Soreq

Low energy particle

accelerators activities in Israel

Dan Berkovits

April 10th 2014

RECFA meeting @ TAU

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Soreq

Outline

VdG ion accelerators at the Weizmann Institute of Science

Soreq Applied Research Accelerator Facility (SARAF)

HUJI involvement in CLIC

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The 3 MV Van de Graaff Accelerator at the Weizmann Institute

TECHNICAL• 3 MV• p,d,3He and 4He beams• Up to 10 mA particle current on target• Three beam lines for experiments• Easy operation

SCIENTIFIC• Low-energy nuclear reactions for

astrophysics• Neutrons via d-induced reactions on LiF• Radioactive nuclei production• Detector development• Implantation for optical wave guides

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14 MV Tandem VdG accelerator @ WIS 1976-2007

G. Goldring, M. Hass and M. Paul, Nuclear

Physics News, Vol. 14, No. 3 (2004) 3-13

• Acceleration of all ions from protons (28 MeV) to actinides

• First 15 years: nuclear physics• Last 20 years: accelerator mass

spectrometry, coulomb explosion imaging of molecules and space devices radiation damage

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The DANGOOR Research Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory @ WIS

http://www.weizmann.ac.il/Dangoor/home

0.5 MV Tandem Pelletron for 14C dating

1 PhD Physics + 4 PhD users + 5 PhD students in Archaeology and Anthropology

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SARAF

Soreq Applied Research Accelerator Facility

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SARAF – Soreq Applied Research Accelerator Facility

To enlarge the experimental nuclear science infrastructure and promote research in Israel

To develop and produce radioisotopes for bio-medical applications

To modernize the source of neutrons at Soreq and extend neutron based research and applications

Soreq

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SARAF Accelerator ComplexParameter Value Comment

Ion Species Protons/Deuterons

M/q ≤ 2

Energy Range 5 – 40 MeV Variable energy

Current Range

0.04 – 5 mA CW (and pulsed)

Operation 6000 hours/year

Reliability 90%

Maintenance Hands-On Very low beam loss

superconducting RF linear acceleratorPhase I - 2009 Phase II

Soreq

Target Hall

(2019)

Phase-I accelerator

20012010

Phase-II accelerator

diffractometer

Radiopharmaceutical

linac

Thermal n source 40 m

radiography

R&D

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Nuclear Physics status in Israel Until a few years ago, there was a clear decrease of

the number of nuclear physics researchers and students in Israel

Senior researchers in Israeli academia formulated recommendations for improvement, which include the construction of SARAF as a world-class domestic scientific infrastructure that will attract new researchers and students

In recent years we observe a trend reversal, which is attributed also to the expectations for the construction of SARAF

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SARAF Scientific Research Potential

1. Search for physics beyond the Standard Model

2. Nuclear Astrophysics

3. Exploration of exotic nuclei

4. High-energy neutron induced cross sections

5. Neutron based material research

6. Neutron based therapy

7. Development of new radiopharmaceuticals

8. Accelerator based neutron imaging

11 I. Mardor, “SARAF - The Scientific Objectives”, SNRC Report #4413, May 2013

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Fast neutrons Spallation vs. stripping spectra

40 MeV d-Li vs. 1400 MeV p-W, 0 deg forward spectra,

8 cm downstream the primary target

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Area optimal for the (n,a)

(n,p) (n,2n) (n,f)T. Hirsh PhD. WIS thesis 2012, T. Stora et al. EPL (2012) and D. Berkovits et al.

