lower cape fear river basin cape fear do issuesjdbowen/lcfr/sep03_tmdl_wkshop/b… · 1.water...
TRANSCRIPT
Lower Cape Fear River BasinCape Fear DO Issues
byJim Bowen, Assoc. Professor
Civil Engr. Dept., UNC Charlotte
Cape Fear Basin TMDL ConferenceRaleigh, NC
September 9, 2003
Outline of Talk1. Water Quality Models - The Analysis Tool of
the TMDL Analysis2. An Example TMDL - Neuse River Estuary,
Nitrogen TMDL3. Contrasting DO Conceptual Models - Neuse
and Lower Cape Fear River Estuaries4. Special Challenges in Modeling DO
Dynamics in the Lower Cape Fear RiverEstuary
The TMDL Analysis
Pollutant LoadNutrients (N,P),BOD, etc.
4321
Scenario
The TMDL Analysis
Pollutant LoadNutrients (N,P),BOD, etc.
4321
Scenario
Water Quality
4321
ScenarioWaterQualityGoal
The TMDL Analysis
Pollutant LoadNutrients (N,P),BOD, etc.
4321
Scenario
Water Quality
4321
ScenarioWaterQualityGoal
Water Quality Model
TMDL’s Use Water Quality Models
Estuary PhysicalCharacteristics: e.g. length,width, depth,roughness
Water Quality ModelAdjustable Parameters:(growth, death, decay,sinking rates, temperature,nutrient, light functions.)
HydrologicConditions
RiverFlows,Temp’s,Conc’sTides Time
“Met” DataAir temps,precip,wind,cloudiness
Time
State Variables
nutrientsDO,chlorophyllorganic C Time
PollutantLoads
2. An Example TMDL - NeuseRiver Estuary, Nitrogen TMDL
Nitrogen Loadto Estuary
4321
Scenario
2. An Example TMDL - NeuseRiver Estuary, Nitrogen TMDL
Nitrogen Loadto Estuary
4321
Scenario
Chlorophyll-a Conc.
4321
ScenarioWaterQualityGoal
2. An Example TMDL - NeuseRiver Estuary, Nitrogen TMDL
Nitrogen Loadto Estuary
4321
Scenario
Chlorophyll-a Conc.
4321
ScenarioWaterQualityGoal
Neuse Estuary Eutrophication Model
Neuse and Cape Fear Models are“Mass Balance” Models
MassOutflow
Volume of Water
Internalsources
InternalSinks
StateVariable
Accumulation = Mass In - Mass Out
MassInflow
What Should the State Variables,Sinks, and Sources Be?
MassOutflow
Volume of Water
Internalsources
InternalSinks
StateVariable
MassInflow
What Should the State Variables,Sinks, and Sources Be?
MassOutflow
Volume of Water
Internalsources
InternalSinks
StateVariable
MassInflow
“Conceptual Model” ofSystem
Surface Layer
Bottom Layer
Neuse Estuary Conceptual Model
Sediment
Surface Layer
Bottom Layer
Neuse Estuary Conceptual Model
Sediment
RiverineNutrient Load
Long water residence time
Surface Layer
Bottom Layer
Neuse Estuary Conceptual Model
Sediment
Algal Blooms, High DORiverineNutrient Load
Long water residence time
Surface Layer
Bottom Layer
Neuse Estuary Conceptual Model
Sediment
Algal Blooms, High DO
Sediment O2 Demand
RiverineNutrient Load
Surface Layer
Bottom Layer
Neuse Estuary Conceptual Model
Sediment
Algal Blooms, High DO
Sediment O2 Demand
RiverineNutrient Load
withoutstratification
Surface Layer
Bottom Layer
Neuse Estuary Conceptual Model
Sediment
Algal Blooms, High DO
Sediment O2 Demand
RiverineNutrient Load
withoutstratification
Acceptable DO
Surface Layer
Bottom Layer
Neuse Estuary Conceptual Model
Sediment
Algal Blooms, High DO
Sediment O2 Demand
RiverineNutrient Load
withstratification
Surface Layer
Bottom Layer
Neuse Estuary Conceptual Model
Sediment
Algal Blooms, High DO
Sediment O2 Demand
RiverineNutrient Load
withstratification
Anoxic BottomWaters
Model Developed for Nutrient TMDLNEEM = Neuse Estuary
Eutrophication Model
Neuse River Estuary
NEEM Divides Water Body intoSegments
Neuse River Estuary
NEEM Divides Water Body intoSegments
Divide Segments into Layers (6-18)Layers may have varying widths
Layer 2
Layer 5
Water Column
NEEM Water Quality State Variables
1. Temperature 2. Salinity3. Suspended Solids
Oxidants/Reductants
Nutrients
Organic Matter
Phytoplankton
4. Diatoms & Dinoflagg’s5. Chloros & Cryptos6. Blue-Green Algae
7. LPOM 8. RDOM9. RPOM 9. Part Si10. LDOM
11. NH312. NO2+ NO313. Dissolved Silica14. Ortho Phosphate
9. Dissolved Oxygen10. Benthically Derived Oxygen Demand
Sediment Organic Matter
Physical Properties
18. Labile SOM19. Refr. SOM
NEEM Predicted and ObservedSalinities near New Bern
1998-2000
NEEM Predicted and ObservedChl-a near New Bern
1998-2000
NEEM Predicted and ObservedDO Conc. near New Bern
1998-1999
Load Reduction Needed to MeetWater Quality Standards (3 Models)
Summary of model results used to recommend a 30% reduction in NitrogenLoading from the 1995 baseline loading.
