lsd history

8/2/2019 LSD History

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History of LSD 1

History of LSD

LSD blotter paper.

The psychedelic drug/entheogen LSD was first synthesized by the

Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann in the Sandoz (now Novartis)

laboratories in Basel, Switzerland on November 16, 1938.[1]

It was not

until five years later on April 19, 1943, that the psychedelic properties

were found.

Discovery

Albert Hofmann, born in Taluns, Switzerland, joined the

pharmaceutical-chemical department of Sandoz Laboratories, located

in Basel as a co-worker with professor Arthur Stoll, founder and

director of the pharmaceutical department.[2]

He began studying the

medicinal plant squill and the fungus ergot as part of a program to

purify and synthesize active constituents for use as pharmaceuticals.

His main contribution was to elucidate the chemical structure of the common nucleus of Scilla glycosides (an active

principal of Mediterranean Squill).[2]

While researching lysergic acid derivatives, Hofmann first synthesized LSD on

November 16, 1938.[3]

The main intention of the synthesis was to obtain a respiratory and circulatory stimulant (an

analeptic). It was set aside for five years, until April 16, 1943, when Hofmann decided to take a second look at it.

While re-synthesizing LSD, he accidentally absorbed a small amount of the drug through his fingertips and

serendipitously discovered its powerful effects.[4]

He described what he felt as being:

... affected by a remarkable restlessness, combined with a slight dizziness. At home I lay down and sank

into a not unpleasant intoxicated-like condition, characterized by an extremely stimulated imagination.

In a dreamlike state, with eyes closed (I found the daylight to be unpleasantly glaring), I perceived anuninterrupted stream of fantastic pictures, extraordinary shapes with intense, kaleidoscopic play of

colors. After some two hours this condition faded away.[5]

"Bicycle Day"

Bicycle Day Celebration Blotter

Three days later, April 19, 1943, Hofmann performed a

self-experiment to determine the true effects of LSD, intentionally

ingesting 0.25 milligrams (250 micrograms) of the substance, an

amount he predicted to be a threshold dose (an actual threshold dose is

20 micrograms).[6]

Less than an hour later, Hofmann experienced

sudden and intense changes in perception. He asked his laboratory

assistant to escort him home and, as use of motor vehicles was

prohibited because of wartime restrictions, they had to make the

journey on a bicycle. On the way, Hofmanns condition rapidly

deteriorated as he struggled with feelings of anxiety, alternating in his

beliefs that the next-door neighbor was a malevolent witch, that he was

going insane, and that the LSD had poisoned him. When the house doctor arrived, however, he could detect no

physical abnormalities, save for a pair of incredibly dilated pupils. Hofmann was reassured, and soon his terror

began to give way to a sense of good fortune and enjoyment, as he later wrote...

"... little by little I could begin to enjoy the unprecedented colors and plays of shapes that persisted

behind my closed eyes. Kaleidoscopic, fantastic images surged in on me, alternating, variegated,
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History of LSD 2

opening and then closing themselves in circles and spirals, exploding in colored fountains, rearranging

and hybridizing themselves in constant flux ..."

The events of the first LSD trip, now known as Bicycle Day, after the bicycle ride home, proved to Hofmann that

he had indeed made a significant discovery: a psychoactive substance with extraordinary potency, capable of causing

significant shifts of consciousness in incredibly low doses. Hofmann foresaw the drug as a powerful psychiatric tool;

because of its intense and introspective nature, he couldnt imagine anyone using it recreationally.

[7]

Bicycle day isincreasingly observed in psychedelic communities as a day to celebrate the discovery of LSD.

Psychiatric use

LSD was brought to the attention of the United States in 1949 by Sandoz Laboratories because they believed LSD

might have clinical applications.[8]

Throughout the 1950s, mainstream media reported on research into LSD, undergraduate psychology students taking

LSD as part of their education, described the effects of the drug, and its growing use in psychiatry. Time Magazine

published 6 positive reports on LSD between 1954 and 1959.[9]

LSD was originally perceived as a psychotomimetic capable of producing model psychosis.[10]

[11]

By the mid1950s, LSD research was being conducted in major American medical centers, where researchers used LSD as a

means of temporarily replicating the effects of mental illness. One of the leading authorities on LSD during the

1950s in the United States was the psychoanalyst Sidney Cohen. Cohen first took the drug on October 12, 1955 and

expected to have an unpleasant trip, but was surprised when he experienced no confused, disoriented delirium.[8]

He reported that the problems and strivings, the worries and frustrations of everyday life vanished; in their place

was a majestic, sunlit, heavenly inner quietude.[11]

Cohen immediately began his own experiments with LSD with

the help of Aldous Huxley whom he had met in 1955. In 1957, with the help of Betty Eisner, Cohen began

experimenting on whether or not LSD might have a helpful effect in facilitating psychotherapy, curing alcoholism,

and enhancing creativity.[8]

Between 1957 and 1958, they treated twenty-two patients who suffered from minor

personality disorders.[8]

LSD was also given to artists in order to track their mental deterioration,[12]

but Huxleybelieved LSD might enhance their creativity. Between 1958 and 1962, Oscar Janiger tested LSD on more than a

hundred painters, writers, and composers. By the late 1950s, LSD was being used by unlicensed therapists who were

drawn to it as a lucrative means to break down patients' psychological barriers; it was not uncommon for them to

charge $500 a session.

