lunafull* - vivai zanziin more expansive tree forms, which reach full production earlier and are...

12 VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI

ORANGE RUBIS® Couloumine*

LUNAFULL*

apricot chestnut cherry strawberry minor fruit species almond apple walnut pear peach bush and

cane berries plum table grapeskiwifruit

VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI 13

apricotapricot chestnut cherry strawberry minor

fruit species almond apple walnut pear peach bush and cane berries plum table

grapeskiwifruit

Apricot is native to northern China and was imported to Italy in the Roman era from Greece and from Armenia.

Slightly over 50% of apricots are produced in the Mediterranean area. Italy is the most important producer in Europe, with 230 million kg annually (24% of continental production), a number which has been slowly but constantly increasing. The market has been stable in recent years and production of high quality fruit has been profitable: important criteria include attractive appearance and pleasant flavour. In recent years cultivars with extensive red coloration on the skin have become more popular with consumers. Another important development is the extended harvest period which today ranges from late May though early September. This effectively doubles the length of the apricot season with respect to a few years ago and makes it possible to increase total production without competing with traditional mid-season varieties. One negative aspect of many of the new cultivars is self-incompatibility, once nearly non-existent. This requires the grower to plant at least two cultivars with overlapping bloom to assure good fruit set. As a species, apricot isn’t well-adapted to restrained pruning styles, due to its high vigour and the lack of dwarfing rootstocks. It tends to be grown in more expansive tree forms, which reach full production earlier and are suitable for mechanical harvest, given that large volumes of apricots are used in commercial processing. The “Catalan vase” is a tree form produced by systemically pruning back shoots to 50 cm length during the first few growing seasons. This reconciles the need to reduce tree height with the need for precocious production. Green pruning of shoots can be done well mechanically (topping). In recent years many new rootstocks have been introduced as alternatives to the traditional seedling Myrobalan (Myrobalan clone 29/C, seedling peach Monclar and Rubira, seedling apricot Manicot, plum Penta, Ishtara hybrids) which allow higher productivity, colour and fruit weight and permit apricots to be grown in various soil types.

rootstock origin vigour soil type advantages disadvantages

induced suitability

seedling Myrobalan seedlings of P. cerasifera high all soil types affinity, vigour, tolerant heterogeneity,

of active lime suckering

and waterlogging

Myrobalan 29C clonal selection high all soil types affinity, vigour, tolerant reduced

of P. cerasifera of active lime suckering

and waterlogging

Ishtara® Ferciana* complex interspecific medium-low moist fertile soils early fruiting, size sensitive to high

hybrid and color of fruit active lime

Adesoto® 101 Puebla* selection of medium replanting tolerates A. mellea low vigour

P. insititia in early years

Montclar® Chanturgue* peach seedling high poor soils affinity, high and only for varieties

uniform vigour, tolerant with med-low vigour

of active lime

peach interstock grafted high replanting, vigour, productivity physical

all soil types and quality incompatibility

Rootstocks for apricot


100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

70

9095

10095

65



CLIMATE

When dormant, apricots are cold-tolerant enough to be cultivated in Val Venosta (Alto Adige) and, out-side of Italy, in Germany, Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Repub-lic, though they prefer the Medi-terranean climate where they pro-duce up to their full potential in terms of quality and productivity.

Apricot has the problem of early bloom which makes it more sus-ceptible than other species to late frosts. Breeding work over the last dec-ades has substantially improved this characteristic and, generally, recent varieties bloom later than traditional ones so that they are less susceptible to spring frost damage.

SOIL

The large assortment of root-stocks currently available allows the farmer to grow apricots in all soil types: loose-textured, drought-prone, lime-rich (seed-ling apricot); medium-compact, lime-rich (Myrobalan); medium textured or loose, not too alka-line (peach seedling or Ishtara); compact with risk of waterlog-ging (plum).

ROOTSTOCKS

The introduction of new late-ripening varieties now allows the species to be cultivated in a much wider geographical area. Choice of rootstock is of critical importance: it must be healthy, compatible with the grafted culti-var, adapted to the orchard’s soil, able to give enough vigour to achieve full production early and to positively influence fruit qual-ity. In recent years rootstocks are used for resistance to diseases that are becoming more com-mon (phytoplasms, sharka and bacterial infections).The standards for rootstocks today are clonal Myrobalan 29C and seedling Myrobalan, known and used in all areas for LUNAFULL*, delayed vase, 2nd growing season

ADESOTO® 101 Puebla*

ISHTARA® Ferciana*

MONTCLAR® Chanturgue*

seedling MIRABOLANO

MIRABOLANO 29C peach interstock

Relative vigour of apricot rootstocks


apricotapricot chestnut cherry strawberry minor fruit species almond apple walnut pear peach bush and


well-coloured fruits. Since the graft union between peach and apricot has tissue discontinuity, it is recommended that plants be staked well (posts and wires) to avoid damage from strong wind.

TRAINING SYSTEMS

Considering the location of the orchard and the situation of the farm, apricot may either be grown in 3-dimensional training systems or pruned to a vertical wall, due to the plasticity of this species. Among the most com-mon training systems presently

used, and those most likely to find widespread use, are the delayed vase, the palmette and the slender spindle. Other possi-bilities include the Catalan vase, the pillar or the Y, either oriented along the row or perpendicular to it. The vertical wall forms are ap-propriate for fertile areas in the foothills or plains with risk of late spring cold, while the vase forms are preferable in hilly areas where many orchard management op-erations are difficult to mecha-nize.For all training styles, it is recom-mended to prune using thinning cuts as opposed to heading cuts,

their vigour, compatibility with many cultivars and adaptability to a wide variety of soils. How-ever, both have the defect of suckering.New rootstocks of interest in-clude the interspecific hybrid Ishtara® Ferciana* and the Spanish plum Adesoto® 101 Puebla*. The former is inter-esting for the reduction in tree vigour that it confers, making it useful for high density orchards, in addition to improving fruit col-our and promoting earlier fruit ripening. Adesoto® is a good choice when there are prob-lems from frequent replanting of fruit species (it tolerates Armil-laria mellea). The seedling peach Montclar® Chanturgue* is also of interest: it is of widespread use in France for its high vigour particularly in poor soils. GF677 may also be used for apricot with a peach interstock to avoid problems of graft in-compatibility. Characteristics of GF677 include adaptability to all soil types, high vigour, coming into production early with large,

