LTE 4G Trial

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The objective of this trial was to evaluate O2’s LTE 4G network in a college environment, by testing a

cross section of the student and staff cohort in Trinity College Dublin. The overall aim was to

determine the capabilities of the 4th generation network in comparison to the participants’ use of

the college wireless network and personal 3G network, ultimately, to record the change in

experiences from both students and staff. O2 have deployed an LTE show case network to

demonstrate LTE services using 10MHz of LTE800 spectrum to both business and consumer

customers in the Dublin region. Coverage was provided in key locations across the greater Dublin

area including Dublin City Centre, IFSC, Docklands and South Dublin.

The trial allowed us to determine changes in speed, data usage and the overall user experience while

using the 4G network in comparison to the student/staff Wi-Fi available in Trinity College.

Although the results of this trial are not exceptionally surprising with regards to the speeds of the 4G

network, they validate the importance placed on network speed and connectivity as well as

reinforcing how a faster network can significantly affect the overall user experience whereby it can

offer a solution of providing the opportunity to be always online. For the student this proves more

significant as staying connected is incremental to their daily routines tapping into social media

constantly and conveniently when they please.

“There is an insecurity of going somewhere without Internet. The worry of going a half an

hour without a Wi-Fi connection, whether checking Facebook or SnapChat is something

students genuinely think about, they want to stay connected at all times”

Staff members too seek an overall ability to stay connected for completely different reasons to the

students. They seek a work/life balance whereby they are not attached to their desk at all times. By

having a network that provides them with the option to always be online allows them to check their

emails on the go. This proved quite significant as throughout the trial, staff members checked their

emails on average 17 times per day compared to students who checked their email just over 4 times

per day.

The usage of applications was also evaluated and divided into different categories, separating uses

of 4G for educational, work and social proposes (e.g. cloud services, social media etc.).

It is clear from the trial result that the participants preferred messaging via internet apps rather than

text messaging. In the most recent Com Reg report, text messaging was down 23.2% while data

increased by 23.9%. Students spent most of their time using social media apps such as Facebook,

Twitter, Instagram as well as WhatsApp and SnapChat as key communication channels. This can be

backed up by the fact that students on average use social media apps four times more than staff

members, whereby they tend to use these apps “consistently throughout the day” even more so

than before as a result of the 4G network speed and convenience of the device. One student

commented on how these factors combined presented him;

“[…] with problem free, constant access to social media apps, as it (the network) was a lot

faster on the tablet provided than both my laptop and iPhone. I used it more as it simply was

just so handy and fast”.

In comparison it is important to note that staff members do not place as much emphasis on social

media and leisure apps, they do not rely on or use as much data as students as they use their data

only when needed, for work and occasionally for news reading etc., there is more importance placed

on using their work or home Wi-Fi for the multiple devices that they may own. This can be also

attributed to the device that was being used for the trial, a Samsung Galaxy Tablet, which was not

ideal for heavy work or academic assignments.

This report delves deeper into these findings with solid results and validates the importance of how

a faster network and constant connectivity can improve the overall user experience.

The trial was administered by Campus.ie on behalf of O2 Ireland and HEAnet with Trinity College

Dublin as the test area. There were 8 base stations located in Dublin City Centre, IFSC, Docklands

and South Dublin. There was full mobility for users within the LTE coverage area across all 8 base

stations.

Trial Details

TIMELINE AND PARTICIPANTS The network trial took place through the months of April and May during which two separate groups

of 5 participants tested out the network capabilities on a tablet device over a 4-week period

respectively.

The trial was run primarily in Trinity College Dublin (TCD) due to the proximity of the testing

environment, but also at residential locations in Drumcondra, Phibsborough and Georges

Dock, along with city centre cafes less than 1km from the college.

The 10 participants were taken from a wide cross section of students and staff members to ensure a

relevant insight was captured. In total, 6 students and 4 staff members were involved in the trial.

Each participant was given the same device in order to allow for a level testing ground, an Android

tablet – Samsung Galaxy Tab 3.

This device was chosen for 3 prime reasons: The Android operating system is the most used

among students.

We wanted participants to use the tablet for both academic/work and social purposes,

which may not be possible with a mobile device.

The device worked with a 4G SIM card.

