lqm qur'anic arabic notes level 1 v9 - internet archive
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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم LQ Mississauga
Qur’anic Arabic Notes – Level 1 (v. 9)
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1 Parts of Speech 9 همزة الوصل وهمزة القطع 17 The Relative Pronoun ( الاسم الموصول)2 Arabic Alphabets 10 Preposition ( حرف جر) & Genitive case ( (مجرور 18 The Past Tense Verb (الفعل الماضي)3 Arabic Vowel Signs 11 Detached Pronoun ( ضجمير منفجصل) 19 Attached Pronoun ( ضمير متصل)
4 Indefinite vs. Definite 12 إلجيه وجمضجاف مضجاف 20 ر م ومبتدا مؤخ خبر مقد5 This (هذا) vs. That ( ذلك) 13 Gender Introduction 21 Plural ( جمع)
6 Solar vs. Lunar Letters 14 Substitute ( بدل) 22 Numbers ( اعداد)7 Noun Endings 15 Adverb ( ظرف) 23 The Diptote رف ) (الممنوع من الص8 Nominal Sentence Intro 16 Adjective ( نعت) 24 Types of predicate ( انواع الخبر)
Topics
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Copyright Notice
Qur’anic Arabic Notes – Level 1 (v. 9) | [email protected] | www.lqmississauga.com | © LQ Mississauga
Revision History
Date Ver Author Revision Comments
Nov. 23, 2012 1 Zahid Naeem Consolidated Part 1 thru 5 as one set
Dec. 17, 2012 2 Zahid Naeem Added some more pages for past tense verb
Feb. 2, 2013 3 Zahid Naeem Modified some pages for plurals
Mar. 21, 2013 4 Zahid Naeem Added some pages for irrational plurals
Apr. 25, 2013 5 Zahid Naeem Added some pages for diptotes
Nov. 3, 2013 6 Zahid Naeem Modified the slide for types of khabar
Sep. 10, 2014 7 Zahid Naeem Minor fixes for typos (مذكر)
Mar. 24, 2015 8 Zahid Naeem Fixed several typos
Dec. 03, 2019 9 Zahid Naeem Changed page size to 16x9, added cover page and updated copyright notice
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Parts of Speech – English vs. Arabic
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▪ English has eight parts of speech
1. Noun (A word which refers to a person, a place, or a thing, e.g. teacher, town, bus)
2. Pronoun (A word like he, they, and we used to replace a noun)
3. Adjective (A word that describes a noun, e.g. a tall man)
4. Adverb (A word that gives additional information about how, when or where an action takes
place, e.g. He walked slowly, They will arrive tomorrow)
5. Interjection (A word that is independent of other words and is used as is, e.g. hello and hi)
6. Verb (The action or doing word, e.g. sleep, eat, drink)
7. Conjunction (A word joining two clauses in a sentence, e.g. and, because, but)
8. Preposition (A word used to relate a noun or pronoun to some other part, e.g. of, at)
▪ Arabic has only three parts of speech
1. Noun اسم2. Verb فعل3. Particle حرف
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Parts of Speech – English vs. Arabic
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English Arabic
Noun
Noun اسم Pronoun
Adjective
Adverb
Interjection
Verb Verb فعل Conjunction
Particle حرف Preposition
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Arabic Alphabets
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▪ Arabic has 29 letters of alphabet
▪ 28 Consonants (have speech sound)
▪ Alif - serves two purposes
▪ Elongates a consonant, e.g. كتاب▪ Act as a bearer of همزة (hamza), e.g. اب
ر ذ د خ ح ج ث ت ب ا10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ف غ ع ظ ط ض ص ش س ز20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11
ء ي و ه ن م ل ك ق29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21
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Arabic Vowel Signs
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Name Sign Sound Example
Dammah ة ) (ضم ـــ “u” هندس م Fathah (فتحة ) ـــ “a” ندس ه م Kasrah (كسرة ) ـــ “i” س د مهن
Arabic has 3 short vowels
Long Vowel Sound Example
و to elongate Dammah ة ) (ضم “û” ح تـو مف ا to elongate Fathah (فتحة ) “â” ب بـاي to elongate Kasrah (كسرة ) “î” ص ميق
Long vowels are formed by adding the associated letters to the short vowels
Name Sign Example
Sukûn (سكون ) ــ ـ سور ك م Absence of a vowel sign is denoted by Sukûn (سكون )
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Indefinite & Definite
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▪ Like English, Arabic nouns can be indefinite ( نكرة) or definite ( معرفة)
▪ An indefinite noun is indicated by تنوين, which doubles the vowel sign at the end
of the word, e.g.
▪ A book – كتاب ▪ A chair - كرسي
▪ A Definite noun is indicated by الـ prefixed to the noun. This also results in
eliminating the تنوين at the end of the word, e.g.
▪ The book - الكتاب ▪ The chair - الكرسي
▪ الـ and تنوين cannot coexist. So الكتاب will be incorrect
▪ Please note many proper nouns, e.g. د خالد , محم end with تنوين, but they are still
definite
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This (هذا) vs. That ( ذلك)
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This is a book ( كتاب هذا )
That is a door ( باب ذلك )
▪ Demonstrative pronoun شارة ) (اسم الا ▪ هذا شارة للقريب : اسم الا ▪ ذلك شارة للبعيد : اسم الا
▪ Like all pronouns, these are definite
▪ These are masculine , i.e. these are used when pointing to masculine nouns
▪ They have feminine counterparts – will learn later
▪ هذا and ذلك are pronounced as هاذا and ذالك respectively,
but are written without the alif
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What (ما) vs. Who ( من)
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ما من Meaning “What” “Who”
Usage Used for irrational things e.g. non-living ,(غير عاقل )
things, animals, plants etc.
Used for rational beings These include human .(عاقل )
beings, jinns, and angels.
