Lower Garage Lighting Costs and Improve Illumination –

A Case Study

Michael Klein, Albany Parking Authority Don Monahan, Walker Parking Consultants

The International Parking Institute Conference & Exposition June 2, 2008; Dallas, Texas

Introductions

  Michael Klein Presenter Executive Director Albany Parking Authority

  Don Monahan Presenter Walker Parking Consultants Denver, CO

  Novus Engineering, PC Lighting Design Mark J. Bagdon, P.E. Marianne Donovan, LC

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Presentation Outline

 The consumer perspective  The process  Lighting audit  Proposed lighting retrofit &

photometric calculations  Implementation  Environmental impacts  Cost savings  Feedback & evaluation

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

The Consumer Perspective

 Consumers want parking that is:   Accessible   Affordable   Proximate   Safe   Clean   Well lit   Environmentally sensitive

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

The Process

  Examine facilities  Determine grant availability  Study with lighting experts  Re-examine studies  Develop operational plans   Implement programs   Evaluate results and consumer

reaction

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Energy Conservation Regulations

 International Building Code 2006, Section 505   Parking Garage Interior Lighting < 0.30 watts

per SF   Uncovered Parking Areas < 0.15 watts per SF

 ASHRAE 90.1-2001, Table 9.3.1.1   Parking Garage < 0.3 watts per SF

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Comparing Lighting with Regulations

 Understanding different technologies

 Matching spacing criteria and density

 Meeting IES requirements

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

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Energy Conservation Incentives

 Federal Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT 2005)   Effective Date: January 1, 2006   Must reduce lighting energy usage

below limits specified by ASHRAE 90.1-2001 (0.3 watts per sf for parking garages)

  Full tax deduction of $0.60 per sf for 40% reduction in lighting power density (<0.18 watts per SF)

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Energy Conservation Incentives

 Federal Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT 2005)   Partial tax deduction of $0.30 per SF for

25% reduction in lighting power density (0.225 watts per SF)

  Tax deduction prorated between 25% and 40% reduction in lighting power density

  For tax exempt government buildings, the designer is eligible for the tax deduction as opposed to the owner

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Energy Conservation Incentives

 Clean Energy Tax Stimulus Act of 2008 (not enacted as yet)   Extended tax deduction expiration from

December 31, 2008 to December 31, 2009.

  Increases full deduction to $2.25 per SF and partial deduction to $0.75 per SF

  Project must be placed in service between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2009

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Energy Conservation Incentives for Albany Parking Authority

 New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA)   50% rebate on lighting study equaled

approximately $7,000   Rebate on per fixture basis for peak load

reduction was approximately $6,000

 EPACT 2005 Tax Deduction   Garage #1: 121,800 SF @ $0.60/SF equals

$73,080 (Net benefit @ 35% tax rate equals $25,578)

  Garage #2: 238,200 SF @ $0.60/SF equals $143,000 (Net benefit @ 35% tax rate equals $50,022)

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

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Case History – Albany, NY Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Lighting Measurements

Location # Fixtures

Max Min Avg Calc* Light Loss Factor

Columbia 141 19.2 1.2 7.4 20.1 0.37

Quackenbush 348 20.0 3.1 13.7 15.1 0.91

Green Hudson 144 6.5 2.1 4.31 6.6 0.65

Horizontal illuminance on the floor directly under each light fixture

*Calculated illuminance directly under the fixture with no light loss.

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Comparison of Lamp Types

Initial Lumens

Lumen Depreciation

Design Lumens

Lamp Life hours

Lamp- Ballast Watts

150W HPS 16,000 0.72 11,520 28,000 188

175W MH 14,000 0.65 9,100 10,000 208

4, T8 Fluor 11,800 0.9 10,620 30,000 110

2, T5 HO Flour

10,000 .95 9500 35,000* 121

100W HPS 9,500 0.72 6,840 28,000 128

100W MH 8,500 0.65 5,525 10,000 127

2, T8 Fluor 5,900 0.9 5,310 30,000 68

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

*12 hours per start

Illuminance Calculations Location Average

Illuminance Minimum Illuminance

Maximum Illuminance

Columbia, Existing 175W MH

4.6 1.3 6.7

Columbia w/2, T5 HO

6.3 2.4 17

Green Hudson, Existing 100W HPS

2.7 0.6 6.6

Green Hudson, Proposed 2, T8 Fluorescent

5.0 1.8 10.1

Quackenbush, Existing 100W MH

5.3 0.5 9.2

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Temperature Data – Albany, NY Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Temperature Factor Background

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Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

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Lighting Operating Cost Calculation

Background

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Albany Parking

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Evaluation

Questions

 Annual Energy Cost = Annual Operating Hours X # of Light Fixtures X Input Watts per Fixture X Cost/Kwh

 New York’s Cost/Kwh is second highest in Nation*   Hawaii $.1570/Kwh   New York $.1255/Kwh   Texas $.0795/Kwh   Ohio $.0689/Kwh   Kentucky $.0463.Kwh

* 2004 data

Columbia Garage Electric Costs

2003 2004 2005 2006

Annual Cost $40,541 $39,771 $41,857 $49,254

Kwh 339,171 354,320 357,200 344,160

Cost/Kwh $0.12 $0.11 $0.12 $0.15

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Lighting Study Columbia Garage  Existing Lighting Design

  Operated 24/7 except 7 major holidays (8592 hours/year)

  141, 175-watt metal halide fixtures (208 input watts) equals 29,328 watts

  Annual Energy Cost equals $37,798 at $0.15 per KWH

  Average illuminance approximately 4.6 footcandles

  Lighting Power Density equals 0.236 watts per SF

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Lighting Study Columbia Garage

