4 1 Innovations

1 Eureka!

Starthere 1 Workinpairs.Talkaboutaccidentaldiscoveriesorinventionsinscienceortechnologywhichyouhaveheardabout.

Example:1 Alexander Fleming was growing some bacteria in his lab when some penicillium fungus fell on the bacteria and killed them. That is how he accidentally discovered antibiotics.

Task 2 Workinpairs.Matchthenotes1–6withtheaccidentaldiscoveries.

X-ray inkjetprinter vulcanisedrubber co-ordinategeometry safetyglass antibiotics1

1 AlexanderFleming–growsbacteriainlab–penicilliumfungusfallsonbacteria–funguskillsthem

2 CharlesGoodyear–workswithrawrubberpowdercontainingsulphur–brushespowderoffhands–powderfallsontohotstove–formstoughelasticsubstance

3 ReneDescartes–watchesinsectflyingaroundroom–realiseshecanspecifyinsect’spositionin3Dspaceas–distancefromtwowallsandceiling

4 WilhelmRoentgen–projectslightfromcathoderaygeneratorontowall–seesoutlineofbonesofownhandonwall

5 IchiroEndo,engineer–workswithahotironandasyringefullofink–touchesneckofsyringewithiron–forcesinkout

6 EdouardBenedictus–putsawayglassflask–flaskcontainsliquidplastic–dropsflaskonfloor–flaskdoesn’tbreak–thinplasticfilmholdspiecestogether

3 Describetheaccidentaldiscoveriesoutlinedinthenotesin2.Usethepastcontinuousandthepastsimpletenseswhereappropriate.

Example:1–seetheexamplein1.

Writing 4 Writeaboutthediscoveriesandinventionsyoutalkedaboutin1,usingthepastsimpleandcontinuous.Followtheexamplein1.

Scanning 5 Practiseyourspeedreading.LookfortheinformationyouneedontheSPEEDSEARCHpages(116–117).Trytobefirsttocompletethistext.

Wedon’tknowifArchimedesreallysteppedintohisbathandshouted‘Eureka!’(‘I’vediscoveredit!’)whenthewaterlevel(1) .Butwedoknowthathediscoveredthatabodyimmersedinfluidexperiencesa(2) forceequaltotheweightoftheliquiddisplaced.WealsoknowthatArchimedesinventedthe(3) andthe(4) .

1 Innovations

Language

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5 Innovations 1

Listening 6 02 ListentothistalkandchoosethepicturethatillustrateswhatJaap(Will’scolleague)waslookingatwhenhehadhiseurekamoment.

7 Listenagainandanswerthesequestions.

1 WhatisWill’s(thespeaker’s)jobtitleathispetroleumcompanyinBrunei?

2 Whatproblemhasthespeakerbeentryingtosolveforthelastfewyears?

3 WhatwashappeningwhenJaapsuddenlyhadhiseurekamoment?

4 WhatwasthenameofthetypeofdrillthatJaapandhisteaminventedasaresult?

5 HowdoesthisnewdrillsolveWill’sproblem?

Speaking 8 Inthequestionandanswersessionafterhistalk,Willgivestheseanswers.Writedownthequestionsthatwereasked.Thenpractisethequestionsandanswersinpairs.

1 Well,Iwouldsaythatthemainreasonforusingsnakewelltechnologyismainlyeconomic.Snakewellsallowustogetmoreoiloutofasinglefield.

2 Yes,itdoes.Thetechnologyhasaverybigenvironmentalbenefit,becausesnakewellsmeanthatyoucanbuildfeweroilplatformsanddolessdrilling.

3 Yes,weare.We’reusingitrightnow,atthisverymoment.WehaveanumberofsnakewellsinoperationoffthecoastofBrunei.

4 Well,mostoftheoilintheBruneifieldisbetween2,000and4,000metresbelowtheseabed,Ithink.

5 We’vebeendrillingsnakewellsofftheBruneicoastsince2005.

6 Well,ourcompanyfirststartedexploringtheBruneifieldalongtimeago.Ibelievethefirstsurveywasinthe1980s.

7 Yes,wehave.Inadditiontothesnakewell,we’vebeendevelopingasystemofsensorsthattransmitdatafromthedrillbitbacktocomputersonthesurface.

8 Well,Idon’tknowexactlywhatmynextprojectisgoingtobe!MaybeI’lldrillasnakewelloffthecoastofNigeria.

Language Present perfect continuous

How long have youbeen using

snake wells?

Our company  has them  since 2005.

Speaking 9 Workinpairs.Taketurnstoacttherolesofareporterandanoilcompanyrepresentative.Whenyouarethereporter,usethepresentperfectcontinuousinyourfirstquestionabouteachproject,andthenfollowupwithdifferenttypesofquestions.

