low carbohydrate dietary planning system ......berasaskan web yang direka untuk menyediakan pelan...
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LOW CARBOHYDRATE DIETARY PLANNING
SYSTEM
NORMARLINA BINTI ABDULLAH
BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
(SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT) WITH HONOURS
UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN
2018
LOW CARBOHYDRATE DIETARY PLANNING SYSTEM
NORMARLINA BINTI ABDULLAH
Bachelor of Computer Science (Software Development) with Honours
Faculty of Informatics and Computing
Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia
2018
i
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this report is based on my original work except for quotations
and citations, which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been
previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti Sultan Zainal
Abidin or other institutions.
________________________________
Name : Normarlina Binti Abdullah
Date : 13 August 2018
ii
CONFIRMATION
This is to confirm that:
The research conducted and the writing of this report was under my supervision.
________________________________
Name : En Mohd Isa Bin Awang
Date : 13 August 2018
iii
DEDICATION
First of all, I am grateful to Almighty Allah the Most Gracious and the Most
Merciful, who give me strength and patience to complete this final year project report.
I would like to showw my heartiest gratitude to my supervisor En Mohd Isa Bin
Awang for giving me a good guidelines, invaluable advices, knowledgeable
information, kindness, patience and support for this project.
Furthermore, many thanks go my family especially both of my parents also my
brother for their understanding and support for me to complete this valuable project.
A big thank to my friends for their great support, suggestions and encouragement.
Without their help it is impossible to complete this report as well as possible.
In addition, I would like to thank Faculty of Informatics Computing UniSZA that
give me such a great chance to explore myself with this project.
Last but not least, we would like to expand our deepest gratitude to all those who
have directly and indirectly involved in this project.
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ABSTRACT
Most people are concern about what they eat every day. People tent to search
information about the things that they eat or what related to their diet. Diet is the sum
of food consumes by a person. The diet often implies the use of specific intake of
nutrition for health or weight-management reasons. A particular diet may be chosen
to seek weight loss or weight gain. Some food are specifically recommended or
altered for conformity to the requirements of a particular diet .Nowadays, there are
systems which help people to manage their diet. However, the systems are not
specifically focusing on the user’s needs. Different people will require different
dietary needs or nutrition for their body. This is due to variety of weight, daily activity
level on so on. So, they need something that will help them with their own personal
body needs. The system that has been developed is a Low Carbohydrate Dietary
Planning System. Low Carbohydrate Dietary Meal Planning System is a web-based
system designed to provide dietary menu plans for Malaysians. There will be dietary
recommendations for the user based on what they need. The meals in the system are
referred to Atkins diet .The Atkins diet allows the dieter to consume as much protein
and fat as desired, while severely limiting carbohydrate consumption [1].
Rule-based system method are used to store and manipulate knowledge to interpret
information in a useful ways. Hence, rule-based system method is implemented in the
system to generate the diet plans and health guidelines for user.
v
ABSTRAK
Kebanyakan orang bimbang tentang apa yang mereka makan setiap hari. Seseorang
itu cenderung untuk mencari maklumat tentang perkara yang mereka makan atau apa
yang berkaitan dengan diet mereka. Diet adalah jumlah makanan yang diperlukan
oleh seseorang. Diet sering dibayangkan dengan penggunaan kuantiti makanan
khusus untuk kesihatan atau sebab-sebab pengurusan berat badan. Diet tertentu boleh
dipilih untuk menambah berat badan atau mengurangkan berat badan. Sesetengah
makanan disyorkan secara khusus atau diubah untuk mematuhi keperluan diet
tertentu. Pada masa kini, terdapat sistem yang membantu orang untuk menguruskan
diet mereka. Walau bagaimanapun, sistem tidak menumpukan perhatian khusus
kepada keperluan pengguna. Orang yang berbeza akan memerlukan keperluan
pemakanan atau nutrisi yang berbeza untuk tubuh mereka. Ini disebabkan oleh
pelbagai jenis berat badan, tahap aktiviti harian dan sebagainya. Jadi, mereka
memerlukan sesuatu yang akan membantu mereka dengan keperluan badan mereka
sendiri. Sistem yang telah dibangunkan adalah Sistem Perancangan Diet Rendah
Karbohidrat. Sistem Perancangan Makanan Diet Rendah Karbohidrat adalah sistem
berasaskan web yang direka untuk menyediakan pelan menu makanan untuk rakyat
Malaysia. Terdapat cadangan makanan untuk pengguna berdasarkan apa yang
mereka perlukan. Makanan di dalam sistem ini dirujuk kepada diet Atkins. Diet diet
Atkins membolehkan dieter menggunakan banyak protein dan lemak seperti yang
diinginkan, sementara mengehadkan penggunaan karbohidrat [1].