TRIAL STRUCTURE The structure of the trial involved each participant completing an online feedback survey based

around his or her LTE experiences at least twice per week, during the 4 week trial period.

The criteria of the trial feedback included:

Speed test of 4G network on-campus

Speed test of WIFI on campus Ping speed test ( see Appendix 1 for definition)

Data download/upload speed

Students location when using device

Length of usage per day

Usage and experience with apps

Personal and academic usage

Throughout the trial period a number of informal discussions were carried out with participants to

gain a deep insight into their experiences with the 4G LTE network as well as a final group discussion

with all participants.

We then evaluated and analyzed all data from both the feedback forms and discussions to compile

the following report on our findings.

FEEDBACK Overall the feedback was extremely positive from all participants, both students and staff members.

All participants cited an increase in speed and connectivity in every aspect of their usage compared

to the College Wi-Fi and previous use of the 3G network.

Participants were impressed with the 4G network telling us that wherever coverage was available, it

was“…always fast, and never tapered off to unusual levels of bandwidth,”” allowing for a

continuously positive user experience and confidence in the 4G network that it would not let them

down. This confidence alone and appreciation for the network speed and accessibility was valued

mostly by the students with regards to social and leisure uses, with streaming apps like Spotify and

Netflix where they commented on how with the 4G network these apps “never stopped or stalled

for buffering and downloaded a lot faster than with the Wi-Fi” they had been using. This of course

affected their overall user experience which continued to grow more positive with use.

Important to note, some participants carried out their testing simultaneously. They noted that the

speed significantly slowed down with multiple users in comparison when in the same location. The

4G download and upload speed decreased to a ratio of 3:1 – comparing single usage of the network

to multiple users simultaneously. This in turn affected their opinion of the 4G network; questioning

whether it would provide the same great user experience if multiple users were using

simultaneously.

LOCATIONS Trinity College was chosen as the test college due to its proximity to Dublin City Centre’s 4G test

range as well as having a large, reliable Wi-Fi network to make comparisons with.

The majority of the trial testing took place in Trinity College with students and staff primarily based

here.

The locations included the ISS offices on Pearse Street, Lloyd Building, Hamilton Building, Arts Block,

John Stearne Library, Berkley Library, Chemistry Building, Usher Library, in surrounding coffee shops

on Dame Street and Dawson Street. A full list of locations has been included in the Appendix 2.

A number of the participants lived on Campus in Trinity College as well as NCI’s student

accommodation where they also carried out testing.

Off campus, the network was also tested in George’s Dock and Phibsborough.

CONNECTIVITY Overall connectivity was extremely good; participants noted that once within the network range

they always had instant connectivity to the 4G network.

However, if in a “black spot” where Wi-Fi or phone signal was unavailable, the 4G network too was

unavailable. This was most common in the basement of concrete buildings in Trinity College. To

combat the lack of connectivity many participants would move to an area where they could pick up

coverage, reconnecting and returning with the coverage to their original position. However in the

“black spots” this was not so receptive and they would lose coverage again.

In Georges Dock and Phibsborough the network worked at a slightly slower speed than in Trinity

College, yet still faster than the Wi-Fi at home in Phibsborough and at a similar speed to the Wi-Fi at

work in Georges Dock.

Another participant used the network while travelling to and from Trinity College on the DART. He

found the network to be much faster than any Wi-Fi available, at a constant strength however it

suddenly cut off once out of reach in Clontarf. This participant noted that the signal and connectivity

did not weaken the further away he travelled but simply cut off at the end point of reach.

It was clear and widely reported by the participants that they were always connected when in range.

The following coverage map illustrates the area covered as part of the trial. Areas in pink, show

areas where the O2 LTE trial network was available as part of the trial. The network consisted of 8 x

Ericsson RBS6000 series LTE enabled base stations using 10MHz channels at from the 800MHz Digital

Dividend band.

Target coverage regions for the trial in Dublin:

Dublin City Centre

IFSC

Docklands

South Dublin

Indoor and Outdoor Coverage Map (blue = outdoor, Purple = indoor):

Figure 1 Dublin O2 LTE coverage Map 2014

SPEED Overall it was clear from the feedback that participants were under the impression that the 4G

network was faster than the Wi-Fi being compared on every level. However, when we examined the

results of the speed tests, it became apparent that on average the 4G network did not have an

overall faster speed than the Wi-Fi it was being compared to. On average the 4G network has been

recorded to be faster with regards to download speed only and slower with regards to both the ping

round trip time and upload speed compared to the Wi-Fi in question.