In one study in the late 1950s, Dr Humphry Osmond gave LSD to alcoholics in Alcoholics Anonymous who had

failed to quit drinking.[13]

After one year, around 50% of the study group had not had a drink a success rate that

has never been duplicated by any other means.[14]

In the United Kingdom the use of LSD was pioneered by Dr Ronald A. Sandison in 1952, at Powick Hospital,

Worcestershire. A special LSD unit was set up in 1958. After Dr Sandison left the hospital in 1964, medical

superintendent Dr Justin Johanson took over and used the drug until he retired in 1972. In all, 683 patients were

treated with LSD in 13,785 separate sessions at Powick, but Dr Spencer was the last member of the medical staff to

use it.[15]

From the late 1940s through the mid-1970s, extensive research and testing was conducted on LSD. During a 15-year

period beginning in 1950, research on LSD and other hallucinogens generated over 1000 scientific papers, several

dozen books, and 6 international conferences, and LSD was prescribed as treatment to over 40,000 patients. Film star

Cary Grant was one of many men during the '50s and '60s who were given LSD in concert with psychotherapy.

Many psychiatrists began taking the drug recreationally and sharing it with friends. Dr. Leary's experiments (see

Timothy Leary below) spread LSD usage to a much wider segment of the general populace.

Sandoz halted LSD production in August 1965 after growing governmental protests at its proliferation among thegeneral populace. The National Institute of Mental Health in the United States distributed LSD on a limited basis for
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scientific research. Scientific study of LSD largely ceased circa 1980 as research funding declined, and governments

became wary of permitting such research, fearing that the results of the research might encourage illicit LSD use. By

the end of the century there were few authorized researchers left, and their efforts were mostly directed towards

establishing approved protocols for further work with LSD in easing the suffering of the dying (See thanatotherapy)

and with drug addicts and alcoholics.

He began to hypothesize he could use LSD as a way to treat optic nerve hypoplasia, a congenital medical conditionwhere the optic disc appears abnormally small. To test this new hypothesis, Sutcliffe began his testing on lab mice

by making them ingest controlled amounts of LSD then dissecting them after to observe the results. He found an

inconsistency in his results in which only 70% of the mice had blood engorged frontal lobes, which he narrowed

down to previous history of high blood pressure and stress related problems. No other physical uses have been

proposed or tested.

Resistance and prohibition

By the mid-sixties the backlash against the use of LSD and its perceived corrosive effects on the values of the

Western middle class resulted in governmental action to restrict the availability of the drug by making any use of it

illegal. Despite a history of positive results of judicious use under controlled circumstances, LSD was declared a

"Schedule 1", even though this entails that the drug has a "high potential for abuse" and is without any "currently

accepted medical use in treatment". LSD was removed from legal circulation. To support this action, the United

States Drug Enforcement Administration claimed:

Although initial observations on the benefits of LSD were highly optimistic, empirical data developed

subsequently proved less promising ... Its use in scientific research has been extensive and its use has

been widespread. Although the study of LSD and other hallucinogens increased the awareness of how

chemicals could affect the mind, its use in psychotherapy largely has been debunked. It produces

aphrodisiac effects, does not increase creativity, has no lasting positive effect in treating alcoholics or

criminals, does not produce a 'model psychosis', and does not generate immediate personality change.However, drug studies have confirmed that the powerful hallucinogenic effects of this drug can produce

profound adverse reactions, such as acute panic reactions, psychotic crises, and "flashbacks", especially

in users ill-equipped to deal with such trauma.[16]

LSD became illegal in California on October 6, 1966. Other U.S. states and the rest of the world followed with the

ban.

Influential individuals

Aldous Huxley

Renowned British intellectual Aldous Huxley was one of the most important figures in the early history of LSD. He

was a figure of high repute in the world of letters and had become internationally famous through his novels Crome

Yellow, Antic Hay and his dystopian novel Brave New World. His experiments with psychedelic drugs (initially

mescaline) and his descriptions of them in his writings did much to spread awareness of psychedelic drugs to the

general public and arguably helped to glamorize their recreational use, although Huxley himself treated them very

seriously.

Huxley was introduced to psychedelic drugs in 1953 by a friend, psychiatrist Dr. Humphry Osmond. Osmond had

become interested in hallucinogens and their relationship to mental illness in the 1940s and during the 1950s he

made extensive studies of a number of drugs including mescaline and LSD. As noted above, Osmond had some

remarkable success in treating alcoholics with LSD.
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In May 1953 Osmond gave Huxley his first dose of mescaline, at the Huxley home. In 1954 Huxley recorded his

experiences in the landmark bookThe Doors of Perception; the title was drawn from a quotation by British artist and

poet William Blake. Huxley tried LSD for the first time in 1955, obtained from "Captain" Al Hubbard.

Alfred Hubbard

Alfred Matthew Hubbard is reputed to have introduced more than 6,000 people to LSD, including scientists,politicians, intelligence officials, diplomats, and church figures. He became known as the original "Captain Trips",

travelling about with a leather case containing pharmaceutically pure LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin. He became a

'freelance' apostle for LSD in the early 1950s after supposedly receiving an angelic vision telling him that something

important to the future of mankind would soon be coming.[17] When he read about LSD the next year, he

immediately sought and acquired LSD, which he tried for himself in 1951.

Although he had no medical training, Hubbard collaborated on running psychedelic sessions with LSD with Ross

McLean at Vancouver's Hollywood Hospital, with psychiatrists Abram Hoffer and Humphry Osmond, with Myron

Stolaroff at the International Federation for Advanced Study in Menlo Park, and with Willis Harman at Stanford

Research Institute (SRI). At various times over the next twenty years, Hubbard also reportedly worked for the

Canadian Special Services, the U.S. Justice Department and the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms. It is

also rumoured that he was involved with the CIA's MK-ULTRA project. How his government positions interacted

with his work with LSD is unknown.