Kaedah sistem berasaskan peraturan digunakan untuk menyimpan dan memanipulasi
pengetahuan untuk menafsirkan maklumat dengan cara yang berguna. Oleh itu,
vi
kaedah sistem berasaskan peraturan dilaksanakan dalam sistem untuk menjana pelan
diet dan garis panduan kesihatan untuk pengguna.
vii
CONTENTS
PAGE
DECLARATION i
CONFIRMATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ABSTRACT iv
ABSTRAK v
CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF APPENDICES
xiii
xiv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 System Background 2
1.3 Problem Statement 3
1.4
1.5
Objectives
Scopes
4
4
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
Limitation of Work
Expected Result
Project Planning
Conclusion
5
5
5
6
viii
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 7
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
Rule – Based System (RBS)
Low Carbohydrate Diet Plan
Atkins Diet
Comparison of Existing system
Conclusion
9
11
13
13
15
17
ix
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 18
3.2 System Development 18
3.3 Project Methodology 19
3.3.1 Phases 20
3.3.1.1 Initial Planning Phase
3.3.1.2 Planning Phase
20
20
3.3.1.3 Requirement Phase 20
3.3.1.4 Analysis and Design Phase 20
3.3.1.5 Implementation Phase 21
3.3.1.6 Testing Phase
3.3.1.7 Evaluation Phase
21
21
3.4
3.5
Context Diagram
Data Flow Diagram
22
23
3.5.1 Data Flow Diagram Level 0
3.5.2 Data Flow Diagram Level 1
23
26
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
Framework
Database Design
Data Dictionary
System Requirement
Conclusion
28
29
30
32
36
38
x
CHAPTER IV IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULT
4.1 Introduction 39
4.2 Test Result (Interface) 39
4.2.1 Patient Module 39
4.2.1.1 Homepage 40
4.2.1.2 Sign Up 41
4.2.1.3 Sign In 42
4.2.1.4 Sign In Success
4.2.1.5 Profile
4.2.1.6 Update Profile
4.2.1.7 Update Profile Success
4.2.1.8 Diet Plan Recommendation
4.2.1.9 Knowledge
4.2.2 Admin Module
4.2.2.1 Sign In
4.2.2.1 Sign In Success
4.2.2.3 Manage Diet Plan
4.2.2.4 Add Diet Plan
4.2.2.5 Diet Plan List
4.2.2.6 Update Diet Plan
4.2.2.7 Delete Diet Plan
4.2.2.8 Report
4.2.2.9 Diet Group Report
43
44
44
45
46
47
48
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
xi
4.2.2.10 Gender Report 57
4.3 Conclusion 57
CHAPTER 5 TESTING AND RESULT
5.1 Introduction 58
5.2 Test Cases 58
5.3
5.2.1 Patient Module
5.2.2 Admin Module
Conclusion
59
64
69
CHAPTER 6 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
6.1 Introduction 70
6.2 Project Contribution 70
6.3
6.4
6.5
Project Constraint and Limitations
Future Work
Conclusion
71
71
71
REFERENCES 72
xii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE
1.1 First table in chapter 1 5
2.1 First table in chapter 2 15
3.1
3.2
3.3
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
First table in chapter 3
Second table in chapter 3
Third table in chapter 3
First table in chapter 5
Second table in chapter 5
Third table in chapter 5
Fourth table in chapter 5
Fifth table in chapter 5
Sixth table in chapter 5
Seventh table in chapter 5
Eighth table in chapter 5
Ninth table in chapter 5
Tenth table in chapter 5
Eleventh table in chapter 5
Twelfth table in chapter 5
32
33
34
59
60
61
62
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
68
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
3.1 First figure in chapter 3 19
3.2 Second figure in chapter 3 22
3.3 Third figure in chapter 3 23
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
