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Low Temperatures - the posters
Low Temperatures Cryogenics Cold on EarthCold in SpaceSuperconductivitySuperfluidity
Funded byEPSRC (Partnerships for Public Awareness)Institute of PhysicsOxford Instruments
Mike Lea, John Saunders, Colin WintertonRoyal HollowayRick MarshallOakham SchoolBill BlockBritish Antarctic Survey Bob LambourneOpen University

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To inform and excite interest in students

To provide a summary of low temperature research and applications in physics, cryogenic engineering, astronomy, planetary science, medicine and biology

To be distributed to schools as A3 posters and A4 summary sheets for individual students from September 2001
Low Temperatures - the aim

Coldest on Earth
Vostok Ice Station
-89.2C on July 21, 1983

Coldest in the Solar System
Triton - moon of NeptuneVoyager 2: 25 August 1989-235C or 38 KPressure 15 bar

Cosmic Microwave Background
COBE satellite 1991
Black Body Radiation

Doppler dipole shift

Temperature fluctuations
COsmic Background Explorer

BOOMERANG Telescope
Antarctica 1998
CMB fluctuations
Flat Universe
Courtesy of The BOOMERANG Collaboration

Coldest in the Universe
The Boomerang Nebula, 5000 light years away, is an expanding cloud of dust and gas from an old star which is collapsing to form a white dwarf. The expanding gas cools to 1K, the lowest temperature found in the Universe. A radio telescope in Chile was used to compare signals from carbon monoxide in the Boomerang Nebula with signals from the cosmic microwave background radiation(CMB). The cold region absorbs some of the background radiation.
Dr. Raghvendra Sahai, Lars-Ake Nyman, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA

Coldest Laboratory 1
Traditional cryostats

Coldest Laboratory 2
Trapped atom clouds

Laser cooling Nobel prize 1997 Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, William Phillips
Magneto-optic traps (MOT) for atoms 30 nK

Example of Poster No.1

Example of Poster No.2

Example of Poster No.3

Frozen
Ice is lethal to living cells
Freeze Avoidance to -40CAntifreeze compounds - GlycerolAntifreeze proteins - Inhibit ice growthAvoid ice nucleators - Bacteria seed ice formation
Frozen Alive by Janet M Storey
Alive!

Cryosurgery
Courtesy of Royal Surrey County Hospital
Cryotherapy uses liquid nitrogen (77 K)

Cancer cells repeatedly frozen and thawed

Rapidly expanding field

Example of Poster No.4

Example of Poster No.5

Maglev trains
Magnetic repulsion Levitation
Yamanashi Maglev Test Line

Example of Poster No.6

Bose-Einstein condensation
Atoms in traps

Laser cooling

Evaporation

T > 30 nK

Low Temperatures - the posters
Low Temperatures Cryogenics

Cold on EarthCold in Space

Superconductivity Superfluidity
For details of how to get the summary sheets and posters call 01784 443448 or e-mail: physics@rhul.ac.ukAll comments welcome!