LUNAFULL*, delayed vase, 3rd growing season

tree form/shape tree spacing (m) trees/ha

vase variants 5-5,5 * 3-4 450-660

Catalan vase 4,5-5 * 2,5-3 670-890

palmette 4-4,5 * 2,5-3 740-1100

trellised Y 4-4,5 * 2-2,5 890-1250

slender spindle 4-4,5 * 1,5-1,8 1230-1660

perpendicular V or Y 5 * 1,5 1330

pillar 4-4,5 * 1-1,2 1850-2500

Training systems and tree density




be robust, have side branches at 50 to 100 cm above the ground and possess a well-developed root system. If this is not possi-ble, or if the planting site is hilly

development of the structural branches which will be the skele-ton of the tree when fully formed. The quality of the trees planted is of critical importance: they must

leaving an intact shoot at the tip of the branch (to exercise apical dominance), in order to reach full production rapidly. This involves summer pruning to favour the

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Degree of fertility and possibility of pollination between different varieties

CULTIVARPricia

TsunamiPrimando

LunafullSpring Blush

PrimayaPrimarisPrimiusRubista

NinfaSoledane

BoraPinkcot

Orange PrimaPriabel

Orange RubisMedagaBig Red

Bella d'ImolaMediabell

GoldrichBoreale

KiotoSan CastresePalummella

StellaPieve

PorticiBergeron

FaraliaFarelyFartolyFarbalyFarhial

FarlisFariusFardaoFarclo

Legend self-compatible self-incompatible inter-compatible




with poor soil without available irrigation water, it is preferable to top the young trees at 70 cm or prune all side branches back to 2-3 buds. Aside from the tradi-tional vase with its 3-4 perma-nent branches selected from the shoots that grow under the terminal cut, the delayed vase and Catalan vase can be cho-sen and trained as described for peach.Development of the main scaf-fold is helped by green prun-ing, the first round of which in mid-May, to remove branches that compete with the tips of the growing scaffold branches (suckers or forked tips). At the end of the summer, various types of renewal cuts may be made, leaving for dormant pruning only the thinning of fruiting wood and spurs. With these multiple prun-ing passes, it is not necessary to use props, weights, stakes and wires to widen branch angles, which lowers costs.Regarding the palmette, the techniques that allow an early formation of tree structure are described: the central leader of the whip is not topped, either with green or dormant pruning, unless there aren’t sufficient side shoots. Green pruning thins any excessive side shoots originat-ing from the trunk, leaving only the ones selected to form the palmette structure. With good quality trees, the first two scaf-folds can be formed in the first growing season. These scaffolds must be tied to the trellis wires as early as possible for them to grow at the desired angle. Only shoots pointed towards the out-side will be selected, removing all those which grow on the dorsal side of the branch. The select-ed shoots will form the fruiting branches. In the palmette it is also important to leave an intact shoot at the tip of the branches, eliminating other branches that compete with them (thinning

cuts). In the first three years few cuts are necessary, only to thin excessive fruiting wood. In the spring and summer of the sec-ond year, if the plants are grow-ing vigorously, the branches for the third scaffold can be select-ed, thus completing the palmette structure in three years.The slender spindle is suitable for high-density orchards in fertile plains. This training system ben-efits from trellising. The structure consists of a basal scaffold with 4-5 uniformly spaced branches at a height of about 70-90 cm. These must not interfere with mechanized operations such as harvest or thinning (the first scaffold must be below the har-vest platform trailer). Above the basal scaffold the central leader is left with well-spaced fruiting branches in order to favour light penetration. These branches support the fruiting wood: spurs, hangers, twigs. Training is done following the criteria described above, with thinning cuts rather than heading cuts. Quality of the nursery trees is of critical impor-

tance, with preference for robust trunks with side branches. With inferior quality young trees, side branches are shortened to 2-3 buds without topping the main axis. Using summer pruning, the growth of the leader shoot and basal scaffold are encouraged by removing competitive upright and excessively vigorous shoots, leaving only a single growing tip on the central leader and scaffold branches. It is important to main-tain an open space of about 40-50 cm on the central leader right above the scaffold branches to favour growth of fruiting wood off the scaffolds. At the end of the first year fruiting wood is thinned (dormant pruning) leaving ad-equate space between fruiting wood on the central leader. On the scaffold branches, thinning cuts are made to select lower-angled shoots and open the canopy, eliminating upright or hanging (shaded) shoots.One variant of the slender spin-dle is the pillar, which is suit-able for modern high-density orchards in fertile soils with risk

LUNAFULL*, slender spindle, 3rd growing season, tree spacing 4x1.5 m


LUNAFULL*

PRIMAYA*



of late spring cold. As with the spindle, the pillar requires trel-lis posts and wires to support trees as well as the irrigation/fertigation system. Low-medium vigour rootstocks are appropri-ate for the pillar system, which reduce plant size, allowing better light penetration in the lower canopy, and encourage precocious bearing. The pillar structure is based on a central axis which supports the fruiting wood directly on it, or on short branches, but without a basal scaffold tier. Fruiting wood is uniformly distributed through the available space. For this training system it is preferable to acquire young trees with side branches evenly spaced along the central axis starting at 60-80cm height from the ground. Trees are permitted to grow freely, thinning only excessive fruiting wood when planted. If weak branches are present they are simply shortened. The cen-

tral axis is never headed at 70-80 cm from the ground, as this would cause too much vigorous growth unsuited to this pruning form. In order to keep the fruit-ing wood near the central axis, in those cultivars which tend to put out few side shoots, some branches may be tipped early in the seasons to promote growth from more buds. If the young plants are started well, the pillar form is nearly achieved by the end of the second year, when a renewal cut is made at the tip of the central axis to keep the tree at the desired height.