Harold A. Abramson

In 1955, Time Magazine reported:

"In Manhattan, Psychiatrist Harold A. Abramson of the Cold Spring Harbor Biological Laboratory has developed a

technique of serving dinner to a group of subjects, topping off the meal with a liqueur glass containing 40

micrograms of LSD."[18]

This mention in America's most popular newsweekly is noteworthy because Harold A. Abramson was not apsychiatrist or even a psychologist, but was an allergist who was a key participant in the CIA MK-ULTRA

mind-control program.
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History of LSD 5

R. Gordon Wasson

In 1957, R. Gordon Wasson, the vice president of J.P.Morgan, published an article in Life Magazine extolling the

virtues of magic mushrooms.[19]

This prompted Albert Hoffman to isolate psilocybin in 1958 for distribution by

Sandoz with its product LSD in the U.S., further raising interest in LSD in the mass media.[20]

Following Wasson's

report, Timothy Leary visited Mexico to experience the mushrooms.

Dr. Timothy Leary

DEA agents Howard Safir (left) and Don

Strange (right) with Leary in custody

(1972).

Dr. Timothy Leary, a lecturer in psychology at Harvard University, was the

most prominent pro-LSD researcher. Leary claimed that using LSD with

the right dosage, set (what one brings to the experience), and setting,

preferably with the guidance of professionals, could alter behavior in

dramatic and beneficial ways.

Dr. Leary began conducting experiments with psilocybin in 1960 on

himself and a number of Harvard graduate students after trying

hallucinogenic mushrooms used in Native American religious rituals whilevisiting Mexico. His group began conducting experiments on state

prisoners, where they claimed a 90% success rate preventing repeat

offenses. Later reexamination of Leary's data reveals his results to be

skewed, whether intentionally or not; the percent of men in the study who

ended up back in prison later in life was approximately 2% lower than the

usual rate. Leary was later introduced to LSD, and he then incorporated that

drug into his research as his mental catalyst of choice. Leary claimed that

his experiments produced no murders, suicides, psychotic breaks, or bad

trips. On the contrary, almost all of Leary's participants reported profound

mystical experiences which they felt had a tremendous positive effect ontheir lives. While it is true that Leary's experiments did not lead to any

murders, he willfully chose to ignore the bad trips which occurred, as well as the attempted suicide of a woman the

day after she was given mescaline by Leary.

By 1962, faculty discontent with Leary's experiments reached critical mass. Leary was informed that the CIA was

monitoring his research (see Government experiments below). Many of the other faculty members had harboured

reservations about Leary's research, and powerful parents began complaining to the university about Leary's

distribution of hallucinogenic drugs to their children. Further, many undergraduate students who were not part of

Leary's research program heard of the profound experiences other students had undergone, and began taking LSD

(which was not illegal at the time) recreationally. Leary described LSD as a potent aphrodisiac in an interview with

Playboy magazine. When Leary left the University for an extended amount of time during the spring semester, thus

failing to fulfill his duties as professor, it was the last straw. Leary and another Harvard psychologist, Richard

Alpert, were dismissed from the university in 1963.

In 1964, they published The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead.

Leary and Alpert, unfazed by their dismissals, relocated first to Mexico, but were expelled from the country by the

Mexican government. They then set up at a large private mansion owned by William Hitchcock in New York,

known as Millbrook, where they continued their experiments. Their research lost its controlled scientific character as

the experiments transformed into LSD parties. Leary later wrote, "We saw ourselves as anthropologists from the

twenty-first century inhabiting a time module set somewhere in the Dark Ages of the 1960s. On this space colony we

were attempting to create a new paganism and a new dedication to life as art."
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History of LSD 6

A judge who expressed dislike for Dr. Leary's books sentenced him to 30 years in prison for possession of half a

marijuana cigarette (which was later reversed by the Supreme Court inLeary v. United States). Publicity surrounding

the case further cemented Leary's growing reputation as a counter cultural guru. Around this time, President Richard

Nixon described Leary as "the most dangerous man in America." Repeated FBI raids instigated the end of the

Millbrook experiment. Leary refocused his efforts towards countering the tremendous amount of anti-LSD

propaganda then being issued by the United States government, coining the slogan, "Turn on, tune in, drop out."

Many experts blame Leary and his activism for the near-total suppression of psychedelic research over the next thirty

five years.[21]

[22]

Owsley Stanley

Historically, LSD was distributed not for profit, but because those who made and distributed it truly believed that the

psychedelic experience could do good for humanity, that it expanded the mind and could bring understanding and

love. A limited number of chemists, probably fewer than a dozen, are believed to have manufactured nearly all of the

illicit LSD available in the United States. The best known of these is undoubtedly Augustus Owsley Stan ley III,

usually known simply as Owsley. The former chemistry student set up a private LSD lab in the mid-Sixties in San

Francisco and supplied the LSD consumed at the famous Merry Pranksters parties held by Ken Kesey and his Merry

Pranksters, and other major events such as the Gathering of the tribes in San Francisco in January 1967. He also had

close social connections to leading San Francisco bands the Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane, Jefferson Starship,

and Big Brother and The Holding Company, regularly supplied them with his LSD and also worked as their live

sound engineer and made many tapes of these groups in concert. Owsley's LSD activities immortalized by Steely

Dan in their song "Kid Charlemagne" ended with his arrest at the end of 1967, but some other manufacturers

probably operated continuously for 30 years or more. Announcing Owsley's first bust in 1966, The San Francisco

Chronicle's headline "LSD Millionaire Arrested" inspired the rare Grateful Dead song "Alice D. Millionaire."[23]

Owsley associated with other early LSD producers, Tim Scully and Nicholas Sand.