StudentA:Turntopage115.StudentB:Turntopage113.

Language

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1 Oil sands, Canada: how long? surface / underground mining? area project covers? kind of oil extracted? extracted oil converted into …? expected length of project?

2 Drilling for gas, Russia: how long? based where in Russia? onshore / offshore? gas converted into ...? meaning of ‘LNG’? future exports to ...? expected production (tonnes)?

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6 1 Innovations

2 Smartwells

Starthere 1 Workinpairs.Discussthesequestionsabouttheillustrationbelow.Makenotes.

1 Whataretheadvantagesofthismethodofoilextractioncomparedwithverticalwells?

2 Howdoyouthinkcomputersareusedinthismethod?

Reading 2 Readthisarticleandcheckthenotesyoumadein1.

‘Snake’ wells connect pocketsof oil that stretch for up to3 miles under the seabed.

Valves and seals are locatedin the oil pockets so they canbe isolated if they start to pumptoo much gas or water. water

oiloil

oil

gas

gas

seabed

‘Snake’ well system below seabed

Ifanoilcompanydiscoversalargesinglereservoir of oil and gas, the solution issimple: drill a vertical well down to thereservoir and bring up the oil. But whatcan be done when an oilfield consistsofhundredsoreven thousandsofsmall,isolated pockets of oil? It would be tooexpensive to drill hundreds of verticalwellstoreachallthesmallpockets.

Theinnovativesolutiontothisproblemisthe‘snakewell’.Unliketheconventionalverticalwell,thisisahorizontalwellthatweaveslaterallybackandforthacrossanumberofoil-containingzones.Guidedbysmarttechnology,asinglesnakewellcan

SMART OIL FIELDS

accessmultiplepocketsofoilandachieveoutput equivalent to several individualwells, which has the dual advantage ofreducingcostandensuringthatnooil isoverlooked.

Asnakewellusessteerabledrillsthatcan be positioned with great accuracy.Special imaging software generatesdetailedcomputermodelsofundergroundgeologyandreservoirs.Thisenablesdrillstohitatargetfarundergroundthatislessthantwometresacross.

Located90kmoffthecoastofBrunei,theChampionWestoilfieldisShell’sflagshipprojectusingSmartFieldstechnology.For30years,ChampionWestlaydormant,itsrichoil reserves locked 2,000 to4,000mbeneaththeseabedinacomplexwebofsmallreservoirs(seeillustrationabove).

In the past, these small pockets ofoil were too expensive to develop. Butnow Champion West has been changedinto one of the world’s most advancedoil and gas fields by means of Smart

Fields  technology and new drillingtechniques.

BurieddeepbeneathChampionWest’sseabed,sensorsrelaydigital informationabout temperature, pressure and otherfactors to control centres on land bymeansofanetworkoffibre-opticcables.

This enables continuous monitoringof production, and engineers can makespeedydecisionsonhowbesttoextractthe maximum amount of oil, monitorits movement within the reservoir andinstantly notice production problems,suchasblockages.

Theycantakeactiontosolveproblems,for example by the remote electronicactivationofhydraulicwellvalves.Ifgasorwaterthreatenstobreakintothewell,forexample,thevalveforthatsectioncanbe closed down using a remote control.Swellable seals are used to isolate thezonesfromoneanother,andpreventfluidfromonezone from flowing intoanotheradjacentzone.

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7 Innovations 1

3 Answerthesequestionsaboutthearticle.

1 Whatarethetwomaineconomicreasonsfordrillingasnakewell?2 Howaccurateisthedrillofasnakewellwhenitisguidedremotely?3 ForhowlongwastheChampionWestoilfieldleftunusedfollowingthediscovery

ofoilthere?Whywasitleftunused?4 Howisdataaboutconditionsinsidethesnakewelltransmittedtothesurface?5 Howdoengineersstoptheoilinthewellbeingcontaminatedwithwaterorgas?

4 Matchthereferencewords1–6fromthearticlewiththecorrectwordsorideasa–jthattheyreferto.

1 this(line12)2 which(line18)3 that(line21)4 This(line25)5 This(line47)6 They(line54)

a) increasedoutputfrommanyoilzonesb) conventionalverticalwellc) engineersd) snakewelle) blockagesf) transmissionofdatag) computermodelgenerationh) undergroundreservoiri) steerabledrillsj) networkofcables

Vocabulary 5 Matchthesewordsorphraseswiththeirsynonyms(inbold)inthearticlein2.

1 capableofbeingexpanded 6 havingtwoparts2 complicated 7 trapped3 capableofbeingguided 8 separatedfromoneanother4 neighbouring 9 horizontallysideways5 normal 10 equalinvalue

Language Linking (past participial phrase)

Thepast participlealonecansometimesreplacesubject + passive verb.Itmakesthetextmoreconcise.• The Champion West oilfield, located 90 km off the coast of Brunei, is Shell’s flagship

project …(=The Champion West oilfield, which is located ...)