 Proposed Lighting Retrofit   Replacement of existing fixtures on one-for-

one basis with fluorescent fixture utilizing 2, T5HO lamps and high power ballast utilizing 121 input watts

  Energy savings = 42%   Annual estimated operating cost savings =

$17,400   Estimated construction cost = $60,688   Payback period = 3.4 years   Average illuminance increased to 7.1

footcandles   Lighting power density = 0.127 watts/SF

(<0.18 watts/SF)

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Green Hudson Electric Costs

2003 2004 2005 2006

Annual Cost $24,029 $24,301 $27,769 $31,366

Kwh 208,662 220,058 211,927 204,225

Cost/Kwh $0.12 $0.11 $0.13 $0.15

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Lighting Study Green Hudson Garage  Existing Lighting Design

  Operated 6 am to midnight on weekdays (6,240 hours/year)

  144, 100-watt high pressure sodium fixtures (128 input watts) equals 18,432 watts

  Annual Energy Usage = 224,158 kWh at $0.15 per KWH

  Average illuminance approximately 2.7 footcandles

  Lighting Power Density = 0.15 watts per SF

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Lighting Study Green Hudson Garage  Proposed Lighting Retrofit

  Double the number of light fixtures to increase illuminance to comply with industry standards for an average of 5 footcandles

  Utilize fluorescent fixture with 2, T8 lamps and normal power ballast utilizing 55 input watts

  Energy usage decreases with twice the light fixtures

  Estimated Construction Cost = $102,082   Average illuminance increased to 5.0

footcandles   Lighting Power Density equals 0.094 watts per

SF

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Quackenbush Garage Electric Costs

2003 2004 2005 2006

Annual Cost $49,735 $53,911 $60,326 $74,045

Kwh 431,280 449,920 490,480 501,760

Cost/Kwh $0.12 $0.12 $0.12 $0.15

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Lighting Study Quackenbush Garage

 Existing Lighting Design   Operated weekdays from 6 am to

midnight (6240 hours per year)   343, 100-watt metal halide fixtures

(127 input watts) equals 43,561 watts   Annual Energy Cost = $37,798 at $0.15

per KWH   Average illuminance approximately 5.3

footcandles   Lighting Power Density equals 0.186

watts per SF

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Lighting Study Quackenbush Garage   Proposed Lighting Retrofit

  Replacement of existing fixtures on one-for-one basis with fluorescent fixtures utilizing 2, T8 lamps and normal power ballast using 68 input watts

  Energy Savings = 46%   Annual Operating Cost Savings = $14,206   Estimated Construction Cost = $122,240   Payback period = 8.6 years   Average illuminance remains at approximately 5

footcandles   Lighting Power Density equals 0.096 watts/SF

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Decision Factors

 Base level readings   IES requirements  Calculated payback period  Administrative decisions

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Operationalizing the Plan  Review original design concepts  Modify for current conditions  Apply expertise of LC professional  Create project manual and bid

package

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Implementation Process   Bid to implement concept with local firm

vetted through NYSERDA   Review of Original Design Concepts   Consider Photocell Control for Additional

Savings   Consider Fixture Options – Efficiency and

Cost   Track for EPAct Tax Deduction Credits   Re-run Photometrics   Develop Plans and Specs

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

  Wet/IP 66 Rating   94% Efficiency   Light Weight

Polycarbonate   Extended System

Warranty Lamp/Ballast

  Offered in Both T5HO and T8

  Easy Installation   UV Stabilized   5 Year Warranty

Fixture Selection Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Daylighting Control Sensors

  Low temperature/high humidity  Set-point plus safety factor  Deadband prevents system cycling

when light level is very near the set-point

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

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Daylighting Example

Background

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Albany Parking

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Implementation Timeline   10 Bids Received –Bids Reviewed for

Accuracy/Completeness   Bid Range $158,600-$224,000   Low Bidder awarded   Contract Awarded – 8/01/07   Preconstruction Meeting – 9/27/07   Kick-Off Meeting – 10/04/07   Construction Begins 11/07   Construction Substantially Completed

2/08

Background

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Albany Parking

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Columbia Results

Background

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Albany Parking

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Evaluation

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2005 2006 2007 2008

Annual Cost $41,857 $49,254 $51,035 $36,371*

Kwh 357,200 344,160 354,480 239,697

Cost/Kwh $0.12 $0.15 $0.15 $0.15

* Annual cost projection based on 4 months actual bills

Columbia Results Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

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Columbia Results Background

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Albany Parking

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Evaluation

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Green Hudson Results

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

2005 2006 2007 2008

Annual Cost $27,769 $31,366 $33,817 $27,365*

Kwh 211,927 204,225 224,158 178,551

Cost/Kwh $0.12 $0.15 $0.15 $0.15

* Annual cost projection based on 4 months actual bills

Green Hudson Results Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Green Hudson Results Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Environmental Impacts   153,972 lbs. of CO2 avoided   Equivalent number of cars removed

from the road is 15.

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Overall Evaluation  Began on the IPI exhibit floor  Credit – expert advice   Enclosed fluorescent fixtures utilize

47% less energy than comparable HID fixtures

  Light loss due to cold weather mitigated by enclosure

  Photocell sensors valuable addition   Energy conservation incentives

reduce payback period

Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Questions Background

Regulations

Albany Parking

Implementation

Evaluation

Questions

Lower Garage Lighting Costs and Improve Illumination –

A Case Study

Michael Klein, Albany Parking Authority Don Monahan, Walker Parking Consultants

The International Parking Institute Conference & Exposition June 2, 2008; Dallas, Texas