Ken Kesey

Ken Kesey was born in La Junta, Colorado to dairy farmers Frederick A. Kesey and Ginevra Smith.[24]

In 1946, the

family moved to Springfield, Oregon.[25]

A champion wrestler in both high school and college, he graduated from

Springfield High School in 1953.[25]

Kesey attended the University of Oregon's School of Journalism, where he received a degree in speech and

communication in 1957, where he was also a brother of Beta Theta Pi. He was awarded a Woodrow Wilson National

Fellowship in 1958 to enroll in the creative writing program at Stanford University, which he did the following

year.[25]

While at Stanford, he studied under Wallace Stegner and began the manuscript that would become One

Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.

At Stanford in 1959, Kesey volunteered to take part in a CIA-financed study named Project MKULTRA at the

Menlo Park Veterans Hospital. The project studied the effects of psychoactive drugs, particularly LSD, psilocybin,

mescaline, cocaine, AMT, and DMT on people.[25]

Kesey wrote many detailed accounts of his experiences with

these drugs, both during the Project MKULTRA study and in the years of private experimentation that followed.

Kesey's role as a medical guinea pig inspired him to write One Flew Overthe Cuckoo'sNestin 1962. The success of

this book, as well as the sale of his residence at Stanford, allowed him to move to La Honda, Ca lifornia, in the

mountains south of San Francisco. He frequently entertained friends and many others with parties he called "Acid

Tests" involving music (such as Kesey's favorite band, The Warlocks, later known as the Grateful Dead), black

lights, fluorescent paint, strobes and other "psychedelic" effects, and, of course, LSD. These parties were noted in

some of Allen Ginsberg's poems and are also described in Tom Wolfe's The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, as well as

Hell's Angels: The Strange and Terrible Saga of the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs by Hunter S. Thompson and

Freewheelin Frank, Secretary of the Hell's Angels by Frank Reynolds. Ken Kesey was also said to have
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://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Owsley_Stanleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turn_on%2C_tune_in%2C_drop_outhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Propagandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FBIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Nixonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Nixonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leary_v._United_States


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History of LSD 7

experimented with LSD with Ringo Starr in 1965 and in fact influenced the set up for his future performances with

The Beatles in the UK.

In the summer of 1964, Kesey's Merry Pranksters customised a bus and set out on a tour to propagate LSD use.

Sidney Cohen

In 1964, Los Angeles Psychiatrist Sidney Cohen published 'The Beyond Within: the LSD Story'.[26] Cohen hadconducted research on the drug's effects at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Los Angeles.

[27]

In an interview with Cohen for the publication, Time magazine reported:

[LSD's] effects on the mind... are so fantastic that most experimenters insist words are not the right medium

for describing them.

And

Dr. Cohen and other reputable researchers have been disturbed by what he calls the "beatnik microculture" and

its abuses of LSD and other hallucinogens. The danger, he says, is that public reaction against oddball antics

may set back serious research for many years.[28]

Secret government experiments

The CIA became interested in LSD when they read reports alleging that American prisoners during the Korean War

were being brainwashed with the use of some sort of drug or lie serum. LSD was the original centerpiece of the

United States Central Intelligence Agency's top secret MK-ULTRA project, an ambitious undertaking conducted

from the 1950s through the 1970s designed to explore the possibilities of pharmaceutical mind control. Hundreds of

participants, including CIA agents, government employees, military personnel, prostitutes, members of the general

public, and mental patients were given LSD, many without their knowledge or consent. The experiments often

involved severe psychological torture. To guard against outward reactions, doctors conducted experiments in clinics

and laboratories where subjects were monitored by EEG machines and had their words recorded.[29]

Some studies

investigated whether drugs, stress or specific environmental conditions could be used to break prisoners or to induce

confessions. The CIA also created The Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology which was a CIA funding

front which provided grants to social scientists and medical researchers investigating questions of interest related to

the MK-ULTRA program. Between 1960 and 1963, the CIA gave $856 782 worth of grants to different

organizations.[29]

The researchers eventually concluded that LSD's effects were too varied and uncontrollable to

make it of any practical use as a truth drug, and the project moved on to other substances. It would be decades before

the US government admitted the existence of the project and offered apologies to the families of those who had died

during the experiments.
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History of LSD 8

Recreational use

From 1960 to 1980

Estimated annual numbers of first-time LSD use in the United States among persons aged

12 or older: 1967-2008.

LSD began to be used recreationally in

certain (primarily medical) circles.

Some psychiatric and medical

professionals, acquainted with LSD in

their work, began using it themselves

and sharing it with friends and

associates. Among the first to do so

was British psychiatrist Humphry

Osmond, who first gave the drug to

author Aldous Huxley and who coined

the term "psychedelic" to describe its

effects.

Psychedelic subculture goes

mainstream

LSD historian Jay Stevens, author of

the book Storming Heaven: LSD and

the American Dream, has said that, in

the early days of its recreational use,

LSD users (who were at that time

mostly academics and medical professional people) fell into two broadly delineated groups. The first group, which

was essentially conservative and was exemplified by Huxley, felt that LSD was too powerful and too dangerous toallow its immediate and widespread introduction, and that its use ought to be restricted to the 'elite' members of

society artists, writers, scientists who could mediate its gradual distribution throughout society. The second

and more radical group, typified by Alpert and Leary, felt that LSD had the power to revolutionize society and that it

should be spread as widely as possible and be available to all.