Thepastparticiplecanalsobeplacedatthebeginningofasentence.Findtheseexamplesinthetextin2:• Located 90 km off the coast of Brunei,theChampionWestoilfieldisShell’sflagship

project…• Guided by smart technology,asinglesnakewellcanaccesspocketsofoil…• Buried deep beneath Champion West’s seabed,sensorsrelaydigitalinformation…

Notethattheparticiplemusthavethesamesubjectastheverbinthemainclause.

6 Jointheinformationineachnoteintoasinglesentenceinasimilarway.Begineachsentencewiththepastparticipleinitalics.

Example:1 Isolated in small pockets, the oil can’t be extracted using vertical wells.

1 theoilisisolatedinsmallpockets+itcan’tbeextractedusingverticalwells2 thesensorsareconnectedbyfibre-opticcable+theycollectdatafrominsidethe

snakewell3 thedrillsareguidedbyremotecontrollers+theycanhitatargetonly2mwide4 theoilislocked4,000mbeneaththeseabed+itcouldn’tbeextractedfor30years5 thesensorsareattachedtothedrillbit+theyallowcontrollerstoguidethedrill6 thesoftwarewasdevelopedbyGeoSolutions+itgeneratescomputermodelsof

thegeology

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8 1 Innovations

3 Lasers

Starthere 1 Workinpairs.Discussthesequestionsandmakenotes.Thenshareyourideaswiththerestoftheclass.

1 WhatdoesLASERstandfor? by Stimulated of2 Studythediagramsbelow.Whatarethethreemaindifferencesbetweenordinary

lightandlaserlight?Usesomeofthewordsandphrasesinthebox.

laser    light amplification    stimulated emission of radiation    organised    disorganised    directional    in one direction    in all directions    coherent    concentrated    photon     colours of the spectrum    wavelength                                                                               03

Listening 2 04 Listentopartofatalkaboutlasers.Matchthewordsintheboxwiththelabels1–8inthediagramonthenextpage.

ruby crystal    atom    light tube    mirror    power source    photon    laser beam    partial mirror

An ordinary light beam

Torch

A laser beam

Laser

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9 Innovations 1

3 Workinpairsorsmallgroups.Beforeyoulistentothenextpartofthetalk,putthesenotesintothebestorder.

Note:Theeightitemsinthenotescorrespondtotheeightpointsinthediagramabove.

A escapingphotonsformapowerfullaserbeamB atomabsorbsphoton–getsexcited–calmsdown–emitsnewphotonC tubeflasheson/offrapidly–pumpsenergy(photons)intocrystalD partialmirrorlets1%ofphotonsescapeE powersourcemakestubeflashon/off1F newphotonhitsexcitedatom–atomemitstwophotons(insteadofone)G photonsarereflectedbymirroralonginsideofcrystalH newphotonstravelinsidecrystalatspeedoflight

4 05 Listentothenextpartofthetalk,andcheckyouranswersto3.

5 Listenagainandtickthephrasesthatyouhear.(Note:Xisanumber,andAissomeone’sname.)

1 Ahasbeenexplaining2 let’smoveontothenextsectionofthetalk3 ifyoulookatpointXonthediagram,youwillsee4 wecannowturntothenextpartofthetalk5 asyoucanseeinpointXonthediagram6 IthinkI’vecoveredthemainpoints7 I’llnowaskAtotakeover8 nowI’mgoingtohandovertoA

6 Groupthephrasesfrom5undertheseheadings.

Movingtothenexttopic Referringtotheprevioustopic(s)Handingovertothenextspeaker Referringtoavisual

Speaking 7 Workingroupstoprepareatalkonlasers.Divideintothreesub-groupsandprepareonesectionofthetalkwithyoursub-group.Thenreturntothemaingrouptofinalisethetalk.

Sub-groupA:Laserlight–abriefexplanationSub-groupB:ThebasiccomponentsofalasermachineSub-groupC:Howalasermachineworks

8 Giveyourtalktoanothergroup.Usephrasesfrom5tosignpostthesectionsofthetalk,torefertothediagramandtohandovertothenextsub-group.Inviteandanswerquestionsfromtheaudience.

Writing 9 Writeadescriptionofhowalasermachineworks,referringtothediagramabove.Usepastparticipialphraseswherepossible.

Begin:Here is a brief outline of how a laser machine works. First of all, the high-voltage power source, located below the ruby crystal, makes the tube flash on and off rapidly. These flashes inject particles of light, known as ‘photons’, into the ruby crystal. …

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