Example What is this? (ما هذا) Who is this? (من هذا)
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Particle of Interrogation and Answer
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▪ This is a house ( هذا بيت)
▪ Is this a house? (اهذا بيت؟)▪ Prefixing ا to a statement turns it into a question
▪ Used in this context ا is called حرف الاستفهام (particle of interrogation)
▪ لا means “no”
▪ نعم means “yes”
▪ لا and نعم are called حروف الجواب (particles of answer)
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Solar Letters
مسية الحروف الشLunar Letters
الحروف القمرية
Solar vs. Lunar Letters (1 of 2)
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28 Consonant Letters1414
ش ال م مر ق ال
This distinction is only for pronunciation of words starting with these letters when
prefixed with الـ (the definite article)
The letter ل IS NOT pronounced. The correct
pronunciation is ash-shamsu, not al-shamsu
The letter ل IS pronounced. The
pronunciation is al-qamaru
The assimilation of ل is indicated by the
shaddah on the solar letterNo shaddah is necessary on the lunar letter
Articulation of solar letters involves the tip
of the tongue, e.g., ر, ن, ش, س, تTip of the tongue plays no role for lunar
letters, e.g., و, ك, م, ق, ب
ش is an example of a solar letter ق is an example of a lunar letter
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Solar vs. Lunar Letters (2 of 2)
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م الش ش التاجر تدر الص ص الثوب ث
يف الض ض يك الد دالطالب ط هب الذ ذ
الظهر ظ الرجل راللحم ل هرة الز زالنجم ن مك الس س
الفم ف الاب ا القمر ق الباب ب
الكلب ك الجنة جالماء م الحمار حالولد و الخبز خ
الهواء ه العين عاليد ي الغداء غ
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Noun Endings
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▪ In Arabic, nouns have different endings to show their function in a sentence
▪ These are called noun cases or case-endings ( ا عراب)
EnglishName
Arabic Name
Ending Vowel Sign
Function in a sentence
Examples
Nominative وع مرف Dammah Subject ب اب, د محم , ب كتا,ب الكتاAccusative وب منص Fathah Object of a verb امحم , با كتا, ب الكتا با با,د Genitive ر مجرو Kasrah Possessor of a thing, or
comes after a preposition or an adverb
ب اب,د محم , ب كتا, ب الكتا
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The Nominal Sentence ( الجملة الاسمية)
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▪ A sentence that starts with a noun▪ Has a subject ( (خبر ) and a predicate (مبتدا
▪ Both the subject and the predicate are always nominative ( مرفوع)
▪ The subject is mostly definite ( معرفة)
▪ The predicate is mostly indefinite ( نكرة)
مبت ▪ دا وع مرف ▪فة معر ▪
خبر ▪وع مرف ▪ة نكر ▪
ديد الكتاب ج
سور القلم مك
هذا بيت
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The Joining Hamza ( همزة الوصل)
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▪ The ا in الـ (the definite article) is called همزة الوصل▪ It only comes at the beginning of a word and if preceded by another word, it is not
pronounced▪ E.g., البيت (the house) is pronounced al-baitu and والبيت (and the house) is pronounced as wa
l-baitu and not wa al-baitu
▪ همزة الوصل also appears in words without the ال, e.g.,
▪ اسم (name) – بسم الله ▪ ابن (son) – بن مريم ٱعيسى
▪ همزة الوصل is written in one of following three ways:
▪ With a ـ ـ symbol on alif, as ٱ▪ Without any ـ ـ or ـٴـ symbol on alif, ا▪ Sometimes, completely omitted in writing, e.g., بسم الله
▪ Both ا and ل in الـ are not pronounced when a word starts with a solar letter and is
preceded with another word▪ E.g., والنجم is pronounced as wan-najmu and not wa al-najmu or wa an-najmu
وصل (Joining, uniting,
attaching)
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همزة القطع
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▪ As opposed to همزة الوصل همزة القطع , is always pronounced, regardless of its
position in the sentence
▪ همزة القطع is usually written with a ء symbol on (or below) the Alif, as follows:
▪ أ
▪ إ▪ Examples:
▪ احد (one) – حد ا قل هو الله ▪ ا ذ (when) – ...ذ قال رب ك ا و
قطع (Cutting,
Discontinuing, Separating)
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Examples from Quran ( مسية والقمرية همزة القطع , همزة الوصل , الحروف الش )
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ٱلحعلمين رب د لله مح ين ٣ٱلرهحمن ٱلرهحيم ٢ٱلح ٤ملك يوحم ٱل
تعين بد وإيهاك نسح تقيم ٥إيهاك نعح حمسح رط ٱل دنا ٱلص صرط ٦ٱهح
ال ين حمغحضوب عليحهمح ول ٱلضه ٱل ت عليحهمح غيح نحعمحين أ ٧ٱله
Find solar letters ( مسيـة ة ) lunar letters ,(الحروف الش and instances (الحروف القمريـ
of همزة الوصل and همزة القطع in Surat ul-Fâtiha
Solar letter وصل همزة الLunar letter قطع همزة ال
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Preposition ( حرف جر) & Genitive Case ( مجرور)
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▪ Literal meaning of حرف جر is “a particle of pulling”
▪ Examples of preposition ( حرف جر):
▪ In – في▪ On – على▪ From – من ▪ To – ا لى
▪ When a noun is preceded by a preposition, it is said to be in genitive case ( مجرور)
▪ The house - – In the house ,البيت في البيت ▪ A house - – In a house ,بيت في بيت
▪ في البيت is a شبه الجملة (phrase) – It looks like a
sentence but is not one
يت في الب رور اسم مج ر حرف ج
Same as
رور جار و مج
ت البي ت got pulled to ت because
of the preceding في
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More Prepositions and Examples from the Qur’ân
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(59:21) Had We sent down this Quran on a mountain …
...جبل علىا ن لو انزلنا هـذا القر On ىعل (96:2) He created man from a clot
نسان ق عل من خلق الا From من (26:50) we shall but return toour Lord
ــنا منقل ا لىا نا بون ربـ To ا لى(97:1) We have indeed revealed this (Message) in the Night of Power
ة القدر ليل فيا نا انزلناه In في(2:119) And thou will not be asked about the owners of hell-fire
اب الجحيم اصح عن ولا تسال About, concerning
عن (2:284) To Allah belongswhatever is in the heavens and whatever is in the earth.
م لـ ه ما في الس ,Belongs to وما في الارض وات لـfor
لــ(2:153) O ye who believe! seek help with patient perseverance and prayer; for Allah is with those who patiently persevere.
بر الص بـستعينوا يا اي ها الذين ا منوا اه م لاة ا ن اللـ ابرين والص ع الص
With, by, at, in
بــ
Notice the noun after the حرف جر is مجرور , i.e. it has a كسرة at the end
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Nominal Sentence with جار و مجرور
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Muhammad is in the mosque
the mosque in Muhammad
المسجد في د محممجرور اسم حرف جر مبتدا
بر مجرور، شبه الجملة، خ جار و
It is on a table
a table on It
مكتب على هو مجرور اسم حرف جر مبتدا
بر مجرور، شبه الجملة، خ جار و
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Detached Pronoun ( ضمير منفصل)
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3rd Person
Masculine
Singular He, It هو مفرد مذكر
غائب “Dual” They (2) هما ىمثن Plural They هم جمع
Feminine
Singular She, It هي مفرد ”Dual“مؤنث They (2) هما ىمثن
Plural They هن جمع
2nd person
Masculine
Singular You انت مفرد مذكر
مخاطب “Dual” You (2) انتما ىمثن Plural You (>2) انتم جمع
Feminine
Singular You انت مفرد ”Dual“مؤنث You (2) انتما ىمثن
Plural You (>2) انتن جمع 1st person Masc. & Fem.