VARIETIES

The introduction of new geno-types, especially the addition of late ripening and very-late ripen-ing cultivars, has dramatically lengthened the harvest season. Also, the existence of late bloom-ing varieties which are tolerant

of spring cold, permits the culti-vation of apricots in areas once considered unsuitable, such as plains and low hills. The new va-rieties are generally very aestheti-cally pleasing, orange with red overtones, usually of good flavour, but in some cases are partially or totally self-incompatible, which necessitates planting pollinizers in the orchards. One option is plant-ing alternate rows (blocks of 2 or 4 rows) of inter-compatible varie-ties. Another possibility is to insert individual pollinizer trees along the rows. A third way to increase external pollen in the orchard is taking branches from other trees during bloom and tying them to trees in the orchard with the cut end in a container of water so that they stay fresh. The choice of in-ter-compatible varieties is of fun-damental importance in ensuring high and stable production. The following table summarizes the degree of fertility and compatibility of various cultivars.


-39-38-35-33-31-29-25-25-24-24-18-15-15-13-10-8-6-4-4-4-4-300

+1+6+6+7+11+14+31+35+41+51+56+57+61+65



VARIETAL DESCRIPTIONS

BELLA D’IMOLARipening date: -4 San Castrese.Origin: Italy.Proprietor: not covered by patents or licenses.

Tree: high vigour, upright growth habit.Fruit: elliptical, intense yellow skin with slight reddish blush, medium-large size, average/fair flavour, tart skin, medium-firm aromatic flesh.Productivity and Fruiting: self-com-patible, consistent producer on spurs and hangers.

Overall: variety with traditional fruit type, good crop of large fruit, suitable for industrial use.

BERGERONRipening date: +11 San Castrese.Origin : Saint-Cyr-au-Mont-d’Or, France.

Ripening dates of apricots (relative to San Castrese)in Emilia-Romagna San Castrese ripens between June 25th and July 2nd

Variety May June July August

days with respect to San Castrese

PRICIA*

TSUNAMI® EA5016*

PRIMANDO*

LUNAFULL*

SPRING BLUSH® EA3126TH*

PRIMAYA*

PRIMARIS*

PRIMIUS*

RUBISTA® E140*

NINFA*

SOLEDANE*

BORA® BO 90610010*

PINKCOT® Copty*

ORANGE PRIMA® Coulouprima*

PRIABEL*

ORANGE RUBIS® Couloumine*

MEDAGA*

BELLA D'IMOLA

BIG RED® EA4006*

MEDIABELL*

GOLDRICH (SUNGIANT)

BOREALE*

KIOTO*

SAN CASTRESE

PALUMMELLA

STELLA*

PIEVE*

PORTICI

BERGERON

FARALIA*

FARELY*

FARTOLI*

FARBALY*

FARHIAL*

FARLIS*

FARIUS*

FARDAO*

FARCLO*


FARALIA*

FARBALY*



Proprietor: not covered by patents or licenses.Tree: medium vigour, open growth habit.Fruit: oblong form, orange skin with 20-30% red blush, very good flavour, sweet and aromatic.Productivity and Fruiting: self-com-patible, fruits on hangers and twigs, consistent production only in north-ern Italy.Overall: a variety for colder north-ern areas, in which it reaches its full potential in terms of fruit qual-ity; its self-compatibility guaran-tees adequate levels of produc-tion.

BIG RED® EA4006*Ripening date: -4 San Castrese.Origin: Escande EARL, France.Proprietor: Escande EARL, France.

Tree: medium-high vigour, standard-to-open growth habit.Productivit y and Fruit ing: self-incompatible, fruits on all branch types.Fruit : medium-large size, round shape, orange skin with 40-50% red blush, firm sweet flesh, holds well on tree.Overall : interesting among the early cultivars for yield and fruit appearance, highly coloured and holds well on tree; careful green pruning needed to keep lower can-opy well leafed.

BORA® BO 90610010*Ripening date: -15 San CastreseOrigin: Bassi, Di.Pro.Ve., Milan, ItalyProprietor: CRPV, ItalyTree: medium-high vigour, standard-upright growth habit.Fruit : large size, oblong shape, intensely orange skin; firm flesh, keeps well; acidic skin, pleasant and aromatic flavour.


ORANGE PRIMA® Coulouprima*



FARBALY*Ripening date: +14 San Castrese.Origin: Marie-France BOIS, France.Proprietor: IPS, France.Tree: high vigour, semi-erect growth habit.Fruit : medium-large, orange with 30% red blush, sweet, tasty, firm flesh, semi-cling.Productivity and Fruiting: self-com-patible, fruits on spurs and hangers, high and consistent yield.Overall: very productive variety with large and attractive fruit; do not harvest early to avoid nega-tively impacting flavour, preco-cious bearing, potential for long post-harvest storage.

FARCLO*Ripening date: +65 San Castrese.Origin: Marie-France BOIS, France.Proprietor: IPS, France.Tree: high vigour, open growth habit.Fruit : medium size, orange with

Productivity and Fruiting: partially self-fertile, bears mainly on spurs. Notable for good resistance to the Sharka virus.Overall : variety of interest for ripening date and fruit type, with large size and good flavour. Since fruit holds well on the tree it may be harvested when thoroughly ripe, when skin acidity is balanced by flesh sweetness. Very resistant to infection by the Sharka virus (PPV).

BOREALE®Ripening date: -3 San Castrese.Or igin : Daniele Bassi, DISAA, University of Milan, Italy.Proprietor: CRPV, Italy.Tree : medium vigour, standard growth habit.Frui t : oval-round, yel low with 20-30% red blush, average flavour, slightly acidic, aromatic, holds mod-erately well on tree.Productivity and Fruiting: self-com-

patible, consistent producer, fruits mostly on spurs.Overall: Italian variety with con-sistent production, suited to all apricot-producing areas, requires moderate pruning to maintain fruiting on older wood.

FARALIA*Ripening date: +14 San Castrese.Origin: Marie-France BOIS, France.Proprietor: IPS, France.Tree: medium vigour, open growth habit.Fruit : large size, triangular form, orange with 30% bright red blush, balanced flavour, fairly sweet, aro-matic.Productivity and Fruiting: self-com-patible, fruits on spurs and hangers, consistent high yield across years.Overall: variety with high agro-nomic potential, precocious bear-ing, high potential for fruit size and quality, suited to all apricot-pro-ducing areas.


PRICIA*

FARTOLI*



5-20% red blush, sweet with high sugar content, elliptical form.Productivi t y and Fruit ing : self-compatible, fruits on spurs and hangers, high yield and precocious bearing.Overall: very productive variety with attractive medium-sized fruit, holds well on the tree, rapid evolu-tion of ripening both on tree and post-harvest.

