lucas read grammar book
TRANSCRIPT
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2nd Semester Grammar Book
Lucas Read
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Table of Contents
3: Conditional4: Irregulars5: Present6: Present perfect irregulars7: Past8: Subjunctive perfect9: Tanto y Tan10: Impersonal ‘se’11: Saber vs. Conocer12: Informal Commands13: Formal Commands14: Nosotros commands15: Subjunctive16: Irregulars17: Trigger phrases18: Demonstrative Adjectives
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Conditional
• Used to express wonder, probability, conjecture, or possibilityUse when you use would: I would go
Infinitive + = Conditional
Same irregulars as the futureCan be used to make polite requests – Me gustaría
ía ía
ías íais
ía ían
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Irregulars
• Caber Cabr• Poner Pondr• Decir Dir• Haber Habr• Salir Saldr• Hacer Har• Poder Podr• Tener Tendr• Querer Querr• Valer Valdr• Saber Sabr• Venir Vendr
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Present Perfect
• The present perfect is a compound tense formed with the verb haber and the past participle of the other verb.– AR- ado– ER- ido– IR- ido
• True in past and still true in the present.
• Action was completed recently• To tell what you have done or have
not done.
He Hemos
Has Habeís
ha han
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Irregulars
Abrir - abiertoCubrir - cubiertoDecir - dichoEscribir - escritoHacer - hechoMorir - murtoPooner - puestoResolver - resueltoRomper - rotoVer - vistoVolver - vueltoIr - ido
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Past Perfect
• habíahabíashabíahabíamos + Verb = Past perfecthabíaishabían
• Use when you had/have done something in the past
• Remove (er, ir) and add ido• Remove (ar) and add ado
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Subjunctive Perfect
• The present perfect subjunctive is used in the same clauses as the present subjunctive, and is normally used to indicate a completed action with verbs in the present or future tense.
• Use the present subjunctive conjugation of the verb haber + your past participle
Haya
Hayas
Haya
Hayamos + Participle
Hayan
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Tanto y Tan• Tan… como (as…as)
• Tanto… como (as much/as many… as)
• Tan is used with adjectives and adverbs
• Tanto is used with nouns and verbs
• El es tan alto como yo.
• Ella tiene tanto amigos como yo.
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Impersonal Se
• Se prohibe fumar• Se prohbio fumar.
• Use se to state when something is done in general (Smoking is prohibited.)
• When using 'se' the verb is always in the 3rd person.
• Can be used in ALL tenses.
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Saber v Conocer
• Conocer is used for knowledge of people, places, or literary works.
¿Conoces a Taylor Swift?
• Saber is used when you need to state facts
Yo sabo que Senora Linares es la mejor maestra en el mundo
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Informal Commands
Affirmative: Conjugate to the usted form
Negative: Drop ending add opposite ending and 's'
+ Habla, Come, Escribe
- No Hables, No Comas, No Escribas
-- Comelo, No lo comas
--Di haz ve sé sal ten ven pon * add infinitive to end: venlo, tenla
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Formal Commands
Affirmative: Yo form, opposite ending
Negative: Yo form opposite ending
if plural, add 'n'
Affirmative: Hablen, compre, escriba
Negative: No Hable, No compren, No escriba
– Hablelo, No la compren
– Dé, esté, vaya, sea,sepa, tenga, venga, ponga
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Nosotros Commands
• Simply add the opposite ending of the nosotros conjugation...
• Hablamos-> Hablemos
• Mono Verbs- When making the verb reflexive for nos you drop the s Hablemosnos->Hablemonos
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Subjunctive
• Represents attitudes, uncertain, will, hypothetical, influence, emotion, or doubt.
• Put in ‘yo’ form, change to the opposite ending
• Que- connects to subjunctive• When there is no change in subject from
clause to clause, use the infinitive
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Irregulars
• Car, Gar, Zar- formed same way as always
• Conducir, decir, oir- conduzca, diga, oiga• Dar-> dé, des, den, demos• Hay-> haya, hayas, hayan, hayamos
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Trigger Phrases
• Impersonal expressions- es bueno que, es malo que, es necesario que, etc. Express order, need, piece of advice, or desire.
• Expressions of emotion- alegrarse de que, esperar que, sentir que, temer que, etc. Shows fear, happiness, anger, regret, surprise, joy, pity
• Conjunctions of time- use the subjunctive after them after the subordinate clause is habitual or in the past. Asi que, caundo, despues de que, en cuanto, hasta que, luego que, tan pronto como.
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Demonstrative Adjectives
este (this) estaese (that) esaaquel (that over there) aquellaestos (these) estasesos (those) esasaquellos (those over there) aquellasMALE FEMALE