lung cancer
DESCRIPTION
Description of Lung Cancer with visual aidsTRANSCRIPT
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Lung Cancer
Dr. Suneet Khurana
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Lung Cancer
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Etiology of Lung Cancer
Tobacco Smoking x 13.3
times (10 – 20) (78-90%)
2nd hand smoke (15%)
Asbestos x 5 – 90 times
Radon (2-3%)
Arsenic
Ionizing radiation
Beryllium, Nickel, Copper
Chromium, Cadmium
Diesel Exhaust
Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons
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Epidemiology of Lung Cancer
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Epidemiology
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Epidemiology
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Symptoms - Signs of Lung Cancer
Symptom / Signs
Cough 74%
Dyspnea 37%
Hemoptysis 57%
Recurrent Pneumonia
Chest Pain, Wheezing 25%
Dysphagia
Laryngeal Nerve Paralysis 18%
Horners Syndrome
Pancoast Syndrome
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
Atelectasis
Pleural Effusion
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Pathological Classification
Non Small Cell Lung Cancer
(NSCLC)
Small Cell Lung Cancer
(SCLC)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma 25 – 30% Oat Cell Carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma 35-40% Intermediate Cell Carcinoma
Large Cell Carcinoma 10-15% Combined Cell Carcinoma
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TNM Staging (AJC CS ERR)
Primary Tumor -T
T1 Tumor <3cm without invasion more proximal than lobar bronchus
T2 Tumor >3cm OR
of any size with any of the following
- Invades Visceral Pelura
- Atelectasis of less than entire lung
- Proximal extent of at least 2cm from carina
T3 Tumor of any size with any of the following
- Invasion of Chest Wall
- Invasion of Diaphragm, Mediastinal Pleura, Pericardium
- Atelectasis involving entire lung
- Proximal extent within 2cm of carina
T4 Tumor of any size with any of the following
- Invasion of mediastinum
- Invasion of heart or great vessels
- Invasion of vertebral body
- Presence of malignant pleural or pericardial effusion
- Satellite tumor nodes within same lobe as primary tumor
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TNM Staging
Nodal Involvement - N
N0 No regional node involvement
N1 Involvement of ipsilateral hilar or ipsilateral peribronchial nodes
N2 Involvement of ipsilateral mediastinal or subcarinal nodes
N3 Involvement of contralateral mediastinal or hilar nodes OR
Ipsilateral or contralteral scalene or supraclavicular nodes
Metastasis - M
M0 Distant Metastasis absent
M1 Distant Metastasis present
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Stage I
Stage IA T1 N0 M0
Stage IB T2 N0 M0
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Stage II
Stage IIA T1 N1 M0
Stage IIB T2 N1 M0, T3 N0 M0
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Stage IIIa
Stage IIIA T3 N1 M0, T1-3 N2 M0
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Stage IIIb
Stage IIIB Any T N3 M0, T4 Any N M0
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Stage IV
Stage IV Any T Any N M1
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Investigations for Lung Cancer
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Investigations
Diagnostic Tests Staging Tests
Chest X-Ray CT Scan - Chest, Brain, Abdomen
Bronchoscopy PET Scan
Ultrasound Guided Biopsy Bone Scintigraphy
CT guided Biopsy Mediastinoscopy
Bone Marrow Biopsy
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Chest X-Ray – Diagnostic
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Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy - Diagnostic
Bronchoscopy Video
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Ultrasound Guided Biopsy - Diagnostic
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CT Guided Biopsy - Diagnostic
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CT Scan - STAGING
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PET Scan for STAGING
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Fused PET and CT Scan
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Mediastinoscopy for STAGING
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Bone Scintigraphy for STAGING
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Bone Marrow Aspiration - STAGING
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Current Treatments for NSCLC
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Treatment Options
SURGERY
RADIOTHERAPY
CHEMOTHERAPY
TARGETED THERAPY
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Treatment by Stages of Cancer
Stage Description Treatment Options
Stage Ia – Ib Tumor localized in lung Surgical resection
Stage IIa – IIb Tumor spread to local lymph nodes Surgical resection
Stage IIIa Tumor spread to regional lymph
nodes in trachea, chest above
diaphragm
Chemotherapy followed
by radiation or surgery
Stage IIIb Tumor spread to contra lateral
lymph nodes
Combination of
Chemotherapy and
Radiation
Stage IV Tumor metastasis to organs outside
chest
Chemotherapy and or
palliative care
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Surgery – Wedge, Lobectomy, Pneumonectomy
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Radiation Therapy Treatment of stage I and stage II
NSCLC, radiation therapy alone is considered when surgical resection is not possible.
Role of radiation therapy as surgical adjuvant therapy after resection of the primary tumor is controversial.
Radiation therapy reduces local failuresin completely resected (stages II and IIIA) NSCLC but has not been shown to improve overall survival rates.
Radiation therapy alone used as local therapy has been associated with 5-year survival rates of 12-16% in early-stage NSCLC (ie, T1 and T2 disease).
No randomized trials have directly compared radiation therapy alone with surgery in the management of early-stage NSCLC
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Chemotherapy
Only 30% of patients with NSCLC become eligible for surgical resection
50% of patients who undergo resection experience either a local or systemic relapse of cancer
80% of patients with NSCLC end up taking some sort of chemotherapy
Combination chemotherapy has better survival rates than single agent chemotherapy, which has potentially no role in curative therapy of NSCLC.
Adjuvant chemotherapy (after surgery) has failed to elicit any benefits, however neoadjuvant chemotherapy (given prior to surgery) has improved survival in patients with Stage IIIa disease.
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Chemotherapeutic AgentsDrug Mechanism of Action Toxicity
Cisplatin / Carboplatin Causes intrastrand and interstrand cross-
linking of DNA, - strand breakage
Tinnitus, Hearing Loss,
Toxic Neuropathy,
Myelotoxic
Vinorelbine It inhibits tubulin polymerization during G2
phase of cell division
Granulocytopenia,
Constipation, Fatigue
Gemcitabine Antimetabolite that acts as inhibitor of DNA
synthesis
Myelosuppression, Flu
like symptoms,
Hemolytic Uremic
Syndrome, Lung
toxicity
Paclitaxel Inhibits tubulin depolymerization in spindle
during cell division
Myelosuppression,
neuropathy,
hypersensitivity
Pemetrexed disodium Disrupts folate-dependent metabolic
processes essential for cell replication.
Fatigue,
myelosuppression,
Infection, GI toxicity
Docetaxel Inhibits cancer cell growth by promoting
assembly and blocking disassembly of
microtubules
Myelosuppression, fluid
retention, HSN rxns
Etoposide Causes single strand breaks in DNA, inhibits
repair of DNA
Myelosuppression,
Transient Hypotension
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Targeted Therapy
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What are “targeted therapies”?
Cytotoxic vs. Cytostatic
Primarily target malignant cells
Target molecules involved in:
◦ cell growth signal transduction
◦ angiogenesis
◦ metastasis
Generally less toxic at therapeutic doses
Many are oral agents
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Targeted Therapies
Targets the HER2 receptor that is
over-expressed in 25% of breast cancers
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Targeted Therapies
Targets the VEGF and inhibits angiogenesis in NSCLC and colorectal cancer
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Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor EGFR
EGFR is over-expressed in:
• many tumour types
including NSCLC
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Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor