low impact development site planning and design...low impact development site planning and design...
TRANSCRIPT
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Low Impact Development Site Planning and Design
Scott MillarPlanning and Development Office
RIDEM
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Smart Development for a Cleaner Bay Act
Use LID as the primary method of stormwater management
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Stormwater Manual Standard No. 1
“LID Site Planning and Design Strategies must be used to the maximum extent practicable…”
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Goal 1: Avoid the impacts to natural features and predevelopment hydrology
Objective 1. Protect open space to maintain hydrology
Objective 2. Protect surface waters, wetlands, and buffers
Objective 3. Minimize clearing and grading
Objective 4. Reduce soil compaction
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Goal 2: Reduce runoff volume and increase groundwater recharge
Objective 5. Maintain native vegetation to minimize lawns, fertilizers, and pesticides
Objective 6. Minimize impervious surfaces
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Goal 3: Manage the impacts at the source
Objective 7. Infiltrate precipitation as close as possible to the point it reaches the ground
Objective 8. Break up or disconnect the flow of runoff over impervious surfaces
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Goal 3: Manage the impacts at the source
Objective 10. Revegetate previously cleared areas
Objective 9. Provide source controls to minimize stormwater pollutants
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Past Stormwater Management
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AVOIDAVOID
REDUCEREDUCE MANAGE
MANAGE
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Why should communities avoid and reduce impacts?
• Community character is preserved• Local flooding is reduced• Saves money
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Natural Hydrology
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Center for Watershed Protection
Maintain Pre-development Hydrology
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Center for Watershed Protection
Altered Hydrology
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Center for Watershed Protection
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Rainfall Parking LotRunoff
Forest Runoff
Inch
es
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Impervious Cover Impacts
1. Hydrology Impacts
2. Physical Impacts
3. Biological / Habitat Impacts
4. Water Quality Impacts
5. Health Impacts
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Impervious Cover Influences Wet Weather Stream Flow
Center for Watershed ProtectionCenter for Watershed Protection
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More Frequent Flooding
Center for Watershed Protection
Higher Flood Levels
Impervious Cover Influences Wet Weather Stream Flow
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Impervious Cover Influences Dry Weather Stream Flow
Center for Watershed Protection
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Impervious Cover
Physical Impacts
• Channel enlargement• Riparian cover reduced• Warmer stream temperatures
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Watershed with less than 5%
impervious cover.
Photo Copyright 1999, Center for Watershed Protection
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Watershed with 10% impervious cover.
Photo Copyright 1999, Center for Watershed Protection
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Watershed with 20% impervious cover.
Photo Copyright 1999, Center for Watershed Protection
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Watershed with 30% impervious cover.
Photo Copyright 1999, Center for Watershed Protection
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0
20
40
60
80
100
0 10 20 30 40 50Percent Impervious Cover in Watershed
Num
ber a
nd D
iver
sity
of
Aqua
tic L
ife
Impervious Cover ImpactsBiological / Habitat
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Center for Watershed Protection
Impervious Cover ImpactsWater Quality
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Center for Watershed Protection
Oil & GreaseOil & Grease
BacteriaBacteria
PesticidesPesticides
NutrientsNutrients
Muddy WaterMuddy Water
Heavy Metals Heavy Metals (e.g. (e.g. Zinc, Copper, Lead)Zinc, Copper, Lead)
Harmful pollutants in Harmful pollutants in runoff include:runoff include:
Impervious Cover ImpactsHealth
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10% 40%25%
Good
Fair
Poor
Watershed Impervious Cover
Stre
am Q
ualit
y
60% 100%
Sens
i tive
Impa
cted
Damaged
Impervious Cover Model
Severely Damaged
Relationship Between Impervious Relationship Between Impervious Cover and Stream QualityCover and Stream Quality
Center for Watershed Protection
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So what should communities do?
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Guidance Manual Chapters1. Conservation Development2. Buffer Standards3. Site Clearing and Grading4. Roadway Standards5. Parking Requirements6. Compact Development7. LID Landscaping8. Special Use Ordinances
• Stormwater Utilities• Impervious Cover• Review and Inspection Fees
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45 Site Planning and Design Techniques
• Current Practice• Recommended Practice• Perceptions and Realities• Economic and Stormwater Benefits• Case Studies• References
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How can we Avoid the Impacts?
• Conservation Development• Buffer standards• Site clearing standards• Tree protection ordinances
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Conservation Development
“a creative land use technique that allows a community to guide growth to the most appropriate areas within a parcel of land to avoid impacts to the environment and to protect the character-defining features of the property.”
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Existing Conditions
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Yield Plan
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Conservation Plan
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Comparisons
Conventional Conservation
Wetland Lots: 24 0 Average Lot: 3 acres .52 acresStreet Length: 9,059 3,720Open Space: 1.4% 82%
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Goal 1: Avoid the impacts to natural features and predevelopment hydrology
Objective 1. Protect open space to maintain hydrologyObjective 2. Protect surface waters, wetlands, and buffersObjective 3. Minimize clearing and gradingObjective 4. Reduce soil compaction
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Buffer Standards
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Buffer Benefits
• Decreases watershed impervious cover• Flood control• Provides habitat• Reduces stream warming• Greenway corridors• Increases property values• Protects water quality
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Buffer Encroachment
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Site Clearing Standards
http://croptechnology.unl.edu/
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Limited Disturbance Zone
Construction staging area
Owner Discretion Zone
Low Impact Development: A Guidebook for North Carolina- 2009
Driveway Disturbance Zone
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Forest Conservation and Tree Protection Ordinances
Horsley Witten Group, Inc.
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Trees Reduce Stormwater Runoff
One mature beech tree can intercept over 2,000 gallons of runoff annually
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• Trees should be identified and protected
• Require percent tree canopy cover• Require bonds to cover tree
replacement
Recommended Ordinance Requirements
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• Fence off the crown
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How can we Reduce the Impacts?
• Compact development• Roadway standards• Parking requirements• LID landscaping
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Compact Development
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Impervious Cover Associated with Residential Lot Sizes
Lot Size Dwelling Units/Acre
% Impervious Cover
10 Acres 0.1 2.4%
5 Acres 0.2 5%
3 Acres 0.333 8%
2 Acres 0.5 12%
1 Acre 1 20%
.5 Acre 2 25%
.25 Acre 4 38%
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Site: 20%impervious cover
Watershed: 20%impervious cover
Site: 38%impervious cover
Watershed: 9.5% impervious cover
Site: 65%impervious cover
Watershed: 8.1%impervious cover
1 unit per acre 4 units per acre 8 units per acre
Protecting Water Resources with Higher-Density Development, US EPA
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Roadway Design
• Pavement length and width • ROW width• Cul-de-sac radius• Sidewalk design• Curb requirements• Driveway design
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Wide StreetWide Street
9 houses9 houses
$ 40,400 to repave$ 40,400 to repave
$4,500/house$4,500/house
Pavement length and width
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Narrow StreetNarrow Street
14 houses14 houses
$ 24,200 to repave$ 24,200 to repave
$1,700/house$1,700/house
Pavement length and width
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Pavement length and width
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Cul-de-sac Radius
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Alternative Designs
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Cul-de-sac Radius
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Sidewalk Design
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Sidewalk Design
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Curb Requirements
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Driveway Design
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Shared Driveway
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Parking Guidance
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Parking Guidance• Establish both minimum and maximum
parking ratios
Conventional parking layout
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Parking Layout Using LID Techniques
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• Encourage shared parking
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• Allow off-site parking, where practical• Reduce parking stalls
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LID Landscaping
• Require natural vegetation and encourage native landscaping
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Goal 2: Reduce stormwater volume and increase groundwater recharge
Objective 5. Maintain native vegetation to minimize lawns, fertilizers, and pesticides
Objective 6. Minimize impervious surfaces
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Ordinance Checklist for 45 LID Site Planning and Design
Techniques
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Objective VI: Minimize impervious surfaces
15. Did your community adopt compact growth ordinances such as conservation development, planned development or mixed use development?
16. Are residential streets required to be as narrow as possible to accommodate traffic volumes without compromising safety?
a. Do you require road widths of 22 feet or less for subdivisions of 40 or fewer homes or average daily trips less than 400?
b. Do you require road widths of 26 feet or less for subdivisions of 40-200 homes or average daily trips of 400-2,000?
17. Are street right-of–way widths required to be less than 45 feet?
18. Driveway lengths and widths are required to be reduced to the extent possible, pervious surfaces and shared driveways are encouraged wherever appropriate?
a. Do you require driveways to be 9 feet or less (one lane) and 18 feet or less (two lanes)?
b. Do you allow pervious surfaces to be used for residential driveways?
c. Do you allow shared driveways to be used in residential developments?
19. Do you allow the flexibility with curbs in residential streets to encourage side of the road drainage into vegetated open swales, where possible?........................................
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Incorporating LID into Comprehensive Plans
Goal: Avoid the Impacts
Objective 1: Protect undisturbed open space
Action 1.1 Adopt Conservation Development
Action 1.2 Require limits of disturbance on site plans
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Summary
• LID: A R M• Avoid & Reduce: Municipal Responsibility• LID Community Benefits
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Questions?
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Avg lot size=just over 1 acreROW=60 ft
Road width=30 ftCul-de-sac radius=38 ft
*
*
* SW BMP
Curb and gutter drainage system
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