Singular I انا مفرد ؤنث مذكر وم م متكل Plural We نحن جمع
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Detached Pronoun ( ضمير منفصل)
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هو هماهم هي هماهن انت انتماانتم انت انتماانتن انا
نحن
▪ Are never attached with any other word
▪ Are always معرفة (definite)
▪ Are مرفوع (nominative case), even though most of
them do not have a ة ضم (dammah) ending
▪ Are fixed in their case, i.e. their ending does not change
▪ Fixed nouns in Arabic are called مبني
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The Past Tense Verb (الفعل الماضي)
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▪ Verb = Action = فعل▪ Doer = Subject = فاعل
▪ Base form of all Arabic verbs is in the past tense ( ماض)
▪ The base form of the verb always corresponds to the 3rd person singular masculine pronoun, i.e. he ( هو)
▪ The doer of the action ( فاعل) is hidden ( مستتر) within the base form of
the verb ( فعل). Notice the hidden “he” in خرج
(He left) خرج
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مضاف و مضاف ا ليه – Possessed & Possessor
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بلال كتاب (of) Bilal book
Bilal’s book
المدرس مكتب (of) the teacher table
The teacher’s table
▪ Used to convey a “possession” relationship between two nouns
▪ Also referred to as ضافة الا (Al-Idaafatu)
▪ English uses “of” or “ ’s ” for such relationship, e.g. Book of Bilal or Bilal’sbook
▪ Made up of two parts:
▪ Possessed (or possession) – مضاف ▪ Possessor – مضاف ا ليه
Possessed - مضاف ▪ Can take any case ending,
as the need be
▪ Never takes تنوين (tanwîn)
or الـ (the definite article)
▪ Is معرفة (definite) or نـكـرة(indefinite) based on
مضاف ا ليه
Possessor - ا ليه مضاف ▪ Is always مجرور (genitive
case)
▪ Can take تنوين (tanwîn) or
الـ (the definite article)
▪ Can be نـكـرة (indefinite) or
معرفة (definite)
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Definite vs. indefinite يه مضاف ا ل
Different case endings for مضاف
Noun after ا ن is
always ب منصو
Examples of Valid مضاف و مضاف ا ليه
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المدرس مكتب على(of) the teacher table on
On the teacher’s table
المدرس مكتب ا ن (of) the teacher table Verily
Verily the teacher’s table
المدرس مكتب (of) the teacher table
The teacher’s table
منصوب
مرفوع
مجرور
الطالب كتاب (of) the student book
The student’s book
طالب كتاب (of) a student book
A student’s book
معرفة
نكرة
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Incorrect vs. Correct مضاف و مضاف ا ليه
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بلال ▪كتاب مضاف cannot have تنوين
بلال ▪الكتاب مضاف cannot have ال
بلال ▪كتاب مضاف ا ليه cannot be مرفوع
بلال كتاب
بلال ▪كتاب مضاف ا ليه cannot be منصوب
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More on مضاف و مضاف ا ليه
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Whose book?
(of) who book
من كتاب ه مضاف ا لي مضاف
Even though من is مضاف ا ليه , it does not have كسرة(kasrah) ending, because it is مبني (indeclinable).
Other similar examples:
▪ قلم من (Whose pen?)
▪ ٱبن من (Whose son?)
Mosque of Allah’s Prophet
(of) Allah (of the) prophet mosque
ه الل رسول مسجد ه مضاف ا لي مضاف
يه مضاف ا ل مضاف
Notice two sets of ا ليه مضاف و مضاف .
رسول is مضاف ا ليه in مسجد رسول and it
is مضاف in رسول الل ه.
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Examples from Quran - مضاف و مضاف ا ليه
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(110:1) When comes the help of Allah … الل إذا جاء نصر(114: 1) Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of mankind عوذ ب
النهاس قلر أ رب
(24:35) Allah is the light of the heavens and the earth م الل ررض وات نور السه والر
(7:73) This is the she camel of Allah ناقة الل هذه (48:29) Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah د ل الل ممه رسور(6:127) For them is the home of safety لام لهمر دار السه(40:55 & 77) Therefore have patience (O Muhammad). Lo (surely, certainly)! The promise of Allah is true
بر إنه فاصر د الله حق وعر
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Nominal Sentences with مضاف و مضاف ا ليه
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Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah
(of) Allah Messenger Muhammad
الل ه رسول د محمر مجرو ا ليه،لفظ الجلالة، مضاف اف مض خبر وهو مبتدا
The student’s pen is broken
broken (of) the student pen
مكسور الطالب قلم خبر مضاف ا ليه مضاف وهو مبتدا
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Feminine: This ( هذه) vs. That ( تلك)
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That is a car ( ارة سي تلك )
▪ هذه is pronounced as هاذه but is written without the alif
ث مؤن ر مذك هذه هذا شار يب ة للقر اسم الا تلك ذلك شار يد ة للبع اسم الا
This is a watch ( ساعة هذه )
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How to make Feminine noun from Masculine noun
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ــة مدرس مدرس TeacherFemale teacher
Adding a التاء المربوطة at the end
التاء المربوطة : The closed ta ة :1
Putting a فتحة (fathah) on the letter before 2ة
طالـبـة طالب StudentFemale student
والدة والد FatherMother
Not all masculine nouns form a feminine counterpart in this way, e.g.
غزالة غزال GazelleFemale gazelle
كبيرة كبير BigBig (female)
ام اب FatherMother
اخت اخ BrotherSister
بنت ولد BoyGirl
Usually nouns which refer to male humans (and animals) and adjectives may be made feminine by this method
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Gender of Body Members
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را س (head)
انف (nose)
وجه (face)
فم (mouth)
يد (hand)
عين (eye)
اذن (ear)
رجل (leg)
Double members are usually feminine
Single members are usually masculine
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Gender and Nominal Sentence
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▪ Gender of مبتدا and خبر should be the same
مذكر مؤنث د طالب محم طالبة فاطمة جديد الكتاب يارة جديدة السديك هذا دجاجة هذه باب ذلك تلك نافذة
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جديد البيت هذا(is) new The house This
This house
This house is new
Substitute - بدل
35
جديد هذا جديد البيت This is new
خبر مبتدا
The house is new
خبر مبتدا
خبر بدل مبتدا
A definite noun ( اسم معرفة) following a demonstrative pronoun
شارة ) There are other types of .(بدل ) is called a substitute ,(اسم الا
substitutes, which we will learn later
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Examples of Adverb of Place ( ظرف المكان)
▪ ظرف is a noun that indicates the place or time
▪ ظرف acts like a مضاف , so the noun following it is ا ليه مضاف▪ ظرف can never be a مبتدا (subject), even if the sentence starts with it
تحت (under)
خلف (behind)
امام (in front)
Examples of Adverb of Time ( مان (ظرف الز
هناك (there)
هنا (here)
فوق (over)
اليوم (today)
عند (with)
بين (between)
غدا (tomorrow) ام (yesterday)
ليلا (night) صباح (morning) قبل (before) بعد (after)
Adverb - ظرف
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(16:88) Those who disbelieved and averted [others] from the way of Allah - We will increase them in punishment over [their] punishment for what corruption they were causing.