0 10 20 30 40 50
Percent TN Reduction Required to Meet
Chlorophyl-a Standard
Neu-BERN w/ dummy
Neu-BERN no dummy
NEEM
WASP
Neuse TMDL Load Reduction Results
3. LCFR Estuary, OrganicMatter (BOD) TMDL
BOD Loadto Estuary
4321
Scenario
3. LCFR Estuary, OrganicMatter (BOD) TMDL
BOD Loadto Estuary
4321
Scenario
DO Conc.
4321
ScenarioWaterQualityGoal
3. LCFR Estuary, OrganicMatter (BOD) TMDL
BOD Loadto Estuary
4321
Scenario
DO Conc.
4321
ScenarioWaterQualityGoal
LCFR Estuary Model
Vertically Mixed WaterColumn
LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model
Sediment
Cape FearNutrient Load
Shorter water residence time
Vertically Mixed WaterColumn
LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model
Sediment
Cape FearNutrient Load
NECF & Black R.Color Load
Shorter water residence time
MonitoringStationsMap
LowerCapeFearRiverProgram
2001-2002 Salinity, LCFRP Data
NC11
Riverine OceanLCFR
2000-2001 Light Attenuation,LCFRP Data
Riverine OceanLCFR
2001-2002 Turbidity, LCFRPData
Riverine OceanLCFR
Vertically Mixed WaterColumn
LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model
Sediment
Fewer phytoplankton
Sediment O2 Demand
Cape FearNutrient Load
NECF & Black R.Color Load
Shorter water residence time
2001-2002 Chl-a, LCFRP Data
Riverine OceanLCFR
2000-2001 Orthophosphate,LCFRP Data
Riverine OceanLCFR
2000-2001 NOx, LCFRP Data
Riverine OceanLCFR
LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual ModelBOD Sources, DO Sources & Sinks
Sediment
LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual ModelBOD Sources, DO Sources & Sinks
Sediment
Cape FearBOD Load
NECF & Black R.BOD Load
LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual ModelBOD Sources, DO Sources & Sinks
Sediment
Cape FearBOD Load
NECF & Black R.BOD Load
Muni & Ind.BOD Load
LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual ModelBOD Sources, DO Sources & Sinks
Sediment
Cape FearBOD Load
NECF & Black R.BOD Load
Muni & Ind.BOD Load
decaying phyto.
LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual ModelBOD Sources, DO Sources & Sinks
Sediment
Cape FearBOD Load
NECF & Black R.BOD Load
SurfaceReaeration
Phytoplank. ProductivityMuni & Ind.
BOD Load
decaying phyto.
LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual ModelBOD Sources, DO Sources & Sinks
Sediment
Cape FearBOD Load
NECF & Black R.BOD Load
Ocean Inflows
SurfaceReaeration
Input of NECF &Black R. Low DOWater
Phytoplank. ProductivityMuni & Ind.
BOD Load
decaying phyto.
LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual ModelBOD Sources, DO Sources & Sinks
Sediment Sediment O2 Demand
Cape FearBOD Load
NECF & Black R.BOD Load
Ocean Inflows
SurfaceReaeration
Input of NECF &Black R. Low DOWater
Phytoplank. ProductivityMuni & Ind.
BOD Load
decaying phyto.
BOD Consumption
LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual ModelBOD Sources, DO Sources & Sinks
Sediment Sediment O2 Demand
Cape FearBOD Load
NECF & Black R.BOD Load
Ocean Inflows
SurfaceReaeration
Input of NECF &Black R. Low DOWater
Phytoplank. ProductivityMuni & Ind.
BOD Load
decaying phyto.
2001-2002 DO, LCFRP Data
Riverine OceanLCFR
95-01 DO @ NC 11 (Cape Fear),LCFRP Data
95 96 97 98 99 00 01
95-01 @NCF 117 (NortheastCape Fear), LCFRP Data
95 96 97 98 99 00 01
Special Challenges of ModelingLCFR Estuary
1. Three dimensional variability (longitudinal,lateral, vertical) in state variables
2. Mixing regimes vary significantly fromupstream (riverine) to mouth (energetic tidalmixing)
3. Many significant sources of DO to surfacewaters
– algal productivity,– surface reaeration,– lateral inflows from ocean)
Special Challenges of ModelingLCFR Estuary
4. Many significant sinks of DO that affectsurface waters
• sediment oxygen demand• low DO water input from Black and NE Cape
Fear River,• municipal and industrial wastewater loads,• BOD inputs from adjacent swamps & Black
and NE Cape Fear Rivers
Special Challenges of ModelingLCFR Estuary
5. Widely varying decomposition rates ofdifferent organic matter sources
• Decaying phytoplankton biomass• Industrial, municipal BOD loads• Refractory organic matter from “black
water” sources
BOD decomposition rates varywidely
DO Consumed(mg/l)
Decayingphytoplanton biomass
Black waterorganic matter
Municipal,industrialBOD loads
Time 5 days
BOD5
BOD decomposition rates varywidely
Time 50 days5 days
Black waterorganic matter
Municipal,industrialBOD loadsDO
Consumed(mg/l) Decaying
phytoplanton biomass
Conclusions Regarding LCFRTMDL1. Challenging system to model2. Model must properly account for changing
physical regimes through the estuary(river to mouth)
3. Model must account for all of DO sourcesand sinks
4. Model must properly account for differingqualities of BOD sources to estuary