FARDAO*Ripening date: +61 San Castrese.Origin: Marie-France BOIS, France.Proprietor: IPS, France.Tree: high vigour, tendentially upright growth habit.Fruit: medium size, orange skin with 10-20% red blush; sweet flavour due to high sugar content, pleasant scent.Productivity and fruiting: self-compa-tible, fruits on spurs and mixed wood; highly productive, early bearer.Overall : very productive variety, with attractive sweet fruit, medium

size, good considering the late matu-ration date; early bearing with high and consistent yield.

FARELY*Ripening date: +31 San Castrese.Origin: Marie-France BOIS, France.Proprietor: IPS, France.Tree: medium-high vigour, tendency towards upright growth habit.Fruit: medium size, oval, orange with 30-40% red blush, nice firm flesh, good flavour, aromatic.Productivit y and Fruit ing: self-incompatible, requires pollinizers and may attain high yield, fruits on spurs and hangers.Overall : variety with high yield potential, withstands handling well, precocious bearing, high and consistent yield.

FARHIAL*Ripening date: +51 San Castrese.Origin: Marie-France BOIS, France.Proprietor: IPS, France.

Tree: high vigour, tendency for upright growth.Fruit : medium size, orange with 40-50% red blush, sweet with high sugar concentration, pleasant aroma.Productivity and Fruiting: self-com-patible, fruits on spurs and hangers, high yield, precocious bearing.Overall: very productive variety, with attractive and delicious fruit, medium but adequate size consid-ering the late harvest date.

FARIUS*Ripening date: +57 San Castrese.


KIOTO*



Origin: Marie-France BOIS, France.Proprietor: IPS, France.Tree: high vigour, upright growth habit.Fruit: medium size, oval, orange with 5-10% red blush, sweet, excellent flavour, firm flesh.Productivi t y and Fruit ing : self-compatible, fruits on spurs and hangers, high yield and precocious bearing.Overall: very productive variety with tasty fruit, medium but ade-quate size considering the late harvest date, withstands handling well.

FARLIS*Ripening date: +56 San Castrese.Origin: Marie-France BOIS, France.Proprietor: IPS, France.Tree: medium vigour, standard-open growth habit.Productivity and Fruiting: self-com-patible, fruits on spurs and hangers.Fruit: large, round-oval, orange skin with 30-40% bright red blush, firm orange flesh, pleasant sweet aromat-ic flavour.Overall: apricot that ripens late in the season, productive, with at tractive and flavour ful fruit, adapts well to diverse soil types.

FARTOLI*Ripening date: +35 San Castrese.Origin: Marie-France BOIS, France.Proprietor: IPS, France.Tree: medium-high vigour, semi-open growth habit.


TSUNAMI® EA5016*



Fruit: large oval fruit, orange skin with 30% red blush, good flesh firmness, pleasing and aromatic fla-vour.Productivi t y and Fruit ing : self-compatibile, fruits on spurs and hangers.Overall: Variety comes into bear-ing early, with high yield potential; high quality fruit in terms of fla-vour and appearance.

GOLDRICH (SUNGIANT)Ripening date: -4 San Castrese.Origin: USDA and Washington State University, Prosser (Washington, USA).

Proprietor: not covered by patents or licenses.Tree: high vigour, upright growth habit.Fruit: oblong, large, intense yellow without blush, flavour is good, tart skin.Productivit y and Fruit ing: self-incompatible, yield can be increased to high levels with the presence of pollen from other varieties, fruits on spurs and hangers.Overall: traditional type of apricot, well-suited to cultivation on cen-tral and northern Italy, producing well on both hills and plains.

KIOTO*Ripening date: with San Castrese.Origin: Escande, France.Proprietor: Escande E.A.R.L., France.Tree: medium-low vigour, open growth habit.Fruit: round, medium size, orange skin with 30-50% red blush, aver-age flavour, not acidic, keeps well on tree.Productivity and Fruiting: self-com-patible, consistent production, fruits on spurs and vigorous twigs.Overall: very interesting mid-sea-son variety, consistent production thanks to its self-compatibility

25

PRIMARIS*

RUBISTA® E140*



MEDAGA*Ripening date: -6 San Castrese.Origin: Marie-France BOIS, France.Proprietor: IPS, France.Tree: high vigour, upright growth habit.Fruit: large, very attractive, orange skin with 40-50% red blush, good flavour, pleasant scent, very firm flesh.Productivit y and Fruit ing: self-incompatible, high yield/hectare if pollinated well, fruits on spurs and hangers.Overall : variety with high yield potential, requires good pollina-tion, interesting for large fruit size and blush colour.

MEDIABELL*Ripening date: -4 San Castrese.Origin: Marie-France BOIS, France.Proprietor: IPS, France.Tree: high vigour, open growth habit.

and late bloom; fruit size can be increased by pruning to encour-age production on spurs and vig-orous twigs and by thinning early; well-suited to cold plains and to high density plantings.

LUNAFULL*Ripening date: -33 San Castrese.Origin: Mario Gualandi, Italy.Proprietor: Mario Gualandi within Italy, Vivai F.lli Zanzi outside of Italy.Tree: medium-high vigour, tendency for open growth.Fruit: slightly elongated, orange skin with 20-30% red blush, very firm flesh, juicy and flavourful (RSR 14° Brix).Productivit y and Fruit ing: self-incompatible, fruits mainly on spurs.Overall: variety interesting for its yield potential and fruit character-istics: large size, intense and early coloration, holds well on the tree, tolerates handling well.


PINKCOT® Copty*



potential, especially when grown in greenhouses.

ORANGE PRIMA® Coulouprima*Ripening date: -13 San Castrese.Origin: Maillard, France.Proprietor: Europépinières, France; exclusive international rights granted to Vivai F.lli Zanzi.Tree : high vigour, intermediate growth habit.Fruit : oblong, orange skin with 20-30% red blush where exposed to sunlight, very good flavour, aver-age flesh acidity, average skin acidity, firm flesh, large fruit.Productivity and Fruiting: partially self-compatible, high and consistent yield, fruits on all branch types with largest fruit on spurs.Overall : early variety with high and constant yield potential, pro-duces at tractive and delicious fruit; it is advisable to encourage production on spurs to achieve best fruit size.

