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Diversity

Cycles

Systems

Interactions

Energy

285 P078R PSLE Your Companion Science - Final 09/09/16

Contents

Lower Block

DiversityClassification:

Unit 1 Living and Non-living Things 1

Unit 2 Plants 14

Unit 3 Animals 37

Unit 4 Fungi and Bacteria 59

Unit 5 Exploring Materials 67

Cycles Unit 1 Life Cycles of Some Animals 83

Unit 2 Life Cycles of Plants 93

Unit 3 Matter 98


Lower Block

Systems Unit 1 Human Body Systems 123

Unit 2 Plants and their Parts 133

Interactions Unit 1 Magnets and their Characteristics 143

Unit 2 Making Magnets 151

Energy Unit 1 Light and Shadows 159

Unit 2 Heat and Temperature 173


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waterLower Block

Diversity


1. Living and Non-Living Things 1

Classification 1

What are Living Things? 4

Living Things and their Characteristics 5

Non-Living Things 8

2. Plants 14

What are Plants? 14

Classification of Plants 14Flowering plants 14Non-flowering plants 15Similarities and Differences 16

Plant Parts and their Functions 18(a) Roots 18(b) Stem 19(c) Leaves 21(d) Flowers 25(e) Fruits and Seeds 27

Importance of Plants 32

3. Animals 37

What are Animals? 37

Classification of Animals 37Insects 37Fish 40Birds 41Mammals 46Amphibians 47Reptiles 48

Why are Animals Important? 48

4. Fungi and Bacteria 59

Fungi 59Harmful and useful fungi 61Reproduction of fungi 61

Bacteria 62

5. Exploring Materials 67

What are Materials? 67

Different Types of Materials 68Metals 68Wood 70Glass 71Ceramics 72Rubber 73Leather 74Fabrics 75Plastics 76

Physical Properties of Materials 78

Which Materials to Choose to Make an Object? 79

Contents


Unit

Diversity | Living and Non-Living Things 1

Living and Non-Living Things

1UnitDiversity

Classification

1. Grouping things helps us to recognise and find them easily. 2. Placing things with similar characteristics into the same group is called classification. 3. When we classify things, we need to examine their similarities and differences.

e.g.(a) The books in a library are classified according to the subject and language.(b) In a supermarket, products are classified according to the type.(c) In a boutique, clothes are classified according to the type, colour and size.

4. We group objects based on one or more properties. The selected properties are known as the criteria of classification.

5. Classification helps us to learn more about things. 6. Things in the same group are similar in some ways. 7. Classification helps us to see things in an orderly way. It makes it easier for us to study

and understand the diversity around us. 8. We can classify many things in this world using a flow chart. 9. The flow chart shows how animals can be classified into main groups like, fish, birds,

mammals, insects, reptiles and amphibians.

Classification of things in supermarket


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Diversity | Living and Non-Living Things 3

Some Examples:Food items can be classified into four major groups.

Another classification shows how living things can also be placed into four major groups.

Animals can be further classified as vertebrates or invertebrates.

Food items

Salty Sweet Bitter Sour

chips cake coffee lemon

popcorn ice-cream bitter gourd tamarind

Living things

Animals Plants Fungi Micro-organisms

Animals

Vertebrates

Birds

Reptiles

Fish

Mammals

Amphibians

Invertebrates

Protozoans

Arthropods

Annelids

Molluscs


Up

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Cycles

Systems

Interactions

Energy


Contents

Upper Block

Cycles Unit 1 Reproduction in Plants 1

Unit 2 Reproduction in Humans 22

Unit 3 Water and Changes of State 28

Unit 4 The Water Cycle 43

Systems Unit 1 The Plant Transport System 55

Unit 2 Air and the Respiratory System 60

Unit 3 The Circulatory System 79

Unit 4 The Unit of Life 90

Unit 5 The Electrical System 104

Unit 6 Using Electricity 112


Cycles | Reproduction in Plants 1

1Unit

Reproduction in Plants

Cycles

Why do Living Things Reproduce?

1. Reproduction is one of the main characteristics of all living things.

2. Living things reproduce to ensure the continuity of their own kind.

3. When a particular species of a living thing has completely died out and disappeared from the Earth and there are no young ones to replace them, we say that this species has become extinct. For example, dinosaurs became extinct millions of years ago.