During the 1960s, this second 'group' of casual LSD users evolved and expanded into a subculture that extolled the

mystical and religious symbolism often engendered by the drug's powerful effects, and advocated its use as a method

of raising consciousness. The personalities associated with the subculture, gurus such as Dr. Timothy Leary and

psychedelic rock musicians such as the Grateful Dead, Jimi Hendrix, Pink Floyd, Jefferson Airplane and The Beatles

soon attracted a great deal of publicity, generating further interest in LSD.

The popularization of LSD outside of the medical world was hastened when individuals such as Ken Kesey

participated in drug trials and liked what they saw. Tom Wolfe wrote a widely read account of these early days of

LSD's entrance into the non-academic world in his book The Electric Kool Aid Acid Test, which documented the

cross-country, acid-fueled voyage of Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters on the psychedelic bus "Furthur" and the

Pranksters' later 'Acid Test' LSD parties.

In 1965, Sandoz laboratories stopped its still legal shipments of LSD to the United States for research and psychiatric

use, after a request from the U.S. government concerned about its use.

By April 1966, LSD use had become so widespread that Time Magazine warned about its dangers.[30]

In December 1966, the exploitation film Hallucination Generation was released.[31]

This was followed by The Trip

(film) in 1967 and Psych-Out in 1968.
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9/12

History of LSD 9

Musicians and LSD

On March 27, 1965, Beatles John Lennon and George Harrison (and their wives) were dosed with LSD without their

permission by their dentist, Dr. John Riley. Lennon mentioned the incident in his famous 1970 Rolling Stone

interview, but the name of the dentist was only revealed in 2006.[32]

On August 24, 1965[33]

The Beatles except Paul McCartney, took their second trip on LSD.[34]

The same month, The Pretty Things released an album Get the Picture? which included a track entitled 'L.S.D.'

LSD became a headline item in early 1967. The Beatles, an incredibly popular group during the '60s, admitted to

having been under the influence of LSD. Earlier in the year, British tabloid News of the World ran a sensational

three-week series on 'drug parties' hosted by rock group The Moody Blues and attended by leading stars including

Donovan, The Who's Pete Townshend and Cream drummer Ginger Baker. Largely as a result of collusion between

News of the World journalists and the London Drug Squad, many pop stars including Donovan, and Mick Jagger

and Keith Richards of The Rolling Stones were arrested for drug possession, although none of the arrests involved

LSD.

The music of groups including The Beatles had also begun to show the obvious influence of their experiences with

LSD. John Lennon wrote a song which many assumed referred to LSD, "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", althoughJohn Lennon always dismissed the connection as coincidence. Lennon and Harrison, however, had been

experimenting with the drug since 1965. The songs "She Said She Said" (the line,'I know what it's like to be dead' is

from an LSD trip the Beatles took with actor Peter Fonda. Fonda said those words repeatedly to John Lennon during

the acid trip) and "Tomorrow Never Knows" (many lines of which Lennon borrowed from Leary's "The Psychedelic

Experience") from the album Revolverwere clearly about LSD trips. During that same time, bands such as Pink

Floyd, Jefferson Airplane, and the Grateful Dead helped give birth to a genre known as "psychedelic rock" or acid

rock. The FBI suggested in now declassified documents that the Grateful Dead were responsible for introducing LSD

to the U.S.[35]

The tradition of psychedelic music carried over into the mid seventies when groups like Jefferson

Starship recorded songs such asFading Lady Lightthat were obviously about LSD trips.

LSD in Australia

LSD was evidently in limited recreational use in Australia in the early 1960s, but is believed to have been initially

restricted to those with connections to the scientific and the medical communities. LSD overdose was suggested as a

possible cause of the January 2, 1962 deaths of CSIRO scientists Dr Gilbert Bogle and his lover Dr Margaret

Chandler, but this is very unlikely as there are no known cases of LSD fatal overdose and other more likely causes of

death have been suggested. Large quantities of LSD began to appear in Australia around 1968, and soon permeated

the music scene and youth culture in general, especially in the capital cities. The major source of supply during this

period is believed to have been American servicemen visiting Australia (mainly Sydney) from Vietnam on 'rest and

recreation' (R&R) leave, although the growing connections between American and Australian organized crime in the

late 1960s may also have facilitated its importation. Recreational LSD use among young people was on a par withthat in other countries in Australia by the early 1970s and continued until late in the decade. LSD is not believed to

have been manufactured locally in a significant quantity (if at all) and most if not all supplies were sourced from

overseas.

Production of LSD

During the late 1960s and early 1970s, the drug culture adopted LSD as the psychedelic drug of choice, particularly

amongst the hippie community. However, LSD dramatically decreased in popularity in the mid-1970s. This decline

was due to negative publicity centred on side-effects of LSD use (most misleading or patently false), its

criminalization, and the increasing effectiveness of drug law enforcement efforts, rather than new medical

information. The last country to produce LSD legally (until 1975) was Czechoslovakia; during the 1960s,high-quality LSD was imported from the communist country to California, a fact appreciated by Leary in The
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10/12

History of LSD 10

Politics of Ecstasy.

The first ever home grown UK 'acid lab' was busted in 1969. Up to then, all LSD had been imported from the U.S. or

was remnant produce of Sandoz before it stopped producing LSD. The lab in Kent, and a flat in London were raided

simultaneously and quantities of equipment and LSD seized along with the two men who had been making the LSD;

Quentin Theobald and Peter Simmons.