وا عن سبيل اللهـه زدرناهمر عذابا ين كفروا وصد ق اله الرعذاب بما كنوا فورسدون ﴾٨٨:النحل﴿يفر
(48:18) Allah was pleased with the believers when they swore allegiance to you under the tree and He knew what was in their hearts. Therefore, He sent down tranquility upon them and rewarded them with a victory close by.
منين إذر يبايعونك رمؤر ترت لهقدر رض اللهـه عن ال جرة فعلم ما ف قلوب همر الشهثابهمر فترحا قريبا
كينة عليرهمر وأ نزل السه
﴾١٨:الفتح﴿فأ
(4:159) And there is none from the People of the Scripture but that he will surely believe in Jesus before his death. And on the Day of Resurrection he will be against them a witness.
ته منه به قبرل مور ل الركتاب إله لؤر هرنر أ الرقيامة يكون عليرهمر ويورم وإن م ﴾١٥٩:النساء﴿شهيدا
(18:23-24) And never say of anything, "Indeed, I will do that tomorrow," . Except [when adding], "If Allah wills." And remember your Lord when you forget [it] and say, "Perhaps my Lord will guide me to what is nearer than this to right conduct."
لك ء إن فاعل ذ ن يشاء اللهـه ﴾٢٣:الكهف﴿غداول تقولنه لشرإله أ
ـذا رشدا قررب منر هدين رب ل ن يهر
بهك إذا نسيت وقلر عس أ واذركر ره
﴾٢٤:الكهف﴿(2:285) All of them have believed in Allah and His angels and His books and His messengers, [saying], "We make no distinction between any of His messengers." And they say, "We hear and we obey. [We seek] Your forgiveness, our Lord, and to You is the [final] destination."
ق ـه وملائكته وكتبه ورسله ل نفر ك آمن بالله ن رسله وقالوا بينر حد م
أ
رمصي رانك ربهنا وإلرك ال نا غفر طعرنا وأ ﴾٢٨٥:البقرة﴿سمعر
Examples from Quran - ظرف
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▪ In Arabic the نعت (adjective) comes after the منعوت.
▪ In English, the adjective comes before the noun it qualifies
A new house
د جدي بيت
A noun that describes or qualifies another noun is called نعت (adjective)
The noun being described or qualified
is called منعوت
A house
بيت نعت منعوت
نعت is also called صفةAdjective = نعت صفة =
منعوت is also called موصوفNoun Qualified = منعوت موصوف =
Adjective - نعت
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▪ نعت and منعوت should be in agreement in the following:
This is a small boy
صغير ولد هذاThis is a small girl
ة صغير بنت Genderهذه 1
The new teacher is in the class
الفصل في الجديد س المدر Bilal is a new teacher
جديد مدرس .Indefinite vsبلال definite
2
I am in a new house
جديد بيت في اناThis is a new house
جديد بيت Caseهذا3
That is a new student
جديد طالب ذلك Those are new students
جدد طلاب Numberك اولئ 4
نعت منعوت نعت منعوت
نعت نعت ت منعو منعوت
نعت منعوت نعت منعوت
نعت نعت منعوت منعوت
Agreements between نعت and منعوت
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Nominal Sentence with نعت ومنعوت
40
The broken chair is in the room
الغرفة في المكسور الكرسي مجرور اسم حرف جر نعت وت ومنع مبتدا
بر جار و مجرور، شبه الجملة، خ
The sparrow is a small bird
صغير طائر العصفور نعت ومنعوت خبر مبتدا
I am in the secondary school
الثانوية المدرسة في انانعت نعوت وم اسم مجرور حرف جر مبتدا
لة، خبر جار و مجرور، شبه الجم
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References from Quran - نعت ومنعوت
41
(5:15) Undoubtedly, there has to come to you from Allah light and a luminous Book.
ه نور و ﴾١٥:﴿المائدةبين كتاب م قد جاءكم من اللـ(68:4) And undoubtedly, you possess
excellent manners.ا نك لعلى ﴾٤:﴿القلمخلق عظيم و
(44:17) and an honourable Messenger came to them.
﴾١٧:﴿الدخانرسول كريم وجاءهم (1:6) Guide us in the straight path. راط المستقيم اهدنا ﴾٦:الفاتحة﴿الص(45:10) And for them is a great torment. ﴾١٠:الجاثية﴿عذاب عظيم ولهم (8:274) For them is forgiveness and honourable provision.
غفرة و ﴾٧٤:﴿الا نفالرزق كريم لهم م(61:13) help from Allah and a near victory ﴾١٣:﴿الصف ه ريب وفتح ق نصر من اللـ
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Where is the نعت?
42
سهلة لغة بية العرThe Arabic is an easy language
نعت عوت خبر ومن مبتدا
سهلة بية العر الل غة The Arabic language is easy
خبر نعت ومنعوت مبتد ا
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نعت or not
43
This is a new book
جديد كتاب هذانعت نعوت وم خبر مبت دا
The new book is heavy
ل ثقي يد الجد الكتاب خبر نعت منعوت و مبتدا
The book is new
جديد الكتاب خبر مبتدا
This book is new
جديد الكتاب هذا خبر بدل مبتد ا
This new book is heavy
ل ثقي د الجدي الكتاب هذاخبر نعت نعوت بدل وم مبت دا
Abbas is a merchant
تاجر عباس خبر مبتد ا
1
2
3
4
5
6
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The Relative Pronoun - الاسم الموصول
44
▪ الذي is called the relative pronoun ( الاسم الموصول)
▪ It is translated as:
▪ “Who” – for all rational beings
▪ “Which” – for all irrational beings and things
▪ It is used for masculine singular. Feminine and plural will come later
▪ It is always followed by a description, which is known as صلة الموصول
The man, who left the room, is a merchant
تاجر ة الغرف من خرج الذي الرجل صلة الموصول ل الاسم الموصو
The book, which is on the table, belongs to the teacher
للمدرس المكتب على الذي الكتاب صلة الموصول ل الاسم الموصو
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الذي as نعت
45
The man, who left the room, is a merchant
تاجر ة الغرف من خرج الذي الرجل خبر صلة الموصول نعت و الاسم الموصول ومنعوت مبت دا
The man is a merchant
تاجر الرجل خبر مبتدا
The tall man is a merchant
تاجر الطويل الرجل خبر نعت ومنعوت مبت دا
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The Past Tense Verb (الفعل الماضي)
46
▪ Verb = Action = فعل▪ Doer = Subject = فاعل
▪ Base form of all Arabic verbs is in the past tense ( ماض)
▪ The base form of the verb always corresponds to the 3rd person singular masculine pronoun, i.e. he ( هو)
▪ The doer of the action ( فاعل) is hidden ( مستتر) within the base form of
the verb ( فعل). Notice the hidden “he” in خرج
(He left) خرج
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Anatomy of The Past Tense Verb
47
▪ Almost all Arabic verbs can be traced back to a three letter verb. The remaining few exceptions are traced to a four letter verb.