Table 1 lists the average speeds recorded by all participants.

(Lower ping response time = Better Latency Higher download and upload speed = faster speed)

4G RTT Test

WiFi RTT Test

4G Download

Wi-Fi Download

4G Up Wi-Fi Up

40.3 ms 29.63 ms 16.8 Mbps 14.66 Mbps 9.86 Mbps 15.4 Mbps Table 1 Average connectivity speed of all trial participants

The peak speed for a single user was recorded as 49.63Mbps as outlined in Appendix 2.

The results varied slightly when comparing students and staff members, in that students used the

network close to twice as much as staff members with different usage patterns. It remained clear

that the 4G network was faster than the Wi-Fi being compared to with regards to download speed

and slower with regards to the upload speed as well as the ping round trip time. Table 2 below lists

the average time spent using the 4G network per day for both staff and students.

Participant Average time spent using 4G Network per day

Students 2.19 hours

Staff 1.21 hours Table 2 Usage patterns

SIMULTANEOUS SPEED TESTING We also carried out a group speed test with participants comparing the speed of the network during

simultaneous use to the speed of the network with just one user. The result of this experiment

showed a significant decrease in speed for participants using the network simultaneously compared

to the individual user. The average speeds recorded are listed in Table 3

4G Download 4G Up

Individual speed test 38 Mbps 15 Mbps

Average speed test of multiple users (6)

11.7 Mbps 6.7 Mbps

Table 3 Speed Tests

USAGE Overall, on average the entire group used the network 1.5hrs/day. However, the student group used

the network on average 2.19hrs/day as opposed to 1.21hrs/day on average by staff members.

Participants commented on their usage, saying that the device limited their usage of the network at

times as it did not have sufficient software (Office 365 for example) to carry out specific assignments

for both work and academic purposes. One participant commented on how he;

“…tried to open an excel sheet on his tablet” [that it was] “quite hard to use and read but easily

transferred to (his) desktop”.

This comment along with others made it clear that the Samsung Tablet was not ideal for typing or

completing work solely using the network on the device. It did however act as a supplement to

laptops whereby some students and staff members;

“…took notes on their tablet and simply transferred over to [their] laptop by using drop box (or

other sharing services) as it was so fast and convenient to do so with the network speed”.

In comparison for social and leisure or simple web services the device proved a lot more accessible

and convenient while paired with the network.

The usage of the device with the 4G network varied a lot, with a clear segregation and difference

with usage patterns between students and staff.

It was very clear from the feedback that each participants usage certainly increased compared to

previous Wi-Fi use and would have increased even more if they had access to the 4G network on

their personal laptop. When asked if they had increased or decreased overall usage, the answer was

a resounding and definite yes.

The reasons behind this were;

“…due to faster speed and handiness of both the device and network”.

There was a clear increase in usage of social media and entertainment/leisure apps across the board

and particularly with students as mentioned previously. One student commented on how he had;

“…increased [his] usage of all the apps he used on his phone previously as they worked much faster

on the 4G network on the new Samsung tablet, including Spitboard, Spotify, Facebook and Yelp.”

When looking at the two groups, we can say that students primarily used the network for social,

using social/leisure apps on average 4.04 times per day as oppose to staff members who on average

used social/ leisure apps just once per day. Students reported an increase in use of social media sites

such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram as well as streaming sites, both music (Spotify) and movies

(Netflix). It was evident from the feedback that there was an increase in speed while streaming both

music and movies using the 4G network, where “buffering” and “stalling” were no longer an issue.

Some students went as far to say that they would never have streamed movies/TV shows on a

mobile device until their experience with the 4G network due to the previous annoyance of stop

starting and buffering now they would be very happy to.