The availability of LSD had been drastically reduced by the late 1970s due to a combination of governmentalcontrols and law enforcement. The supply of constituent chemicals (notably ergotamine tartrate) was placed under

tight surveillance and government funding for LSD research was almost totally eliminated. These efforts were

augmented by a series of major busts in England and Europe. One of the most famous was "Operation Julie" in

Britain in 1978; it broke up one of the largest LSD manufacturing and distribution operations in the world at that

time, headed by chemist Richard Kemp. The group targeted by the Julie task force were reputed to have had links to

the mysterious Brotherhood of Eternal Love and to Ronald Stark.

Modern times

LSD made a comeback in the 1980s accompanying the advent of recreational MDMA use, first in the punk and

gothic subcultures through dance clubs, then in the 1990s through the acid house scene and raver subculture. LSD

use and availability declined sharply following a raid of a large scale LSD lab in 2000 (see LSD in the United

States). Since the late 1980s, there has also been a revival of hallucinogen research more broadly, which, in recent

years, has included preclinical and clinical studies involving LSD. this includes "2-C" compounds[36]

[37]

References

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2009-11-16.

[3] Dr. Albert Hofmann; translated from the original German (LSD Ganz Persnlich) by J. Ott. MAPS-Volume 6 Number 69 Summer 1969

(http://www.maps. org/news-letters/v06n3/06346hof. html)

[4] "Europe | LSD inventor Albert Hofmann dies" (http://news.bbc.co. uk/2/hi/europe/7374846. stm). BBC News. 2008-04-30. . Retrieved

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[5] Hofmann 1980, p. 15

[6] by Erowid (2009-03-18). "Erowid LSD Vault : Dosage" (http://www.erowid. org/chemicals/lsd/lsd_dose. shtml). Erowid.org. . Retrieved

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[7] "LSD Discovery-Albert Hofmann + Hofmann at 99 years" (http://skeptically. org/recres/id8.html). Skeptically.org. . Retrieved

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[8] Novak J.,Steven:"LSD before Leary:Sidney Cohen's Critique of 1950s Psychedelic Drug Research",Isis, Vol. 88, No.1 pp. 87-110

[9] Time. 1944-04-03. http://search. time.com/results. html?cmd=tags& D=LSD&sid=126E7F5CAA03& Ntt=LSD& Ntk=WithBody2009&

Ntx=mode+ matchallpartial%2bsnip%2bp_body%3a25& Ns=p_date_range. Retrieved 2010-05-04.

[10] Langlitz, Nicolas "Ceci nest pas une psychose. Toward a Historical Epistemology of Model Psychoses" (http://www.palgrave-journals.

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[12] Novak J.,Steven:"LSD before Leary:Sidney Cohen's Critique of 1950s Psychedelic Drug Research",Isis,Vol. 88, No.1 pp. 87-110

[13] Dyck, Erika. 'Psychedelic Psychiatry: LSD From Clinic to Campus. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008.

[14] Maclean, J.R.; Macdonald, D.C.; Ogden, F.; Wilby, E., "LSD-25 and mescaline as therapeutic adjuvants." In: Abramson, H., Ed., The Use of

LSD in Psychotherapy and Alcoholism, Bobbs-Merrill: New York, 1967, pp. 407426; Ditman, K.S.; Bailey, J.J., "Evaluating LSD as a

psychotherapeutic agent," pp.7480; Hoffer, A., "A program for the treatment of alcoholism: LSD, malvaria, and nicotinic acid," pp. 353402.

[15] "Patients urged to tell of LSD therapy" (http://archive.thisisworcestershire. co. uk/2004/1/26/139994. html).Newsquest Media Group. .

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[16] DEA Public Affairs (2001-11-16). "DEA - Publications - LSD in the US - The Drug" (http://web. petabox. bibalex.org/web/

20011116091659/www.usdoj. gov/dea/pubs/lsd/lsd-4. htm). Web.petabox.bibalex.org. . Retrieved 2010-04-20.

[17] http://www.fargonebooks. com/high. html

[18] Monday, Dec. 19, 1955 (1955-12-19). "Medicine: Artificial Psychoses" (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/

0,9171,861768-2,00. html#ixzz0g1A0wDrQ). TIME. . Retrieved 2010-04-20.
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,861768-2,00.html#ixzz0g1A0wDrQhttp://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,861768-2,00.html#ixzz0g1A0wDrQhttp://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,861768-2,00.html#ixzz0g1A0wDrQhttp://www.fargonebooks.com/high.htmlhttp://web.petabox.bibalex.org/web/20011116091659/www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/lsd/lsd-4.htmhttp://web.petabox.bibalex.org/web/20011116091659/www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/lsd/lsd-4.htmhttp://archive.thisisworcestershire.co.uk/2004/1/26/139994.htmlhttp://www.palgrave-journals.com/biosoc/journal/v1/n2/abs/biosoc200616a.htmlhttp://www.palgrave-journals.com/biosoc/journal/v1/n2/abs/biosoc200616a.htmlhttp://search.time.com/results.html?cmd=tags&D=LSD&sid=126E7F5CAA03&Ntt=LSD&Ntk=WithBody2009&Ntx=mode+matchallpartial%2bsnip%2bp_body%3a25&Ns=p_date_rangehttp://search.time.com/results.html?cmd=tags&D=LSD&sid=126E7F5CAA03&Ntt=LSD&Ntk=WithBody2009&Ntx=mode+matchallpartial%2bsnip%2bp_body%3a25&Ns=p_date_rangehttp://skeptically.org/recres/id8.htmlhttp://www.erowid.org/chemicals/lsd/lsd_dose.shtmlhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7374846.stmhttp://www.maps.org/news-letters/v06n3/06346hof.htmlhttp://www.flashback.se/archive/my_problem_child/chapter1.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lysergic_acid_diethylamide%23United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lysergic_acid_diethylamide%23United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ravehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid_househttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gothic_subculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Starkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brotherhood_of_Eternal_Lovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Kemp_%28chemist%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Juliehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ergotamine_tartratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quentin_Theobaldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Politics_of_Ecstasy_%28book%29


11/12

History of LSD 11

[19] Joaquim Tarinas. "ROBERT GORDON WASSON Seeking the Magic Mushroom" (http://www.imaginaria.org/wasson/life.htm).