Fruit: large, attractive appearance, orange skin with 40-50% red blush, good flavour, firm and juicy fruit.Productivity and Fruiting: self-com-patible, high yield/hectare, fruits on spurs and hangers, average bloom intensity.Overall: variety with notable yield potential, fruit interesting for large size and high blush, balanced fla-vour.

NINFA*Ripening date: -24 San Castrese.Or ig in : Danie le Bassi , DISAA University of Milan, Italy.Proprietor: CRPV, Italy.Tree: low vigour, open growth habit.Fruit: round, yellow with slight red blush where exposed to sun, average flavour, not juicy.Productivity and Fruiting: self-com-patible, high and consistent produc-tion on spurs and hangers.Chilling requirement: low.Overall : variety of interest in warmer areas where it reaches its

ORANGE RUBIS®

Couloumine*Ripening date: -8 San Castrese.Origin: Maillard, France.Proprietor: Europépinières, France; exclusive international rights granted to Vivai F.lli Zanzi.Tree : high vigour, intermediate growth habit.Fruit: oblong, attractive orange skin with 30-40% red blush, very good flavour, aromatic, low acidity and high °Brix; skin neutral and fuzz-less, medium flesh firmness.Productivity and Fruiting: self-com-patible, high and consistent yield; fruits on all branch types, largest fruit size on spurs.Overall: medium-early variety with potential for high and consistent yield, fruit with very good flavour and attractive appearance, suit-able for all areas where apricots can be grown; encourage produc-tion on spurs to achieve largest fruit size by summer-pruning hang-ers back to 20-40 cm to slow plant


BIG RED® EA4006*



Fruit: round, yellow-orange skin with 20-30% red blush, large size uniform through the canopy, average flavour, skin slightly acidic. Productivit y and Fruit ing: self-incompatible, high yielding if polli-nated thoroughly; fruits on all branch types with exceptionally large fruit on spurs.Overall : variet y with excep-tional potential for high yield of large fruit; encourage fruiting on spurs to at tain highest quality

and most attractive fruit. Suited for all areas in which apricots are grown, and for high density orchards..

PORTICIRipening date: +7 San Castrese.Origin: selected in the area of Mt. Vesuvius, Italy.Proprietor: not covered by patents or licenses.Tree: medium vigour, upright growth habit.

growth and stimulate the forma-tion of side branches, which will be productive.

PALUMMELLARipening date: +1 San Castrese.Origin: Neapolitan cultivar, locally selected.Proprietor: not covered by patents or licenses.Tree : high vigour, intermediate growth habit.Fruit: round-elongated, intense yel-low without blush, average flavour and firmness.Productivity and Fruiting: self-com-patible, fruits on spurs and hangers, very productive.Overall: consistently productive variety suited to all areas where apricots are grown; traditional fruit type, recommended only for processing.

PIEVE*Ripening date: +6 San Castrese.Or igin : Daniele Bassi, DISAA, University of Milan, Italy.Proprietor: CRPV, Italy.Tree : high vigour, intermediate growth habit.Fruit: oval, intense yellow skin with 20-30% red blush, intense yellow flesh, good flesh firmness and excel-lent flavour, aromatic and sweet, medium-large size.Productivity and Fruiting: self-com-patible, fruits on spurs and hangers, tree can be green-pruned and bent to encourage early bearing.Overall: very good variety which matures at the same time as Por t ici, but is superior wi th respect to fruit cracking and inter-nal flesh browning, remarkable flavour. It is advisable to favour the growth of spurs in the training phase, to attain higher quality and larger size fruits.

PINKCOT® Copty*Ripening date: -15 San Castrese.Origin: Escande, France.Proprietor: Escande EARL, France.Tree: high vigour, tendency towards upright growth.


PIEVE*



Fruit: medium size, oblong, intense yellow with slight red blush where exposed to sunlight, very good fla-vour, aromatic, non-acidic skin.Productivity and Fruiting: self-com-patible, fruits on all types of branch-es, high and consistent yield.Overall: variety prized by the fresh market for excellent organolep-tic characteristics, adapted to all areas where apricots are grown and to various training systems; fruit also suited for processing.

PRIABEL*Ripening date: -10 San Castrese.Origin: Marie-France BOIS, France.Proprietor: IPS, France.Tree: high vigour, semi-open growth habit.Fruit : round-oblong, large size, orange skin with 30-50% red blush, good flavour due to high sugars and intense aroma, firm flesh, holds well on tree.Productivit y and Fruit ing: self-incompatible, requires pollinizers, fruits on spurs and hangers, medi-um-high yield.Overall : variety of interest for appearance, size and flavour of the fruit; fruit hang well on the tree due to slow maturation. High yield if pollinated well.

PRICIA*Ripening date: -39 San CastreseOrigin: Marie-France BOIS, FranceProprietor: IPS, FranceTree: medium-high vigour, standard-upright growth habit.Fruit : large size, rounded-oblong shape, intensely orange skin with 50% red blush; firm flesh, holds well on tree; good aromatic flavour. Productivity and Fruiting: self-fertile, bears mainly on spurs.Overall : variety of interest for very early ripening date, and fruit type, with substantial blush and good flavour. Holds well on the tree considering the early ripen-ing date.

PRIMANDO*Ripening date: -35 San Castrese.

Origin: Marie-France BOIS, France.Proprietor: IPS, France.Tree: medium vigour, open growth habit.Fruit: round, symmetrical, intense yellow with 10-20% red blush on well-exposed fruit, flavour average, non-acidic.Productivit y and Fruit ing: self-incompatible, requires pollinizers; fruits on spurs and hangers.Overall : super-early variety of interest for colder areas, not well-adapted to warmer zones due to high chilling requirement. Attractive fruit form and colour; withstands handling well.

PRIMARIS*Ripening date: -25 San Castrese.Origin: Marie-France BOIS, France.Proprietor: IPS, France.

Tree: high vigour, tendency toward open growth.Fruit : elliptical, orange skin with 30-50% red blush, sweet aromatic flesh, withstands handling.Productivit y and Fruit ing: self-incompatible, fruits on spurs and hangers, yields well if adequately pol-linated.Overall: early variety of interest for yield and appearance of fruit, withstands handling, holds well on tree.