Students also reported an increase in using the network for academic purposes as the exams

approached. Both students and staff alike commented on how their sharing and downloading of files

(PDFs, PowerPoint presentations etc.) and uploading of files and assignments to Blackboard,

DropBox and other sharing services were instant and extremely convenient for both study and work

using the 4G network staff members’ usage was primarily work-based; as mentioned previously

checking up on emails almost 17 times per day compared to students who checked their email just

over 4 times per day. Many of the staff members synced their calendars and connected to the

internal VPN. They did not use the network heavily for apps but for simple news reading which they

found extremely convenient and accessible with the constant connectivity and speed of the

network.

A number of participants used tethering on the network. They reported an increase in speed from

the Wi-Fi they had previously been using and noted that it was a perfect solution to loss of coverage,

or if the Wi-Fi wasn’t working well. The participants who used the 4G network as a hub spot insisted

that they only used tethering as a last resort. However if 4G were to be their sole form of internet –

replacing Wi-Fi, that tethering would be very important for other devices.

Table 4 below summarizes the average usage patterns of the 4G network from all participants. The

data has been segregated further to show the usage patterns of students compared to staff

members.

Averages per day

All Students Staff All Students Staff

Times p/day

Times p/day

Times p/day

Time spent using the device

1.5hrs 2.19hrs 1.21hrs Rating: 1 – 5

Number of times checked email

8.25 4.17 16.88 Experience 4.07 4.17 3.76

Number of times checked blackboard

0.54 0.69 0.12 Experience 3.21 3.31 2.88

Number of times used sharing services

1.42 1.67 0.71 Experience 3.76 3.97 3.24

Number of times used online software

1.58 1.58 1.47 Experience 3.61 3.75 3.18

Number of times used productivity apps

1.17 1.33 1.94 Experience 3.57 3.69 3.12

Number of times used social/leisure apps

3.37 4.04 1.0 Experience 3.76 4.0 3.0

Number of times used other web services

4.06 2.77 6.41 Experience 3.67 3.67 3.59

Table 4 Summary of results for Staff and students

KEY FINDINGS The key findings from the online results (included in the Appendix 3) show an overall increase in

speed with regards to downloading for the 4G network compared to the college Wi-Fi. However,

they show an overall decrease in response time with regards to the ping round trip time test and

upload speed on the 4G network compared to the Wi- Fi. It is important to note that participants

had not noticed the average increase in either the ping round trip time or the decrease in the upload

speed of the 4G network compared to the ping RTT and upload speed of the Wi-Fi network. They

believed that the 4G network was faster than the Wi-Fi, but on paper it is clear that on average the

4G ping test and upload speed are not as fast as the Wi-Fi being compared.

While the speeds recorded are all very impressive, many of the 4G speeds recorded are similar to

those available on the 3G+ network which in turn is more widely available and affordable than the

4G network. This is significant to note as students in particular may not be able to afford 4G but still

desire the faster speeds and constant connection and accessibility to data that is available on the 4G

network. Students want as much data as possible for as cheap as possible and will switch plans and

sometimes providers accordingly. It is clear from this trial that they rely on data as a means of

communication so much so that data is becoming the common denominator in communication for

them, and is slowly changing the game.

One particularly significant finding was that the speed of the 4G network was affected greatly when

tested with simultaneous users as compared to single usage. It was recorded that a single user on

the network has up to 3 times the speed of a user using the network simultaneously with others.

This probes the question of the capabilities of the network when used in mass and the capacity it

can hold.

Location and connectivity wise, once within range, the 4G network was always instantly connected

and always stronger than the Wi-Fi when compared. It was unanimous in the participant’s

experiences that during the trial period, once in range, they were always connected to the 4G

network.

The network was primarily used for social and leisure reasons, with students including an increase in

usage in Facebook, Spotify and Netflix due to the convenience and speed of the 4G network when

compared to the Wi-Fi in question. It was clear that this was what affected their overall user

experience as allowed for a confidence and appreciation in the network to emerge which was not

near as strong in comparison to the Trinity Wi-Fi or previous use of 3G network.

Staff members used the network primarily for work purposes and explained that the network was

instant and always connected allowing them to access emails and calendar constantly with ease, it

allowed for a work/life balance, enabling more flexibility with no requirement to be stuck at the desk

or within range of strong Wi-Fi to complete work tasks or respond to emails.