▪ To understand their structure, the three letter verbs are defined on the pattern of فعل as follows.
(He left) ج خرج ر خ لفعل ع ف
ف كلمة (1st radical)
ع كلمة (2nd radical)
ل كلمة (3rd radical)
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Anatomy of The Past Tense Verb
48
▪ In the base form for all 3 letter past tense verbs:
▪ ف كلمة and ل كلمة always have a فتحة▪ ع كلمة can have a ة كسرة or ,فتحة ,ضم
ة ل كلم ع كلمة ف كلمة Meaning فعل ب ه ذ He went ذهب س ل ج He sat جلر ص ن He helped نصر ع م س He heard سمع م ر ك He became noble كرم
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Conjugation of Past Tense Verb
49
خرج
We’ve learnt before that the base form of the verb contains “he” or “it” ( هو) as the doer
خرج so ,(فاعل ) means “He left”. Within the base form, this فاعل is considered hidden ( مستتر),
i.e., there is no letter in the verb, which explicitly represents the فاعل
اخرج Since this alifاـخرج =+ represents “They (2)”,
who did the action, it acts as the فاعل
وخرج This alifاو ـخرج =+ is called الف الوقاية (alif of
protection). It protects the و from
being mistaken for the conjunction و(and). It is written but not pronounced
Notice the original فتحة changed to a ة ضم once waw
was added. This is done for phonetic convenience as
خرجوا is easier to pronounce than خرجوا
He/it هو
They (2) هما
They (>2) هم
In order to say “They (2) left”, an alif is added at the end
In order to say “They (>2) left”, a waw is added at the end. This waw acts as the فاعل
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Conjugation of Past Tense Verb
50
ت خرج تاء التا نيث Theت خرج =+ is not a فاعل. Instead the
فاعل is considered hidden ( مستتر) in this
form and is implied as “She/It (f)” ( هي)
She/It (f) هي
ات خرج Since this alifاتـخرج =+ represents “They (2)”,
who did the action, it acts as the فاعل They (2,f) هما
ن خرج ن Since thisن خرج =+ represents “They (>2,f)”,
who did the action, it acts as the فاعل They (>2,f) هنNotice the فتحة on the 3rd radical changes to a سكون in this case.
For the complete conjugation of past tense verb for all 14 pronouns, please see the next page
In order to say “She left”, the base form of the verb is feminized by adding a ta of feminizing
(تاء التا نيث )
In order to say “They (2, f) left”, an alif is added at the end of the feminized form
In order to say “They (>2, f) left”, a ن is added to the end
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Conjugation of The Past Tense Verb
51
فاعل Suffix
He left خرج ر مستت هو He
They (2) left ا خرج ا ا هما They (2)
They (>2) left او خرج و وا هم They (>2)
She left خرجت ر مستت ت هي She
They (2) left ا خرجت ا تا هما They (2)
They (>2,f) left ن خرج ن ن هن They (>2,f)
You left ت خرج ت ت انت You
You (2) left اتم خرج تما تما اانتم You (2)
You (>2) left تم خرج تم تم انتم You (>2)
You left ت خرج ت ت انت You
You (2) left اتم خرج تما تما اانتم You (2)
You (>2,f) left تن خرج تن تن انتن You (>2,f)
I left ت خرج ت ت انا I
We left ناخرج نا نا نحن We
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Conjugation of The Past Tense Verb Examples
52
فاعل Suffix
كرم سمع ذهب خرج ر مستت هو He
ا كرم ا سمع ا ذهب ا خرج ا ا هما They (2)
او كرم او سمع او ذهب او خرج و وا هم They (>2)
كرمت سمعت ذهبت خرجت ر مستت ت هي She
ا كرمت ا سمعت ا ذهبت ا خرجت ا تا هما They (2)
ن كرم ن سمع ن ذهب ن خرج ن ن هن They (>2)
ت كرم ت سمع ت ذهب ت خرج ت ت انت You
تماكرم اتم سمع اتم ذهب اتم خرج تما تما اانتم You (2)
تم كرم تم سمع تم ذهب تم خرج تم تم انتم You (>2)
ت كرم ت سمع ت ذهب ت خرج ت ت انت You
تماكرم اتم سمع اتم ذهب اتم خرج تما تما اانتم You (2)
تن كرم تن سمع تن ذهب تن خرج تن تن انتن You (>2)
ت كرم ت سمع ت ذهب ت خرج ت ت انا I
ناكرم ناسمع ناذهب ناخرج نا نا نحن We
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Attached Pronoun ( ضمير متصل)
53
Muhammad’s book.
د محم كتاب ليه مضاف ا مضاف His book
ه كتاب ه لي مضاف ا مضاف
His book
كتابه ليه مضاف ومضاف ا
Your book
ك كتاب ه لي مضاف ا مضاف
Your book
كتابك ليه مضاف ومضاف ا
ه and ك are attached
pronouns ( ل ضمير متص )
▪ An attached pronoun ( ضمير متصل), when attached to a noun, is
always ا ليه مضاف and the noun it is attached to is مضاف ▪ The attached pronoun in this case is always مجرور
+
+
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Attached Pronoun ( ضمير متصل)
54
From Muhammad
د محم من ومجرور جار Him From
ه من رور اسم مج ر حرف ج
From him
منه ومجرور جار
Them From
هم من اسم مجرور ر حرف ج
From them
منهم ومجرور جار
ه and هم are attached
pronouns ( ل ضمير متص )
▪ An attached pronoun ( ضمير متصل), when attached to a حرف جر(preposition), is always اسم مجرور
+
+
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Attached Pronoun ( ضمير متصل) vs. Detached Pronoun ( ضمير منفصل)
55
3rd Person
Masculine
Singular He, It ه هو مفرد مذكر
غائب
“Dual” They (2) هما هما مثنىPlural They هم هم جمع
Feminine
Singular She, It ها هي مفرد ”Dual“مؤنث They (2) هما هما مثنى
Plural They هن هن جمع
2nd person
Masculine
Singular You ك انت مفرد مذكر
مخاطب
“Dual” You (2) كما اانتم مثنىPlural You (>2) كم انتم جمع
Feminine
Singular You ك انت مفرد ”Dual“مؤنث You (2) كما اانتم مثنى
Plural You (>2) كن انتن جمع
1st person Masc. & Fem.