PRIMAYA*Ripening date: -29 San Castrese.Origin: Marie-France BOIS, France.Proprietor: IPS, France.Tree: high vigour, upright growth.Fruit: round oblate, yellow-orange with 30-40% red blush on well-exposed fruit, flavourful orange


FARDAO*



flesh is firm and withstands han-dling, Productivi t y and Fruit ing : self-incompatible, consistent and poten-tially high yield if adequately pol-linated; precocious bearing, fruiting concentrated on spurs and hang-ers.Overall: early variety with attrac-tive fruit, withstands handling; interesting for yield potential and for precocity of bearing.

PRIMIUS*Ripening date: -25 San Castrese.Origin: Marie-France BOIS, France.Proprietor: IPS, France.Tree: medium vigour, standard-upright growth habit.Fruit: elliptical-oval, orange skin with 25-50% bright red blush, good fla-vour, aromatic.

Productivity and Fruiting: self-com-patible, produces well on spurs and hangers.Overall : cultivar interesting for self-compatibility and consistent production in the early season. Suited to all zones of apricot pro-duction.

RUBISTA® E140*Ripening date: -24 San Castrese.Origin: Marie-France BOIS, France.Proprietor: IPS, France.Tree: medium vigour, standard-upright growth habit.Fruit: elliptical, bright red over the entire surface of the fruit, pomo-logical novelty, good flavour and aroma.Productivity and Fruiting: self-com-patible, produces well on spurs and hangers.

Overall : cultivar of interest for novel bright red fruit, good flavour and aroma. Self-compatible, very productive.

SAN CASTRESERipening date: on average June 30th in northern Italy, June 20th southern Italy.Origin: selected in Naples, Italy.Proprietor: not covered by patents or licenses.Tree: high vigour, open growth habit.Fruit : round-oval, yellow without blush, average flavour, non-acidic; holds relatively well on tree.Productivity and Fruiting: self-com-patible, produces consistently on all types of branches.Overall: consistently productive variety suited for all areas of apri-cot cultivation; traditional fruit


FARLIS*



type, recommended only for pro-cessing.

SOLEDANE*Ripening date: -18 San Castrese.Origin: CEP Innovation, France.Proprietor: CEP Innovation, France.Tree : medium vigour, tendency towards open growth habit.Fruit: large, round, orange skin with red on the surface exposed to the sun; sweet and scented flesh, excel-lent flavour.Productivi t y and Fruit ing : self-compatible, fruits on spurs and hangers.Overall: interesting in the early season for yield and fruit appear-ance, very good fruit that tolerate handling and hang well on the tree. Low-chilling requirement of around 250 hours makes this cul-

tivar appropriate for cultivation in warmer areas, where use of greenhouses can force especially early fruit ripening.

SPRING BLUSH® EA3126TH*Ripening date: -31 San Castrese.Origin: Escande EARL, France.Proprietor: Escande EARL, France.Tree: medium-high vigour, standard-upright growth habit.Fruit : medium-large, round-oval, orange skin with 30-50% red blush, very firm flesh, holds well on tree, pleasant tart flavour.Productivit y and Fruit ing: self-incompatible, fruits on spurs and hangers.Overall: interesting in the early season for yield and fruit appear-ance, fruit hold well on tree and tolerate handling.

STELLA*Ripening date: +6 San Castrese.Origin: Mario Gualandi, Italy.Proprietor: Mario Gualandi within Italy, Vivai F.lli Zanzi outside of Italy.Tree : medium vigour, standard growth habit.Productivity and Fruiting: self-com-patible, produces well on spurs and hangers.Fruit: regular and round, uniform yel-low-orange skin, good flavour.Overall : interesting cultivar for high and consistent yield (self-compatibility) of attractive and flavourful fruit; recommended as pollinizer of Lunafull*.

TSUNAMI® EA5016*Ripening date: -38 San Castrese.Origin: Escande EARL, France.Proprietor: Escande EARL, France.Tree: medium-high vigour, standard-upright growth habit.Fruit: large, round-oval, orange skin with 60-70% bright red blush, firm and juicy orange flesh, pleasant sweet (RSR 12-13°Brix) flavour.Productivit y and Fruit ing: self-incompatible, fruits on spurs and hangers.Overall : the earliest apricot to ripen, productive, attractive fruit that hold well on the tree and toler-ate handling, good flavour.




L.E.A Srl Tel.+39 059 86.38.811 Fax +39 059 86.38.017 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.leaagricoltura.it

Pink shoot tips Flowering Full bloom Petals fall Fruit growth Turning point Maturation

soil application

FUNGICROPS

IDROL-VEG

EVOL

foliar application

LEVO-ENERGY

ENERFOL 8-10-45

IDROL-VEG

EVOL

For further information please contact our Technical Department

Nutritional measures to improve the production of Stone Fruits (apricot)

Pest and disease management for apricot

continues on page 33

DISEASE / PEST Commercial Product Name Active Ingredient Dose Notes

EN

D O

F D

OR

MA

NC

Y TH

RO

UG

H S

WO

LLE

N

BU

DS

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF FERRIC

CHLOROSIS

CHELATED IRON EDDHA 6,2%

CHELATED IRON EDDHA 5,5%

30-50 g/tree for prevention 60-150 g/tree for treatment 40-80 g/tree for prevention 80-200 g/tree for treatment

SHOTHOLE (Corineum beijeinkii)BACTERIAL CANKER

(Xanthomonas pruni, Pseudomonas syringae)

COPPER OXYCHLORIDE 32% 600-700 g/hl


PIN

K B

UTT

ON

TH

RO

UG

H P

ETA

L FA

LL

BROWN ROT IN FLOWERS AND BRANCHLETS

(Monilia laxa)

CYPRODINIL 37,5%+FLUDIOXONIL 25% 30 g/hl

CYPRODINIL 50% 30 g/hl

SAN JOSÉ SCALE (Comstockaspis

perniciosa) WHITE PEACH SCALE (Pseudaulacaspis

pentagona)

JUVINAL 10 EC PYRIPROXYFEN 10% 40 g/hl Add Mineral Oil.

WEEDS (BROAD-LEAVED AND GRASSY ANNUALS AND PERENNIALS)

Commercial Product Name Active Ingredient Dose Notes

DIQUAT 17% 3,3 - 5 l/ha

GLIFOSATE 27,9% 1,5-8 l/haDosage depends both on sensitivity of the weed

species and on the type of equipment used.