Imaginaria.org. . Retrieved 2010-04-20.

[20] Monday, Jun. 16, 1958 (1958-06-16). "Medicine: Mushroom Madness" (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/

0,9171,863497,00. html). TIME. . Retrieved 2010-04-20.

[21] Hofmann, Albert (1980). "From Remedy to Inebriant" (http://www.flashback. se/archive/my_problem_child/chapter5. html).LSD: My

Problem Child. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 29. ISBN 978-0070293250. . "The evolution of LSD from remedy to inebriating drug was,

however, primarily promoted by the activities of Dr. Timothy Leary and Dr. Richard Alpert of Harvard University"

[22] Cohen, Sidney (1965).Drugs of hallucination: The uses and misuses of lysergic acid diethylamide. London: Secker & Warburg.

pp. 224225. "Bad research is worse than no research, for it takes much tedious repetition to correct it. As "research" it conveys an aura of

reliability, and eventually it comes to be quoted and requited in publications as established fact. It is the curse of every science, especially the

behavioural sciences."

[23] Selvin, Joel (2007-07-12). "For the unrepentant patriarch of LSD, long, strange trip winds back to Bay Area" (http://www.sfgate. com/

cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/07/12/MNGK0QV7HS1.DTL). San Francisco Chronicle. p. A-1. . Retrieved 2008-02-01.

[24] Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher. " Ken Kesey, Author of 'Cuckoo's Nest,' Who Defined the Psychedelic Era, Dies at 66 (http://query. nytimes.

com/gst/fullpage. html?res=9D02EFDC1238F932A25752C1A9679C8B63& sec=& spon=& pagewanted=1)". The New York Times

(November 11, 2001). Retrieved on February 21, 2008.

[25] Baker, Jeff (November 11, 2001). "All times a great artist, Ken Kesey is dead at age 66". The Oregonian: pp. A1.

[26] Friday, Dec. 18, 1964 (1964-12-18). "Drugs: The Pros & Cons of LSD" (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/

0,9171,876484,00. html). TIME. . Retrieved 2010-04-20.

[27] Sullum, Jacob (2011-01-05) 'I Wish I Could Talk in Technicolor' (http:/

/

reason.

com/

blog/

2011/

01/

05/

i-wish-i-could-talk-in-technic),Reason

[28] Friday, Dec. 18, 1964 (1964-12-18). "Drugs: The Pros & Cons of LSD" (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/

0,9171,876484-3,00. html#ixzz0g1GEjMDk). TIME. . Retrieved 2010-04-20.

[29] Price H, David: "Buying a Piece of Anthrology Part 1: Human Ecology and Unwitting Anthropological Research for the CIA"Anthropology

Today, Vol.23 No.3 pp.8-13

[30] Friday, Apr. 22, 1966 (1966-04-22). "Drugs: The Dangers of LSD" (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899158,00.

html). TIME. . Retrieved 2010-04-20.

[31] http://www.imdb. com/title/tt0060488/

[32] Herbert, Ian (2006-09-09). "Revealed: Dentist who introduced Beatles to LSD" (http://www.independent. co. uk/arts-entertainment/

music/news/revealed-dentist-who-introduced-beatles-to-lsd-415230. html). The Independent(London). .

[33] Miles 1998, p. 169.

[34] Brown & Gaines 2002, pp. 171172.

[35] http://countyourculture. com/2011/04/07/lsd-fbi-vault/

[36] Lim HK, Andrenyak D, Francom P, Foltz RL, Jones RT. Quantification of LSD and N-demethyl-LSD in urine by gas

chromatography/resonance electron capture ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. 1988 Jul 15;60(14):1420-5. PubMed PMID: 3218752

(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/3218752)

[37] Langlitz, Nicolas. The Revival of Hallucinogen Research since the Decade of the Brain. (http://www.nicolaslanglitz.de/nicolaslanglitz.

de/Texts_files/Langlitz - NEUROPSYCHEDELIA Proquest. pdf). Ph.D. thesis. University of California: Berkeley, 2007. Langlitz, Nicolas

"The Persistence of the Subjective in Neuropsychopharmacology. Observations of Contemporary Hallucinogen Research" (http://hhs.

sagepub. com/content/23/1/37),History of the Human Sciencess, 23:1, 2010, pp. 37-57.