LINAC12

Spallation

Direct+stripping

10 x d+T generator

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e+

ne

nucleus

q

SARAF Phase II - “Day 1” (1/1) 40 MeV 5 mA CW protons and deuterons Two-stage irradiation target for light exotic nuclei (e.g., 6He, 8Li, 17-23Ne)

M. Hass et al., J. Phys. G. 35 (2008), T. Hirsh et al., J. Phys. NPA 337 (2012) Traps (e.g., EIBT, MOT) for study of exotic nuclei and beyond SM physics

S. Vaintraub et al. J. of Physics 267 (2011), O. Aviv et al. J. of Physics 337 (2012) Liquid lithium target for fast and epi-thermal neutrons

Nuclear astrophysics, BNCT, neutron induced cross sections G. Feinberg et. al., Nucl. Phys. A 337 (2012), Phys. Rev. C 85 (2012) S. Halfon et al. App. Rad. Isot. 69 (2011), RSI 84 (2013), RSI submitted (2014)

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e

Much room for improvement on Ne, towards per-mill precision

MACS with 1011 n/sec – 100 times FZ Karlsruhe

G. Ron HUJI

M. Paul HUJI

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SARAF Phase II - “Day 1” (1/2)

40 MeV 5 mA CW protons and deuterons Neutron based radiography, tomography and diffractometry

I. Sabo-Napadensky et al. JINST (2012) Radiopharmaceutical research and development

I. Silverman et al. AccApp (2013), R. Sasson et. al. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. (2010) Neutron induced radiation damage on small samples and low statistic

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Thermal neutron source

9Be(d,xn)

d beam

Replacement of the Soreq 5MW research reactor

H. Hirshfeld et al. Soreq NRC #3793 (2005), NIM A (2006)

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Nuclear physics groups @ Phase-I # of

studentsInstitute P.I. subject

3Hebrew University M. Paul

Inter stellar nucleosynthesisSNRC A. Shor

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Weizmann Institute M. Hassb decay study of exotic nuclei in traps for beyond SM physics

Hebrew University G. Ron

SNRC T. Hirsh

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U. Conn and Yale M. Gai

Neutrons destruction of 7Be to Solve thePrimordial 7Li Problem

PSI D. Schumann

ISOLDE-CERN T. Stora

SNRC L. Weissman

Hebrew University M. Paul

Weizmann Institute M. Hass

1Hebrew University M. Paul

Accelerator based BNCTHadasa HUJI M. SrebnikD. Steinberg

1IRMM-JRC A. Plompen

F.-J. Hambsch Generation IV reactors neutron cross section SNRC A. Shor

SNRC A. KreiselL. Weissman Deuterons cross section measurements

NPI-Rez J. Mrazek

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SARAF Phase II - Subsequent Upgrades 20 MeV/u sub-mA CW a

b-NMR and more (e.g., COLTRIM, Reaction Microscope)

Thin 238U target + gas extraction + ECR + MR-TOF (IGISOL)

Liquid D2O target for quasi-mono-energetic fast neutrons

Cold and ultra-cold neutrons

~3 MV post accelerator + gas (He) target

A compact 4 p n detector for distinct-spectra of n and anti-n

Acceleration of heavier ions, to higher MeV/u

~109 fission fragments / sec

>300 n events / sec

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SARAF Phase-I 176 MHz linac

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4-rod, 250 kW, 4 m, 1.5 MeV/uP. Fischer et al., EPAC06

2500 mm

Beam

6 HWR b=0.09, 0.85 MV, 60 Hz/mbar3 Solenoids 6T, separated vacuumprotons 4 MeV, deuterons 5 MeV

M. Pekeler, LINAC 2006

EIS

LEBT RFQ

PSM

7 m

Designed and built by RI/Accel

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A. Nagler, Linac2006K. Dunkel, PAC 2007 C. Piel, PAC 2007 C. Piel, EPAC 2008 A. Nagler, Linac 2008J. Rodnizki, EPAC 2008J. Rodnizki, HB 2008 I. Mardor, PAC 2009A. Perry, SRF 2009

I. Mardor, SRF 2009L. Weissman, DIPAC 2009L. Weissman, Linac 2010J. Rodnizki, Linac 2010D. Berkovits, Linac 2012L. Weissman, RuPAC 2012

SARAF phase-I linac – upstream view

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SARAF Phase-I linac status

SARAF Phase-I is the first to demonstrate:

2 mA CW variable energy protons beam

Acceleration of ions through HWR SC cavities

1.5 mA CW proton irradiation of a liquid lithium jet target for neutron production

