GCSE GEOGRAPHY

LYME REGISFIELDTRIP

October 12th 2011

South Molton Community College ~ Department of Geography

OCR GCSE GEOGRAPHY

SDME – 25%

FIELDWORK INVESTIGATION – 15%(1200 words)

GEOGRAPHICAL INVESTIGATION – 10%

GEOGRAPHY EXAM – 50%

SETTING THE SCENE

WHAT IS OUR MAIN QUESTION?

WHAT ARE OUR KEY QUESTIONS?

WHERE IS OUR STUDY AREA?(Location map(s), written description)

WHAT ARE OUR INTENDED OUTCOMES?

HOW DOES THE FIELDWORK RELATE TO OUR SCHEMEOF WORK?

WHAT COASTAL PROCESSES WILL WE STUDY?

WHAT BACKGROUND CAN WE RESEARCH?

WHY IS THERE A NEED WHY IS THERE A NEED TO PROTECT THE COASTTO PROTECT THE COAST

IN YOUR CHOSENIN YOUR CHOSENAREA?AREA?

MAIN QUESTION:

WHY IS THERE A NEED TO PROTECT THE COAST IN YOUR CHOSEN AREA?

KEY QUESTIONS

# WHERE IS THE CHOSEN STUDY AREA? - How can we describe the location of our study area? - What physical features are found in this area? - What human features are found in this area? # IS THERE EVIDENCE OF ACTIVE EROSION AND WEATHERING IN THIS AREA? - What wave patterns can be identified in this area? - What landforms have been created by erosion and weathering? - What other coastal processes are evident in this area?# WHAT METHODS OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT HAVE BEEN ADOPTED TO PROTECT THIS AREA? - What methods of hard engineering can be identified in this area? - What methods of soft engineering can be identified in this area? - How effective are coastal defence solutions in this area?# ARE AGEING COASTAL DEFENCES DETERIORATING? - What evidence can we find of coastal defences being destroyed by the sea?# WHAT RISKS EXIST TO LOCAL PROPERTIES AND AMENITIES? - Can we find buildings or services under threat? # WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR THIS AREA OF PROJECTED SEA LEVEL RISE IN THE FUTURE? - How will rising sea levels affect this area? - What will this area be like in the future?

WHERE IS OUR STUDY LOCATION?

WHERE IS OUR STUDY LOCATION?

WHERE ISOUR STUDYLOCATION?

WHERE IS OUR STUDY LOCATION?

HOW DOES THE FIELDWORKRELATE TO THE OCRSCHEME OF WORK?

Four Key Exam Themes1 Rivers and Coasts2 Population and Settlement3 Natural Hazards4 Economic Development

Four Key Exam Themes1 Rivers and Coasts2 Population and Settlement3 Natural Hazards4 Economic Development

WAVE ACTION – fetch, swash & backwash, constructive & destructive waves

COASTAL EROSION – methods of erosion, cliffs, mass movement, wave cut platforms,

headlands & bays, caves, arches & stacks

COASTAL DEPOSITION – longshore drift, beaches, spits, bars, tombolos & salt marshes

COASTAL MANAGEMENT – hard & soft engineering

WHAT COASTAL PROCESSESWILL WE STUDY?

WAVE ACTION & FETCH

PROCESS OF EROSION

PROCESS OF LONGSHORE DRIFT

COASTAL MANAGEMENT

WAVE ACTION

SWASH and BACKWASH

• Waves are created by the wind. As the wind drags down on the surface of the sea, water is forced around in a circular motion. • When the water depth shallows, water cannot complete its full circle, and the wave breaks.• Water runs up the beach as SWASH, and returns (by gravity) to the sea as BACKWASH.

CONSTRUCTIVE WAVES – have a stronger swashand build up the coast

DESTRUCTIVE WAVES – have a stronger backwashand destroy the coast

STORM WAVESThe stronger the wind, thebigger the waves. The biggerthe waves, the more energythey have.

FETCH

The area ofopen waterover whichwind blows is known as

FETCH.

FETCH

CORRASION (ABRASION) – is caused by largewaves hurling beach material against a cliff

HYDRAULIC ACTION – is the force of wavescompressing air in cracks in a cliff

SOLUTION (CORROSION) – is when salts andother acids in seawater slowly dissolves a cliff

ATTRITION – is when waves cause rocks andboulders to collide and break up into smallerparticles

PROCESS OF EROSION

HYDRAULICACTION

HYDRAULIC ACTION – is the force of waves

compressing air in cracks in a cliff

CLIFFS

CLIFFCOLLAPSE

WAVE CUT PLATFORMS

Longshore Drift Sediment is TRANSPORTEDalong the coastline by wave action.

Features Created By Longshore Drift - Spits

There are two different approaches used to defend against

coastal erosion and flooding:

• HARD ENGINEERING• SOFT ENGINEERING

WHY PROTECT OUR COASTS?

• Many coastlines in developed countries are heavily populated• Many coastlines provide income from industries like tourism & fishing• Many coastlines have high land values• Many coastlines are prone to erosion and flooding• Many coastlines are fragile natural environments easily damaged by people

HARD ENGINEERING

Hard engineering is:• SHORT TERM• NOT SUSTAINABLE in the long term• EXPENSIVE• UGLY• In need of CONSTANT MAINTENANCE• Often responsible for PROBLEMS FURTHER DOWN THE COAST

THERE ARE FIVE MAIN

HARD ENGINEERING DEFENCES:

GROYNES SEA WALLS REVETMENTS GABIONS SEA ARMOUR

GROYNES

Groynes are wooden structures placed at right angles to the coast wherelongshore drift occurs. They reduce movement of material along the coast, and hold the beach in place. This protects cliffs from erosion andprotects low areas from flooding.

COST = £6000 each!

SEA WALLS

Sea walls DEFLECT (not absorb) wave energy, protecting beaches fromerosion and low areas from flooding. Waves can erode sea walls and cause collapse.

COST = £2000 per metre!

GABIONS

Gabions are steel mesh cages containing boulders. The rocks absorbsome of the wave energy and reduce erosion. They are cheap, but ugly!

SEA ARMOUR

Sea armour consists of large boulders piled on the beach where erosionis likely. They are cheap but ugly. Even these large rocks can be movedor undermined by wave action.