Further reading... Lee, Martin A. and Bruce Shlain. Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA,

the Sixties, and Beyond (1992) ISBN 978-0-8021-3062-4

External links

WatchHofmann's Potion, a documentary on the origins of LSD (http://www.nfb.ca/film/hofmanns_potion)

LSD Returns--For Psychotherapeutics (Scientific American Magazine article) (http://www.scientificamerican.

com/article. cfm?id=return-of-a-problem-child)
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=return-of-a-problem-childhttp://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=return-of-a-problem-childhttp://www.nfb.ca/film/hofmanns_potionhttp://hhs.sagepub.com/content/23/1/37http://hhs.sagepub.com/content/23/1/37http://www.nicolaslanglitz.de/nicolaslanglitz.de/Texts_files/Langlitz%20-%20NEUROPSYCHEDELIA%20Proquest.pdfhttp://www.nicolaslanglitz.de/nicolaslanglitz.de/Texts_files/Langlitz%20-%20NEUROPSYCHEDELIA%20Proquest.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3218752http://countyourculture.com/2011/04/07/lsd-fbi-vault/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/revealed-dentist-who-introduced-beatles-to-lsd-415230.htmlhttp://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/revealed-dentist-who-introduced-beatles-to-lsd-415230.htmlhttp://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060488/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899158,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899158,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876484-3,00.html#ixzz0g1GEjMDkhttp://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876484-3,00.html#ixzz0g1GEjMDkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reason_magazinehttp://reason.com/blog/2011/01/05/i-wish-i-could-talk-in-technichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Sullumhttp://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876484,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876484,00.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_York_Timeshttp://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D02EFDC1238F932A25752C1A9679C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D02EFDC1238F932A25752C1A9679C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Lehmann-Haupthttp://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/07/12/MNGK0QV7HS1.DTLhttp://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/07/12/MNGK0QV7HS1.DTLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joel_Selvinhttp://www.flashback.se/archive/my_problem_child/chapter5.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,863497,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,863497,00.htmlhttp://www.imaginaria.org/wasson/life.htm


12/12

Article Sources and Contributors 12

Article Sources and ContributorsHistory of LSD Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=462116706 Contributors: 119, Aelffin, Alansohn, Alois.Daniel, Andrew Robertson, Angel's flight, Anna Lincoln, Antiuser,

Audaciter, Aymatth2, B, Barrettam, BenTremblay, Bentropy, Binary TSO, Bobo192, Bongwarrior, BorgQueen, Brutalhovno, Bus stop, C-alexak, Cacycle, Caligvla, CanadianLinuxUser,

Capricorn42, Ceyockey, CharonX, ChiragPatnaik, Chopbox, Chumchum7, Circeus, Clairejames2, Colorred, ConCompS, Connelly, CrookedAsterisk, Cydog, D-Rock, DaL33T, DarkfireTaimatsu,

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Enedrox, Epbr123, Excirial, FadePP, Falcon8765, Fastily, Ferdinand Pienaar, Ferrariracing13, Fluffernutter, Flwyd, Fourthords, Frankenpuppy, Futurama14, GTBacchus, Gdr, GeeJo, Gene

Nygaard, Genovipers, GoingBatty, Grayfell, Grim23, Guoguo12, HaeB, Haiduc, HalfShadow, Heah, HiLo48, IRP, Ianlopez1115, Iridescent, ItsZippy, J.delanoy, Jack324, Jamiehumanities,

January, Jason Mathers, Jason7825, Jasonstephensbrighton, John.St, Johnpseudo, Jonathan.s.kt, Jonathunder, Jrtayloriv, Jxm, Kartano, Kellyprice, Kingpin13, Kiwizzarrd, Kst447, LSDx-pertz,Langlitz, Lazulilasher, Lightmouse, Lincmad, LloydT, M2Ys4U, Mac Davis, Maheddon, Mandarax, Marek69, Markoff Chaney, Martinevans123, Mathemonkey, Matthew Fennell, McGeddon,

Meco, Mikeo, Moonkey, Mufka, Muugokszhiion, My76Strat, Myscrnnm, N1gth, Nathan, NellieBly, Nettyboo, Nfm, NiTeChiLLeR, Nojoydivision, Ochib, OlenWhitaker, Oreo Priest, Paste,

Peter coxhead, Phantomsteve, Phauly, PhilMacD, Piast93, Pinethicket, Pl2241, Plasticup, Pointsmany, PrincessofLlyr, Psychonaught, Qwertyus, Qwrk, RJII, Rastko Pocesta, Raymm, Redrocket,

RepublicanJacobite, ResidentAnthropologist, Rjwilmsi, Rmcolley73, Robinatron, Ronhjones, Rror, Ruebrylla, Sade, Sairen42, Sal.farina, Sanfranman59, Seaphoto, Sfmammamia, Shadowjams,

Shawn in Montreal, Shii, Sin-man, Slysplace, Soap, Spencer, Steakmanhattan, Stephenb, Storm Rider, Susurrus, T3h 1337 b0y, TBRoberts, TR166ER, Tandersonian, Tassedethe, Tesscass, The

Thing That Should Not Be, The undertow, TheRingess, Thecheesykid, Thesphere, Tide rolls, Tommy2010, Tova Hella, Trevor MacInnis, Trialsanderrors, True Pagan Warrior, Turkeyphant,

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Woody, Woohookitty, WriterHound, Yerocus, Zachorious, ZayZayEM, Zetawoof, Zhunn, ZooFari, 538 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:Ruby Slippers LSD Sheet.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ruby_Slippers_LSD_Sheet.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Contributors:

Mladifilozof, William Rafti of the William Rafti Institute, 2 anonymous edits

Image:Hoffman Bicycle Day.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hoffman_Bicycle_Day.JPGLicense: Public Domain Contributors: Psychonaught

Image:Leary-DEA.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Leary-DEA.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: DEA

File:LSD annual new use USA 1967-2008.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:LSD_annual_new_use_USA_1967-2008.pngLicense: Public Domain Contributors:

Zhunn

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