Singular I ي انا مفرد ر وم ؤنث مذك م متكل Plural We نا نحن جمع
ضمير منفصل (Detached Pronoun) ضمير متصل (Attached Pronoun)
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Attached Pronoun ( ضمير متصل) vs. Detached Pronoun ( ضمير منفصل)
56
ه هو هما هماهم هم ها هي هما هماهن هن ك انت
كما انتماكم انتم ك انت
كما انتماكن انتن ي انانا نحن
ضمير منفصل ▪ Always معرفة (definite)
▪ Are مبني (fixed)
▪ Always مرفوع (nominative)
ضمير متصل ▪ Always معرفة (definite)
▪ Are مبني (fixed)
▪ Always مجرور (genitive) or
منصوب (accusative)
▪ Can be attached to a noun, verb or a particle
This ي is called م ياء المتكل (ya-ul
mutakallim) – Ya of the first person
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Attached Pronoun ( ضمير متصل) as مضاف ا ليه
57
سيارة كتاب ه سيارت كتابه His ه هو هماسيارت ماكتابه Their (2 mas.) هما هماهم سيارت م كتابه Their (>2 mas.) هم هم هاسيارت اكتابه Her ها هي هماسيارت ماكتابه Their (2 fem) هما هماهن سيارت ن كتابه Their (>2 fem) هن هن ك سيارت كتابك Your ك انت كماسيارت ماكتابك Your (2 mas.) كما انتماكم سيارت م كتابك Your (>2 mas.) كم انتم ك سيارت كتابك Your (fem) ك انت كماسيارت ماكتابك Your (2 fem) كما انتماكن سيارت ن كتابك Your (>2 fem) كن انتن
ت ي سيار كتابي My ي اناناسيارت اكتابن Our نا نحن
The last letter of the مضاف gets a كسرة when
attached to ياء المتكلم. A
ة ضم on the last letter
would have made the pronunciation difficult.
The التاء المربوطة changes
to a التاء المفتوحة when it
is followed by an attached pronoun.
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Attached Pronoun ( ضمير متصل) with Special Nouns
58
اب اخ ه و اب ه و اخ ه هو هماو اب هماو اخ هما هماهم و اب هم و اخ هم هم هاو اب هاو اخ ها هي هماو اب هماو اخ هما هماهن و اب هن و اخ هن هن ك و اب ك و اخ ك انت كماو اب اكم و اخ كما انتماكم و اب كم و اخ كم انتم ك و اب ك و اخ ك انت كماو اب اكم و اخ كما انتماكن و اب كن و اخ كن انتن
ابي اخي ي انااون اب اون اخ نا نحن
Notice the extra و between
مضاف and مضاف ا ليه. By same
token “Muhammad’s father”
will be د ابو محماب واخ are 2 of the 5 special
nouns, which take this extra و.
Will learn the other later.
The rule for extra و does not
apply when these nouns are
followed by ياء المتكلم
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Attached Pronoun ( ضمير متصل) as اسم مجرور
59
ا لى عن ا ليه عنه ه هو
ا ليهما عنهما هما هماا ليهم عنهم هم هم ا ليها عنها ها هي ا ليهما عنهما هما هماا ليهن عنهن هن هن ا ليك عنك ك انت ا ليكما عنكما كما انتماا ليكم عنكم كم انتم ا ليك عنك ك انت ا ليكما عنكما كما انتماا ليكن عنكن كن انتن ا لي عني ي اناا لينا عنا نا نحن
ا لي ي = ا لي +
The الف مقصورة at the end of ا لىchanges to a ي (ya) when it is
followed by an attached pronoun.
Also notice the change from ه to
ه for the attached pronoun.
Same is true for على
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Attached Pronoun ( ضمير متصل) as اسم مجرور
60
ل ب
له به ه هو لهما بهما هما همالهم بهم هم هم لها بها ها هي لهما بهما هما همالهن بهن هن هن لك بك ك انت لكما بكما كما انتمالكم بكم كم انتم لك بك ك انت لكما بكما كما انتمالكن بكن كن انتن لي بي ي انالنا بنا نا نحن
The preposition ل gets a فتحةwhen it is followed by an attached pronoun, with one exception; see below.
The preposition ل retains its كسرةwhen it is attached to لم ياء المتك
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Past Tense Verb Suffix vs. ضمير متصل vs. ضمير منفصل
61
Past Tense Verb Suffix ضمير متصل ضمير منفصل ه هو
ا هما همااو هم هم
ت ها هي ا ت هما همان هن هن ت ك انت تما كما انتماتم كم انتم ت ك انت تما كما انتماتن كن انتن ت ي انانا نا نحن
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Early Predicate and Late Subject ( ر م ومبتدا مؤخ (خبر مقد
62
The man is in the house
البيت في الرجل ملة، خبر مجرور، شبه الج جار و مبتدا
A man is in the house
رجل البيت في
A شبه الجملة (phrase), e.g.
جار ومجرور (prepositional
phrase) or ظرف (adverbial
phrase) can never be مبتد ا (subject), even though a sentence may begin with it.
ر مبتدا م ؤخ م مجرور، شبه الجمل جار و ة، خبر مقد
A garden is in front of the masjid
حديقة المسجد امام ر مؤخ مبتدا يه ا ل مضاف م ة، خبر مقد ، شبه الجمل ظرف
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Plural ( جمع)
63
Plural جمع
Broken Plural ير جمع تكسSound Plural م جمع سال
Sound Masculine Plural
جمع مذكر سالم Sound Feminine Plural
م جمع مؤنث سال
The singular word is broken to create the plural, e.g.
طالب طلاب <-قلم .اقلام <-Broken plurals have many patterns, as explained later.
The singular word stays intact in the plural, e.g.
