*Matter

*What is matter

*Matter is all around you*It is anything that has mass (the amount

of stuff) and volume (occupies space)*Exists in four different states or phases

*It is made up of atoms, molecules and ions

*Solids

*Atoms or molecules are closely packed together and have the lowest kinetic energy*Often hard and brittle*Cannot often change their shape*Add heat and increase the KE, you can

change the state

*Liquids

*Atoms or molecules can now move relative to each other*Liquids can ‘flow’ at room temperature*Have more KE and do not have a specific

shape but will conform to the container it is in*Add more heat…

*Gases

*Molecules or atoms are widely spread apart*They move freely in the space they are in

and can move with high speeds*They can bump into one another and just

bounce off instead of joining together*These have the highest KE

*Plasmas

May be new to youAdd even more energy and the electrons and neutrons can separate from one another and a ‘soup’ of positive ions and negative electrons are formedThis is the plasma state

*Physical changes

*When you add energy and you change the phase of a substance, this is called a physical change as you have NOT changed what the material is, just its state*Melting ice to water*Ripping a piece of paper, crushing a can*A physical change affects the form of a

substance but not its composition and they are generally reversible

*Chemical Change

*Fireworks – Matches – Creating Precipitates*These occur on the molecular level and

produces a new substance with different chemical properties from the original substances.*Are usually irreversible – can’t relight a

match!*Heat/light may be released, color change

may occur, an odor may occur, gas bubbles could be produced, sound can be created

*Atoms

*The smallest unit of matter is the atom*The smallest particle of matter that

retains its chemical properties*Consists of three particles

*Protons

*Positive particles*Found in the nucleus of the atom*Have a charge of +1*Have a mass of 1amu (atomic mass unit)*The number of protons in an element is

the same as the atomic number of that element

*electrons

*Negatively charged particles *Found in an area outside the nucleus

called the electron cloud*Have no mass*Have a charge of -1 *In a neutral atom there are an equal

number of protons and neutrons so that the net charge is zero (0)

*neutrons

*Particles without a charge*Found in the nucleus *Have a mass of 1 amu*The total atomic mass of an element id

the number of protons added to the number of neutrons

*Oxygen is the element*8 is the atomic

number*16 is the atomic

mass*How many protons?*How many

electrons?*How many

neutrons?*Answer =

*The element is sodium*The atomic number

is 11*The atomic mass is

23*How many protons,

electrons and neutrons?

*Try these…