4. Animals such as the panda, koala bear and tiger are in danger of extinction. We call them endangered animals.

5. If we do not do something about their reproduction, there will not be any of these animals in a few hundred years’ time.

From parents to offspring

1. We have millions of different types of living things in this world.

2. Yet, these creatures and plants hardly seem to change at all.

3. When living things reproduce, their characteristics are passed on to their offspring.

4. Offspring always have some or all the characteristics of their parents. Examples are skin colour, eye colour or the shape of the nose.

5. This passing on of characteristics from parents to the offspring is called heredity.


2 Your Companion to Science - Upper Block © Fairfield Book Publishers Pte. Ltd.

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

1. All living things including plants are able to reproduce.

2. Reproduction is the creation of a new life.

3. Plants reproduce to ensure that the same kind of plants exist when the parent plants die.i.e. they ensure the continuity of their own kind.

4. Plants reproduce in different ways.

Reproductive Parts of Flowering Plants

1. Flowers contain the parts of plants needed for reproduction.

2. They produce male and female sex cells, called gametes, which join together to create new plants of the same kind. This type of reproduction is called sexual reproduction.

3. Flowering plants usually reproduce by seeds.

4. Flowers eventually develop into fruits after fertilisation.

by seeds

Reproduction

sexual reproduction by spores

Flowering plants Non-flowering plants

in

Parts of a bisexual flower

antherpetal

sepal

filamentstigmastyleovuleovary

Pistil

Stamen


Cycles | Reproduction in Plants 3

5. A fruit is an enlarged ovary that contains seeds.

6. A seed is an enlarged ovule that contains stored food and eventually grows into another plant.

7. A flower which has both male and female parts is bisexual.e.g. hibiscus plant

8. Some plants bear separate male and female flowers and they are called unisexual flowers.e.g. cucumber, papaya and maize

Stamenanther - produces pollen grains

filament - supports anther

Pistil

stigma - receives pollen grains

style - where pollen tubes grow

ovary - contains one or more ovules. It develops into a fruit which protects the seed inside

ovule - contains the egg nucleus. It is an undeveloped seed containing a very tiny egg

Petal attracts insects and provides landing stage for visiting insects

Sepal an outer flap that protects a flower bud

Egg cell gets fertilised by the pollen grains produced by the male part of the flower. Pollen grains are transported to the female part by wind, insects or animals

Flower stalk gives support to the flower and elevates the flower for the insects

Nectarya nectar-secreting glandular organ

a sugary solution called nectar is held to attract insects


4 Your Companion to Science - Upper Block © Fairfield Book Publishers Pte. Ltd.

Petals

ļļ Petals are delicate and often brightly-coloured.ļļ These petals surround the plant’s reproductive parts.ļļ Most petals are scented or patterned to attract insects. They have areas called nectaries at their bases.ļļ These nectaries produce a sweet, sticky liquid called nectar which attracts insects or other animals needed for pollination.ļļ They also provide the landing stage for visiting insects.

The male reproductive organ(stamen)

ļļ A flower’s male reproductive part is called the stamen.ļļ Each stamen is made up of a pod-like anther.ļļ The anther is held at the end of a long stalk called a filament.ļļ The anther contains pollen sacs which split open to release grains of pollen, the male reproductive cells.ļļ Pollen grains from different plants are of different sizes and shapes.ļļ They are usually very tiny and yellow in colour.ļļ The function of the pollen grain is similar to that of an animal’s sperm – to fertilise the egg.

The female reproductive organ(pistil)

ļļ A flower’s female reproductive part is called the carpel or pistil.ļļ It is made up of the stigma, style, ovary and ovule.ļļ The stigma is the top part of a carpel.ļļ It has a sticky surface which traps grains of pollen that touch it.ļļ The stigma is joined to the ovary by a part of the carpel called the style.ļļ Each ovary holds one or more tiny eggs called ovules, which are the female reproductive cells.ļļ These ovules develop into seeds after fertilisation.ļļ The ovary develops into the fruit which protects the seed inside.ļļ Inside each ovule is a very tiny egg.ļļ Eggs gets fertilised by the pollen grains produced by the male part of the flower.ļļ Pollen grains are transported to the female part by wind, insects or animals.


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