مدرس ون مدرس <-
Has an ûna ,ending (ون )
e.g. مسلم مسلمون <-Has an âtun ,ending (ات )
e.g. مسلمة مسلمات <-
Some nouns have multiple plural forms, e.g., اخ has two plural forms
ا خوة (1 and 2) ا خوان
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فعول Patterns of Broken Plural
64
فعل
نجم نجوم
Key:
شيخ شيوخ
فعل كتاب كتب رسول رسل
فعال جبل جبال رجل رجال
ال فعار تاجر تجطالب طلاب
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زميل
افعال Patterns of Broken Plural
65
فعل
ولد اولاد
Key:
عم اعمام
افعلاء صديق اصدقاء طبيب اطباء
فعلة اخ ا خوة فـت ىفتية
فعلاء زملاء فقير فقراء
اطبباء
We will learn more patterns later Diptote ( رف الممنوع من ال ص )
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Plural Demonstrative Pronouns
66
These plurals are for rational beings. For irrational things, we will learn the rules later, insha Allah
This هذا
These هؤلاء
Singular
Plural
That ذلك
Those ك اولئ
Singular
Plural
This (f) هذهSingular
That (f) تلكSingular
س هذا مدر This is a teacher
سة هذه مدر This is a female teacher
رسون هؤلاء مد These are teachers
رسات هؤلاء مد These are female teachers
بة تلك طال That is a female student
البات اولئك ط Those are female students
ب ذلك طال That is a student
ـلاب اولئك ط Those are students
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نعت for مضاف و مضاف ا ليه
67
The teacher’s new book
الجديد المدرس كتاب نعت يه مضاف ا ل عوت مضاف ومن
The new teacher’s book
الجديد المدرس كتاب نعت منعوت مضاف ا ليه و مضاف
▪ مضاف and مضاف ا ليه always come together, so the نعت for either one of them
must come after مضاف ا ليه▪ The case ending of the نعت tells us if it is for مضاف or مضاف ا ليه▪ Note the مضاف is definite if its مضاف ا ليه is definite, so its نعت must also be
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Singular
عاقل
Treatment of عاقل vs. غير عاقل Plurals
68
س مدر هذاSingular
سون مدر اء هؤل Plural Plural Singular
This is a teacherThese are teachers
غير عاقل
ب كتا هذاSingular
كـتب هذه Feminine Singular
Singular
This is a bookThese are books
Plural
Both the subject and predicate are plural
غير عاقل
ة ساع هذه Singular
ساعات هذه Feminine Singular
Singular
This is a watchThese are watches
The treatment of a plural irrational noun as feminine singular is regardless of the gender of the singular form. In
the above example, كتاب, the singular
form, is masculine but its plural form is treated as a feminine singular. In the
next example, ساعة is feminine, and its
plural form is also treated as feminine singular.
The plural of an irrational noun is treated like a feminine singular.
Plural (ir)
Plural (ir)
Plural (ir)
Plural of irrational noun = Feminine Singular
That is why the demonstrative pronoun used in this example is feminine singular.
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Singular
More Examples of غير عاقل Plurals
69
غير عاقل
د جدي م القل Singular
ة جديد ام الاقل Feminine Singular
Singular
The pen is newThe pens are new
Plural
غير عاقل
دة جدي ارة ي الس Singular
دة جدي ي ارات السSingular
The car is newThe cars are new
د جديعاقل س المدر Singular
د جد سون المدر Plural Plural Singular
The teacher is newThe teachers are new
Plural (ir)
Feminine Singular
Plural (ir)
Plural (ir)
Plural of irrational noun = Feminine Singular
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Singular
Even More Examples of غير عاقل Plurals
70
غير عاقل
كتب هو على الم فت د؟ر الجدياين الدSingular
تب هي على المك فات ة؟ر الجديد اين الدFeminine Singular
Singular
Where is the new notebook? It is on the desk.Where are the new notebooks? They are on the desk.
Plural
غير عاقل
تب هي على المك اعة ال جديدة؟اين السSingular
كتب هي على الم اعات ال جديدة؟اين السSingular
Where is the new watch? It is on the desk.Where are the new watches? They are on the table.
صل هو في الف عاقل لجديد؟اين المدرس اSingular
ن اين المدرسو صل هم في الف الجدد؟
Plural Plural Singular
Where is the new teacher? He is in the class.Where are the new teachers? They are in the class.
Plural (ir)
Feminine Singular
Plural (ir)
Plural (ir)
Plural of irrational noun = Feminine Singular
SingularPlural
SingularFeminine Singular
Feminine Singular
Singular
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References from the Holy Qur’an for غير عاقل Plurals
71
But give glad tidings to those who believe and work righteousness, that their portion is Gardens, beneath which rivers flow (2:25)
ـلحـت ر ٱلذين ءامنوا وعملوا ٱلص ت ان لهم وبش ٱلانهـر هات تجرى من تح جنـ﴾٢٥:﴿البقرة...
And He taught Adam the names - all of them … (2:31) ﴾٣١:﴿البقرة...هاكل الاسماء وعلم ا دم … Those are Limits (set by) Allah: Approach not nigh thereto … (2:187)
ه فلا تقربو تلك حدود ... ﴾١٨٧:﴿البقرة...هااللـ… And enter houses from their doors … (2:189) ﴾١٨٩:البقرة﴿... هامن ابواب البيوت وا توا ... Alif, Lam, Ra. These are the verses of the clear Book. (12:1)
﴾١:﴿يوسفالكتاب المبين تلك ا يات الر Behold! he said to his father and his people, "What are these images, to which ye are (so assiduously) devoted?” (21:52)
﴾٥٢:﴿الا نبياءانتم لها عاكفون تيهـذه التماثيل ال ا ذ قال لابيه وقومه ما
And these examples We present to the people that perhaps they will give thought. (59:21)
﴾٢١:الحشر﴿يتفكرون للناس لعلهم هانضرب تلك الامثال و
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Numbers - اعداد
72
واحد ١ثنان ٱ ٢
ثلاثة ٣اربعة ٤
خمسة ٥ستة ٦سبعة ٧ثمانية ٨تسعة ٩عشرة ١٠
▪ Numbers ( اعداد singular: in Arabic (عدد
are fully declinable nouns
▪ The noun being counted with a number is called معدود
▪ The rules for the عدد and the معدودchange after every few numbers
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Rules for Numbers 1 to 10
73
اخ واحد اخت واحدة اخوان اثنان تان اختان اثن ثلاثة ا خوة ات اخو ثلاث ة اربعة ا خو ات اخو اربع
خمسة ا خوة اخوات خمستة ا خوة اخوات ست سبعة ا خوة ت اخواسبع ة ثمانية ا خو ات اخو ثماني تسعة ا خوة ت اخواتسع عشرة ا خوة اخوات عشر
▪ Both 1 and 2 follow the noun as
adjective, so the عدد and the معدودfollow all the rules of نعت ومنعوت.
