

Innovations

M1.

IT Organizational

Systems

M5.

Information Systems Delivery & Evolution

Course Outline

M4.

IT Governance &

Policy

M6.

Comparison of

IS

Production

Methods

SB 637 Module 2 – MSB 2008

M2.

IT Architecture &

Infrastructure

Architecture

ConceptsIT

Infrastructure

Hardware

Software

Communications

Databases

Mainframe

Client-based

Distributed

Application

Architecture

3

Module Outline

Module Objectives

4

Distinguish between IT infrastructure and architecture (O2-1)

Discuss infrastructural components: (O2-2)

Identify and describe the major components of computer hardware (O2-2-1)

Distinguish among the different types of computers (O2-2-2)

Understand how to rate a computer’s performance (O2-2-3)

Differentiate between the major types of software (O2-2-4)

Explain the evolution of programming languages (O2-2-5)

Become familiar with communications terminology (O2-2-6)

Understand the basic elements of communications (O2-2-7)

Module Objectives (con’t)

5

Describe how different types of telecommunications messages are transmitted over different communications media (O2-2-8)

Understand database management systems, how they are different from traditional file systems, and their pros and cons (O2-2-8)

Understand application architecture: (O2-3) centralized client based distributed

Explain how the work that an information system does is accommodated in the various architectures (O2-4)

Describe features of a client/server architecture (O2-5)

IT Architecture & Infrastructure

6

Business

Strategy

IT InfrastructureIT Architecture

Architecture

Concepts

IT Architecture - Definitions

A blueprint that explains how all the information technology and management elements work together as a whole.

Provides explicit description of the current and desired relationships among business and management processes and Information Technology.

A high-level map or plan of the information assets in an organization, which guides current operations and is a blueprint for future directions.

IT architecture provides a blueprint for translating business strategy into a plan for IS.

7

Architecture

Concepts

IT Architecture

8

Some

are designedSome

just happen

Architecture

Concepts

Does Your IT Architecture Look Like…

(needed a) …blueprint to bring order to “spaghetti layer of applications, boxes and wires” Toby Redshaw VP of Strategy & Architecture Motorola

A Good IT Architecture …

10

Directly addresses the needs of the enterprise

Reacts to change at the rate dictated by the enterprise’s markets

Is understood and supported by senior management

Clearly defines the relationships among the components

Provides a roadmap for future purchases/developments

Reduces the number and complexity of the interfaces between components, improving the ease of:

Application portability

Component upgrade

Component exchange

Component development and maintenance

Architecture

Concepts

IT Architecture - Components

11

IT Architecture

Components

Business Process

Information Flows and

Relationships

Applications

Data Descriptions

Technology

Infrastructure

Architecture

Concepts

IT Infrastructure- Definitions

12

Foundation of a firm’s IS portfolio IT components (e.g. servers, printers, routers, operating systems,

DBMSs, groupware, etc.) Shared IT services (e.g. channel mgmt, security, data management,

etc.) Shared standard applications (ERP, CRM, i.e. stable applications used

across the enterprise) Human IT Infrastructure (the knowledge, skills and experience of the

folks that make the infrastructure work)

Common Facilities The physical facilities, IT components, IT services, and IT

management that support an entire organization. IT components are the computer hardware, software and

communications technologies that are used by IT personnel to produce IT services

An IT infrastructure consists of physical components, chosen and assembled in a manner that best suits the IT architecture plan

Architecture

Concepts

13

Basic Model of a Computer System

1.

2.

3. 4.

5.

Infrastructure-

Hardware

Classification of Computers

14

Embedded Computers

Personal Computers (PDAs, Laptops, Desktops,

Workstations, Tablets)

Midrange Servers

Mainframes

Supercomputers

Servers

Infrastructure-

Hardware

Measuring Performance

15

Execution Speed (MIPS, mega/giga-flops)

Quantity of data (kilo, mega, giga, tera-byte)

Time (milli, micro, nano, pico-Seconds)

Clock speed/Frequency (kilo, mega, giga-hertz)

Data Transfer rate (kilo, mega, giga-bits/ sec)

Infrastructure-

Hardware

Software - Building on Hardware

16Infrastructure

- Software

17

Types of Software Systems

Infrastructure

- Software

Type Example

Business Applications Billing , Inventory, Payroll

End-user Software S/sheet, WP, Graphics

System Development Software Compiler, DBMS, CASE

System Software Operating Systems, Utility

Software

System Software – Operating System

Functions:

Memory Management

Process Management

Configure Devices

Monitor Performance

Infrastructure

- Software

Evolution of Programming Languages

1. Machine 2. Assembly

3. High-level 4. Non-procedural

5. Natural Language

Infrastructure

- Software

Selected Telecommunications

Terminology

20

Connectivity

Network

Node

Channel

Signal

Bandwidth

Modulation & Digitization

(Packet) Switching

Protocol (e.g. TCP/IP)

Infrastructure -

Communications

4. The Message

Elements of Communications

12 3

(a) Signals

(b) Types of data

(c) Types of media

1

Infrastructure -

Communications

Analog and Digital Signals

Continuous waves

Usually images, sound,

video

Associated with world

of communications

Discrete on off pulses

Usually numbers and

text

Associated with world

of computingInfrastructure -

Communications

Three Types of Wire Media

23 Infrastructure -

Communications

Wireless Transmission

Satellite Cellular

Cordless

Phone

Microwave

Infrastructure -

Communications

Information

SystemFile File

Information

System

Information

System

Database

(consolidated &

integrated data

from files)

File

File

Information

System

Information

System

Data Manipulation

Conventional Files Databases

Infrastructure –

Data Manipulation

Data Representation

Conventional File layout Database views of one employee

Infrastructure –

Data Manipulation

Database -- Pros & Cons

27

+ Ability to share the same data

across multiple applications

+ Less data redundancy

+ Increase data integrity

+ Data independence

+ The database scope can be

extended without impacting

existing programs that use it.

- Database technology more complex

- DBMS slower than file technology

- Requires a significant investment

- Adhere to design principles

- Increased vulnerability with shared data

Data Manipulation

Application Architectures

Centralized Computing

Personal Computing

Distributed Computing

28Application Architecture

Application Architecture

29

The work done by any application program can be divided

into four general functions:

Data storage

Data access/manipulation logic

Application logic

Presentation logic (e.g. edit inputs, formatting outputs)

Application Architecture

Centralized Architecture

30 Application Architecture

Client-Based Architecture

31 Application Architecture

Client-Server Architecture

32 Application Architecture

Other Client-Server Issues

33

Middleware

provides transparency in communication

integrates different technologies

Thin/Fat Clients

The degree of application logic on the client

Application Architecture