4 l/haCleans the lymphatic vessels and increases the radical absorption.

3 kg/ha Biostimulant, enhances the vegetation growth. Prevents and cares from frost and spring stress

3 kg/ha Improves the fruit quality and colour

40 l/haStimulates vegetative development and improves the Iron

absorption

3 kg/ha Improves the fruit development and the resistance to high

temperatures. It increases the brix degree

3 l/ha Improves the absorption and the effectiveness of pesticide treatments (acid pH)

5 l/ha by 3-6 times for the fruit enlargement. Improves the preservation and the shelf-life. Reduces the fruit weight loss

40 l/haStimulates the fruits growth making them larger and uniform

30 l/ha per 1-2 times for the fruit enlargement. Improves the preservation and the shelf-life

www.unitec-group.com

UNITEC S.p.A. Via Provinciale Cotignola, 20/9 48022 - Lugo (RA) Italytel. +39 0545 288884 Email: [email protected]

SIZE

COLOR

EXTERNALDEFECTS

INTERNAL DEFECTS

INTERNAL QUALITY

APRICOT_VISION©

for non-destructive detection of internal and external quality

“WE BUILD” INNOVATION! to give RESULTS!

An invaluable technology for export of apricots



cane berries plum table grapeskiwifruit walnut pear peach bush and

cane berries plum table grapes

continued from page 31


PE

TAL

FALL

TH

RO

UG

H E

AR

LY F

RU

IT G

RO

WTH

APHIDS(Myzus persicae, Aphis

gossypi)PIRIMICARB 17,5% 200 g/hl

PEACH TWIG BORER (Anarsia lineatella)

EMAMECTIN BENZOATE 0,95% 250-300 g/hl

CORAGEN CHLORANTRANILPROLE 18,4% 20 ml/hl

LASER SPINOSAD 44,2% 20-30 ml/hl

THRIPS(Trips major, Taeniothrips meridionalis)

LAMBDA-CIALOTRINA 9,48% 15-20 ml/hl


PEACH SCAB(Cladosporium carpophilum)

SULFUR 80% 200-300 g/hl


EA

RLY

FR

UIT

GR

OW

TH

THR

OU

GH

VE

RA

ISO

N PEACH TWIG BORER(Anarsia lineatella),

ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH(Cydia molesta)


CORAGEN CHLORANTRANILPROLE 18,4% 20 ml/hl


FOSMET 17,7% 300 ml/hl

SAN JOSÉ SCALE (Comstockaspis

perniciosa) WHITE PEACH SCALE (Pseudaulacaspis

pentagona)

JUVINAL 10 EC PYRIPROXYFEN 10% 40 g/hl Add mineral oil.


PR

E-H

AR

VES

T

MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY

(Ceratitis capitata)



TREBON UP ETOFENPROX 30% 50 ml/hl

PEACH TWIG BORER(Anarsia lineatella),

ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH(Cydia molesta)



BROWN ROT OF FRUIT (Monilia fructigena,

Monilia laxa)

CYPRODINIL 37,5%+FLUDIOXONIL 25% 60 g/hl

SIGNUM PYRACLOSTROBIN 6,7%+BOSCALID 26,7% 60-75 g/hl

WEEDS (BROAD-LEAVED AND GRASSY ANNUALS AND PERENNIALS)

Commercial Product Name Active Ingredient Dose Notes

DIQUAT 17% 3,3 - 5 l/ha

GLYPHOSATE 27,9% 1,5-8 l/haDosage depends both on sensitivity of the weed

species and on the type of equipment used.


LEAF DROP

SHOTHOLE(Corineum beijeinkii) BACTERIAL CANKER

(Xanthomonas pruni, Pseudomonas syringae)

COPPER OXYCHLORIDE 32% 600-700 g/hl

PRODUCTS OF THE SYNGENTA GROUP ARE IDENTIFIED WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE LOGOS.THE FOLLOWING TABLES INCLUDE CROP PROTECTION PRODUCTS AUTHORIZED IN ITALY AT THE DATE THIS DOCUMENT WAS CREATED.

Types of systems

Different types of stationary irrigation systems are used for orchards:

a) Under canopy > drip irrigation > microsprinkler

b) Over canopy > Impianto a pioggia/aspersione

Fertigation

Installation & assistance

Automation & control units

Pumping

Filteringsystem

SCOVA IMPIANTI is a manufacturer with over 50 years' experience in the irrigation field.Thanks to its vast technical, commercial and design experience, combined with the constant search for improvements, today SCOVA IMPIANTI can guarantee optimum system operation, economy and reliability.

Design customisation, care in the choice of materials as well as in system installation, coupled with fast technical assistance response, give us the confidence to offer that quality, which is a must for any irrigation system.

Considering that water in agriculture is precious and having to meet the ever-changing needs of agricultural producers, we stress the importance of an irrigation system designed to meet individual requirements.

An irrigation system designed by professionals may prove to be a winner upon system purchase and, most of all, its use: supplies the plants with the right level of humidity thus avoiding water stress. It allows ensuring a higher output and quality, avoiding water and energy waste as well as saving operating costs and workmanship.

The choice of the irrigation system will !!depend on the type of orchard, the characteristics of the

soil and the water quality.

Micro-irrigation system with low flow rate and low operating pressure. It allows the water location near the roots and lengths up to 500/600 meters can be reached in self-compensated driplines and work in areas with steep slopes.

A drip irrigation system must be adapted to the type and plant layout of the crop. The principle of drip irrigation consists in humidification of the strip of land, which stands for about 30-40% of the area actually occupied by the roots, leaving the soil completely dry between the rows.

Micro-irrigation system characterised by higher flow rates than drip irrigation, with water distribution on a wider surface, particularly suitable for plants with a large root system.

Particularly beneficial in stony or very sandy soils.

Somefeatures of this system:

1) Medium-low flow rates (40/90 l/h for a singular sprinkler depending on the required precipitation rate and plant layout)

2) Partial coverage of the soil.

3) Operating pressure between 1.5 and 3.0 bar.

Drip irrigation systems are nowadays the better and more efficient irrigation method, able to offer farmers yields and savings in labour and energy and a more rational use of water and fertilisers.

DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM

UNDER CANOPY SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

* Strips of non-irrigated land allowing the farmer to perform manual and mechanical works at any time, even during irrigation.

* Improvement of plant health thanks to foliage kept dry.

* Prevention of disease and weed increase.

* Possibility to get yield using even moderately brackish water.

* Use of a lower amount of water per area unit and less water loss by evaporation or scrolling.

* Slow and homogeneous distribution that prevents runoff and is not affected by the wind.

The advantages of drip irrigation are as follows:

This irrigation system, with special arrangements, can also be used for protection against late frosts by irradiation/radiation. This technique consists in keeping the temperature on the plants at 0° C.

This type of system is switched on when the wet bulb thermometer reaches 0.5 °C.

The irrigation is interrupted only when the temperature rises above 2 °C, with a progressive increase of at least 2 °C per hour, which corresponds to the phase in which the ice becomes opaque (because of the trapped air) and begins to detach from the plant organs.

Scova Impianti manufactures equipment for pumping water from:

*** Artesian wells by installing electric submersible or vertical pumps driven by diesel engine.

*** Canals or lakes using monoblock electric pumps or diesel pump units.

PUMPING STATIONS

SPRINKLING AND OVERCANOPY ANTI-FROSTIRRIGATION SYSTEMS

Floating pump station Motorpump unit

The crop protection takes place with a precipitation rate between 4 and 6 mm/hour.

The features of these sprinklers are:

1) High flow rate from 900 to 1,400 l/h per hectare

2) Total coverage of the soil.

3) Ice production on the plat surface.

4) Operating pressure between 3.0 and 5.0 bar.

Advantages of the system:

* Dual function of irrigation and anti-frost.

* Often used to wash the plant.

Vertical electric pumps

Trailer-mounted pump

Electric submersible pumpinstallation

FILTERING SYSTEMS

The choice of the filtering system type requires a careful analysis of the irrigation system considering:

*Type and quality of water to be filtered

* Required pressure and flow rate

*Type of irrigation system

In most of the cases, a combination of more than a single type of filter is required.

Quartzite filters

Particularly suitable for the filtration of suspended solids, organic material (microorganisms, algae and mucilage) or oxidised iron and magnesium present in surface waters such as channels, rivers, lakes, storage tanks or other open sources.

The backwash can be performed in manual or automatic mode managed by a battery powered control unit.

Cyclone filters also called hydrocyclones, centrifugal separators, vortex filters or sand separators

The cyclone filters proved to be the most suitable for the separation of sand and solids in water from wells.

Screen and disc filters

These filters with automatic backwash are often used instead of quartzite filters whereas those with manual backwash are used when the water is not particularly dirty or as safety filters after an automatic filtering system.

The installation of an automatic washing system increases the filter operation and filtration capacity and, as a consequence, the efficiency of the connected irrigation system.

The operation is based on the centrifugal force generated by the particular internal shape that pushes the solid particles towards the cone walls that run from the top to the bottom of the filter. Here those particles are collected in a container while the clean water exits through an outlet in the upper part.

Quartzite filter automation

The choice of the filtering system is essential for a correct management of an irrigation system.

Automatic self-cleaning screen filters

Hydrocyclone Screen filter

Disc filter

Quartzite filter battery

Electric pumps

Available in a wide range of flow rates and features.

Advantages: suitable for the automation of fixed installations.

Fertigation plays a primary role in the context of the irrigation system and allows a quality and quantity production increase through a homogeneous distribution of fertilisers.

The system must be chosen according to the fertiliser state (liquid or solid), the availability of a power supply source, the need for a portable system and the available flow rate.

Fertilisers can be released in the line in various ways. The more common are:

By-pass pressure tank based on the “Venturi principle”

Suitable for: small systems with no power source.

Advantages: portability and versatility

Venturi Injector

By using the Venturi principle to create vacuum, the fertiliser is sucked and conveyed in the irrigation water.

Advantages: relatively low cost

Hydraulics pumps

The pumps inject the fertiliser by sucking the solution from an open container and injecting it into the irrigation water.

Advantages: complete management of the fertiliser; suitable for manual operation and for the most advanced automation systems.

In addition to the more traditional injection systems mentioned above, there are other fertigation systems more advanced from a technological point of view. These completely preassembled systems are called “fertigation stations or units” and allow full control of the system by monitoring parameters of flow rate pH and/or conductivity.

Thanks to its high level of automation, the fertigation offers clear economic advantages in terms of reduced labour since mixing the fertiliser with irrigation water, what is left to do is just a proper irrigation.

A controlled supply of nutrients saves fertiliser. In fact, fertigation allows dispensing the fertiliser efficiently and uniformly to the level of the plant, at the right dosage for the correct development of the plants during the different phenological stages.

As a result of the use of fertigation, there will be a reduction in the environmental impact as it prevents soil contamination by accumulation of chemicals due to fertiliser loss away from the plant root, uncontrolled leaching and poor distribution uniformity (lower efficiency means more fertiliser used and lost).

FERTIGATION

By-pass tank

Fertigation unit

Fertilizer tanks

Hydraulic pump Electric pump

Venturi

AUTOMATION

WIRRI: SOLENOID VALVE WIRELESS CONTROL SYSTEM

CONTROL UNITS FOR MOTOR PUMPS

This system allows the automatic management of irrigation systems via radio.

It is a wireless system that allows the remote management of the solenoid valves directly from the control centre avoiding excavation work requirements.

Easy installation and maintenance.

Scova Impianti Srl is a leading manufacturer of control units to command, control and protect motor pumps, motor fans, motor clutches and service motors.

Depending on the unit model, management can be manual, semi-automatic, and automatic with the possibility of total remote control viaPCor mobile phone.

The advantages of the WIRRI system:

* Lower costs and installation time.* No cables and conduits.* Installation in areas where the cable laying would be unfeasible.* System flexibility for further expansion or transportation.

The automation is used to optimise and to get the maximum efficiency from an irrigation system.

In addition to traditional management systems through cables, Scova Impianti Srl uses from several years a management system

via radio called "WIRRI".

Interface Transmisor

ALPHA 4 - semiautomatic control unit

ALPHA 6 - automatica control unit

ALPHA 6 control unit installed on a motorpump unit

Receptor

lunafull* - vivai zanziin more expansive tree forms, which reach full production earlier and are...

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