Numbers 1 - 2
▪ Number ( عدد)
• Comes before the معدود• Is مضاف (hence no tanwin or ال)
▪ Noun being counted ( معدود)
• Is مضاف ا ليه (hence مجرور)
• Is جمع▪ The gender of عدد and معدود is
opposite
Numbers 3 - 10
ود مذكر معد دود مؤنث مع
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Case Endings for Singular, Dual and Sound Plural
74
مؤنث مذكر مجرور
(جر ال علامة )منصوب
(صب الن علامة )مرفوع
(فع الر علامة )مجرور
(جر ال علامة )منصوب
(صب الن علامة )مرفوع
(فع الر علامة )
د مفر
ىمثن جمع سالم
مسلما (الفتحة )
مسلم (الكسرة )
مسلمة ة ) م (الض
مسلمة (الفتحة )
مسلمة (الكسرة )
ن امسلم (الالف )
ن يمسلم (الياء )
ن يمسلم (الياء )
ن امسلمت (الالف )
ن يمسلمت (الياء )
ن يمسلمت (الياء )
ن و مسلم (الواو )
ن يمسلم (الياء )
ن يمسلم (الياء )
مسلمات ة ) م (الض
مسلمات (الكسرة )
مسلمات (الكسرة )
مسلم ة ) م (الض
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“My Class” - Grammatical Analysis (Book 1, Ch. 21)
75
my school This
يت مدرس هذه د مبت ا
خبر وهو مضاف
مضاف ا ليه
the masjid from near it
د المسج من ة يب قر هي
د مبت ا خبر
جرور وم جار
big school it
رة كبي سة مدر هي
د مبت ا خبر
نعت
doors three it has
ابواب ثة ثلا هال ومجرور، جار
شبه الجملة، م خبر مق د
ر مبتدا مؤخوهو مضاف
مضاف ا ليه
now open it’s doors
ن الا وحة مفت اه اب ابو مبتدا وهو مضاف
مضاف ا ليه
خبر
ظرف
many classes the school in
رة كثي ول فص سة المدر يف
ومجرور ، جار ة، شبه الجمل
م خبر مق د مبتدا ر مؤخ
نعت
our class this
ان ل فص اهذ د مبت ا
خبر وهو مضاف
مضاف ا ليه
spacious class it and
واسع ل فص هو و
حرف عطف
د مبت ا
خبر نعت
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The Diptote – رف الممنوع من الص
76
د اسم المدرس م حمThe teacher’s name is Muhammad
راهيم ا باسم المدير The principal’s name is Ibrahim
TriptoteDiptote – رف الممنوع من الص
No tanwîn Tanwîn
د ذهبت ا لى م حمI went to Muhammad
براهيم ا ذهبت ا لى I went to Ibrahim
Majrûr case is represented with kasrahMajrûr case is represented with fathah
1
2
Nouns which meet these two conditions are
called Diptotes. E.g., ا براهيم is a diptote.
There are exceptions to this rule, which we will learn later, شاء الله ا ن
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The Diptote – رف الممنوع من الص
77
Following groups of nouns are diptotes
# Group Examples
1 Feminine proper nouns ن م خديجة، مكة، جه زينب،2 Masculine proper nouns ending with ta marbûtah (ة) يفة خل حمزة، طلحة، اسامة،3 Masculine proper nouns ending in ان ثمان مروان، ع سفيان، رمضان،4 Adjectives on the pattern of فعلان طشان غضبان، ع كسلان، ملا ن،5 Masculine proper nouns on the pattern of افعل غر احمد، اكبر، انور، اص 6 Adjectives on the pattern of افعل ضر اخ احمر، ابيض، اسود،7 Non-Arabic proper nouns ، باكستان بغداد ا براهيم، وليم،8 Broken plurals on the following pattern:
a. افعلاءb. فعلاءc. مفاعلd. مفاعيل
لياء اغنياء، اقوي اصدقاء، اء، اوزملاء، فقراء، وزراء
واكه، حدائق مساجد، مدارس، مكاتب، ف ين مناديل، مفاتيح، فناج
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References from the Holy Qur’an for رف الممنوع من الص
78
And [mention] when Abraham was raising the foundations of the House and [with him] Ishmael, [saying], "Our Lord, accept [this] from us. Indeed You are the Hearing, the Knowing. (2:127)
ا ذ يرفع نا تقبل رب ا سماعيل ن البيت و القواعد م ا براهيم وميع العليم ﴾١٢٧:البقرة﴿منا ا نك انت الس
We said, 'O fire, be coolness and safety for Abraham!' (21:69)
ا ا وسلام ﴾٦٩:الا نبياء﴿ا براهيم لى ع قلنا يا نار كوني برد
Said Pharaoh, "And what is the Lord of the worlds?“ (26:23)
﴾٢٣:الشعراء﴿وما رب العالمين فرعون قال
Go to Pharaoh. Indeed, he has transgressed." (20:24)
﴾٢٤:طه﴿ا نه طغى فرعون لى اذهب ا
This is Hell, which the criminals deny. (55:43) ب بهاجهنم هـذه ﴾٤٣:﴿الرحمنالمجرمون التي يكذAnd will drive the criminals to Hell in thirst (19:86)
او ا لى جهنم ونسوق المجرمين ﴾٨٦:﴿مريمرد
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Types of Khabar (انواع الخبر )A خبر can be one of the following:
One word مفرد A phrase شبه جملة
ه جملة جار ومجرور، شبPrepositional Phrase
ظرف، شبه جملة Adverbial Phrase
A sentence جملة
جملة ٱسمية Nominal Sentence
جملة فعلـيـة Verbal Sentence
1 3
▪ In a nominal sentence, a شبه جملة will always be a خبر, even though the sentence may begin with it.
For example: 1) .رجل في البيت 2) .البيت حديقة امام ▪ The term شبه جملة is applied only when it comes as a خبر in a nominal sentence.
▪ If this kind of phrase comes in a verbal sentence, it is NOT called شبه جملة. It is only called جار ومجرور or ظرف.
For example: 1) .ذهب بلال ا لى المسجد 2) جرة الولد تحت الش .جل
.ر فل صغيلها ط زينب على الحامد .كرسي جل.ى المدرسة ذهبت ا ل ا منـة
2a 2b 3a 3b
2
▪ خبر is always مرفوع▪ خبر can be indefinite
or definite, but mostly it is indefinite.
مفرد One word
1
مام .جد في المس الا يارة .البيت ام ام الس.لمدير اعند المدرس
.ا سيارة عنده فاطمة .بيب اخوه ط حامد .كتب على الم الكتاب .مكتب التحت الكتاب .الفصل خرج من بلال
.ه لل الحمد
.جديد الكتاب د .طالب محم.ه الل كتاب القرا ن
A شبه جملة (phrase) is either جار ومجرور (prepositional phrase) or ظرف (adverbial phrase)