CONCLUSION After carefully analyzing the data and recording insights received from all participants in this trial we

can conclude the following:

Once within range, the 4G network is always available and connected, with a faster

download speed than the student/staff Wi-Fi in Trinity College.

The ping round trip time and upload speed of the 4G network are on average slower than

the Wi-Fi in Trinity College.

During this trial, simultaneous use decreased the 4G network speed per user up to 3 fold.

4G coverage is unavailable in “black spots” such as the basement of concrete buildings.

The perception of quality and speed of the network is higher amongst students compared to

staff due to the services and nature of use.

Tethering a laptop to the 4G device is primarily used as a backup if Wi-Fi is not working well.

Using Data to communicate is becoming increasingly more important for students who rely

on social media sites to communicate with one and other instead of the text message

Important to note, some participants carried out their testing simultaneously and noted a

reduced capacity with 3 or more devices in the same room/area

Key questions/ items for consideration;

Would an LTE network scale efficiently up to 9,000 to 10,000 peak concurrent users in Trinity

College?

How long will it take for the rollout of LTE take and will LTE ever have national coverage?

What will become the dominant way to connect student and staff devices to an LTE

network? Will a dedicated SIM per device, MIFI, tethering or all three be used to connect?

Comments on the trial report: Trinity College Network Services comments on context, items for further consideration and potential

bias in findings.

The College Wi-Fi network was designed and built incrementally over the last decade. In addition to

aspects of the design, the majority of the 1,100 Wi-Fi access points and controllers are legacy and

end of life. A project was approved to redesign and replace the Wi-Fi network which will be

complete by the end of next year. The test 4GLTE network is next generation and preproduction

with few users, whereas the Wi-Fi network is an end of life busy production network with thousands

of users.

3/4G and Wi-Fi are complementary technologies rather than directly comparable, particularly in

terms of RF coverage, funding and cost recovery models. In the absence of test controls, testing Wi-

Fi across within a local campus environment is more variable and less repeatable than 4G LTE. Wi-Fi

RF coverage differs also in that weak local coverage is under the control of the campus organization,

should they choose to remediate. Wi-Fi is a local area connectivity and access technology.

3/4G on the other is a wide area connectivity and access technology and has a greater footprint

extending from campus to metropolitan to national and beyond.

High density access connectivity, typically required in University lecture theatres, conference

venues, libraries, and other gathering spaces was excluded from the scope of the trial.

The trial excludes bias and effects of differences of funding and cost recovery models which differ

across the technologies. Wi-Fi is generally funded centrally whereas 3/4G LTE would typically be

funded by the end user with an element of pay-per-use. For the purpose of the trial both

technologies were “free-issue”.

Wi-Fi is a more convenient connectivity and access technology to offer guests and is the only

practical feasible wireless solution in high density free issue scenarios".

Appendix 1

Ping TEST DEFINITION: RTT – round trip time. The ping command was used to determine the round trip time. The ping

speed is the reaction time of your connection–how fast you get a response after you've sent out a

request. A fast ping means a more responsive connection, therefore the lower the response time,

the better. Ping is measured in milliseconds (ms).

The download speed is how fast you can pull data from the server to you. Most connections are

designed to download much faster than they upload, since the majority of online activity, like

loading web pages or streaming videos, consists of downloads. Download speed is measured in

megabits per second (Mbps).

The upload speed is how fast you send data from you to others. Uploading is necessary for sending

big files via email, or in using video-chat to talk to someone else online (since you have to send your

video feed to them). Upload speed is measured in megabits per second (Mbps).

Appendix 2 LOCATIONS

Botany Bay and The Berkeley Library

On-Campus Accommodation

Costa Coffee, Dawson St

Starbucks Dame St, Library

TCD Hamilton

John Stearne Library, SJH

Usher Library

Cabra Park, Phibsborough

Basement, Lloyd Building

TCD College Green

ISS Building 200 Pearse St

Lloyd Building

Front Square TCD

Library, on-campus apartment

Chemistry building

On campus, library, Arts Block

Berkeley Library, Trinity College

Trinity 24 hr library, Hamilton library

Lloyd Building

Georges Dock (HEANet)

Arts Block: 4046

Arts Block

On campus, library, Arts Block

4th Floor Usher Library

Drumcondra Table 5 List of LTE trial locations

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