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Difficulties and challenges at high energy are caused by instabilities and

space charge effects at the low energy front end

A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step (Laozi 604 bc - 531 bc)

A. Facco

Baseline scheme with extended capabilities

• 2 injection lines for H,D, He and A/q=2 ions• SARAF scheme up to 60 MeV/q • IPNO scheme from 60 to 140 MeV/q• CEA scheme from 140 to 1000 MeV/q• cw beam splitting at 1 GeV• Total length of the linac: ~240 m

H-

H+,D+, 3He+

+

RFQ176 MHz

HWR176 MHz

3-SPOKE 352 MHz

Elliptical704 MHz

4 MWH-

100 kWH+, 3He2+

1.5 Me

V/u

60 MeV

/q

140 M

eV/q

1 GeV

/q

B stripper

foil stripper>200 MeV/q

D, A/q=2

=0.47=0.3=0.09=0.15

=0.65 =0.78

10 36 31 63 97

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Proceedings of LINAC08, Victoria, BC, Canada

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SARAF accelerator technology knowledge involvement in European large facilities

EURISOL DS – FP7

SPIRAL2PP – FP7

b-beam

and more

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SARAF Summary SARAF requires a new type of an accelerator

SARAF Phase-I is in routine operation with mA CW proton beams

Targets for high-intensity low-energy beams are under development and operation

Experiments at nuclear astrophysics and nuclear medicine are ongoing

Local SARAF Phase-I team: 7 PhD researchers at accelerator and targets development, 6 PhD students in nuclear physics and technologies and similar numbers at the users side in the universities, NDT community and radiopharmaceuticals laboratory

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Physical mechanism for high-gradient breakdown

Yinon Ashkenazy, Michael Assaf, Inna Popov, Sharon Adar Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel

Walter Wuench group, CLIC, CERN

Modeling origins of high gradient breakdown• HG breakdown has a deterministic role in LINAC design. Recently it

was suggested that mechanical stress leads to the creation of “surface emitters” but the mechanism leading to their formation is remains unknown thus, the search for improved LINAC cavity material is empirical.

• We employ stochastic model to analyze the physical origins of breakdown. Using this method we are able to reproduce experimentally observed accelerating field dependence

Accelerating gradient (in nomralized units)

BD probabilityanalytical and simulations results

Experimental exp = 1.6

Simulated pre breakdown signal variation

Modeling origins of high gradient breakdown• Experimental results from dedicated

measurements in CLIC (DC and RF systems) are analyzed and compared to the model.

• A new system is being designed that has the potential to generate identify unique pre-breakdown signal.

• Microscopy shows indications of pre-breakdown surface “buildup” and formation of “surface emitters”

Large scale image of pre-breakdown region

Zoom in: surface emitter formation

Sample produced in cern using the CLIC DC test system by I. Profatilova

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END

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Production of radiopharmaceutical isotopes Today, most radiopharmaceutical isotopes are

produced by protons

Deuterons Production of neutron-rich isotopes via the (d,p) reaction (equivalent to

the (n,g) reaction)

Typically, the (d,2n) cross section is significantly larger than the (p,n) reaction, for A>~100

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Hermanne Nucl. Data (2007)

I. Silverman et al. NIM B (2007)27

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Radioisotopes[1] Medical Use

64Cu 89Zr 111In 124I Diagnostics

68Ge (68Ga)[2] 99Mo (99Tc) DiagnosticsGenerator

225Ac (alpha) 177Lu (beta)[3] Therapy

SARAF Phase-II currently preferred options

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[1] A. Dahan et al., Center of Targeted Radiopharmaceuticals – proposal, November 2011, submitted to TELEM[2] Irradiation target: I. Silverman et al. AccApp 2011, Medicine: R. Sasson, E. Lavie.; et. al. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2010, 753 [3] A.Hermanne, S.Takacs, M. Goldberg, E.Lavie, Yu.N.Shubin and S.Kovalev, NIM B 2006