Fourth figure in chapter 3
Fifth figure in chapter 3
Sixth figure in chapter 3
Seventh figure in chapter 3
Eighth figure in chapter 3
Ninth figure in chapter 3
Tenth figure in chapter 3
Eleventh figure in chapter 3
Twelfth figure in chapter 3
First figure in chapter 4
Second figure in chapter 4
Third figure in chapter 4
Fourth figure in chapter 4
Fifth figure in chapter 4
Sixth figure in chapter 4
Seventh figure in chapter 4
25
26
27
28
28
30
30
31
31
40
41
42
43
44
44
45
xiv
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.2
Eighth figure in chapter 4
Ninth figure in chapter 4
Tenth figure in chapter 4
Eleventh figure in chapter 4
Twelfth figure in chapter 4
Thirteenth figure in chapter 4
Fourteenth figure in chapter 4
Fifteenth figure in chapter 4
Sixteen figure in chapter 4
Seventeenth figure in chapter 4
Eighteenth figure in chapter 4
Nineteenth figure in chapter 4
Twentieth figure in chapter 4
Twenty-first figure in chapter 4
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
53
54
54
55
56
57
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS / TERMS / SYMBOLS
PHP Personal Home Page
SQL Structured Query Language
AI Artificial Intelligence
MeDHES Mental Health Diagnostic Expert System
RBS Rule Based System
CBR Case Based Reasoning
CAMP Case Based Menu Planner
RBR Rule Based Reasoning
PRISM Pattern Regulator for the Intelligent Selection of Menus
RxSem Rule-based semantic data integration method
BSIS Bariatric Surgery Information System (BSIS)
OWL Ongoing Weight Loss
CD Context Diagram
DFD Data Flow Diagram
ERD Entity Relationship Diagram
xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A
B
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
74
75
1
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
People nowadays are very concern about their health. Most of them are willing to
spend lots of money in order to be in the best of health. Being healthy is not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity, but it is a state of complete physical, mental, and
social well-being. This includes the eating habit, physical movement, and so on.
Healthy diet is the healthy eating habit. A good diet is the well-balanced food intake
that fulfills all the body's need. Malaysia is one of the countries that have diet issue.
Diet is an essential part of our everyday life. Going on a diet can be mean making
some good choices about nutrition (eating more fruit, vegetables and fibre, or cutting
down on snack foods) or bad choices (skipping meals, eating too little or not eating
enough variety of food)[3].Diet is the sum of food consumes by a person. The diet
often implies the use of specific intake of nutrition for health or weight-management
2
reasons. A particular diet may be chosen to seek weight loss or weight gain. Some
food are specifically recommended or altered for conformity to the requirements of a
particular diet.
Different people will have different needs of food nutrition based on their age,
weight, height, gender, and daily activities. So, different people will need different
kind of food servings. In addition, they also need to have a better diet management
and food intake for their body based on nutrition needs and body condition. Therefore,
the guidelines of managing eating habits and lifestyles are important in daily life.
1.2 System Background
Low Carbohydrate Dietary Planning System is a web based application system. It is
responsible to develop diet plan and health guidelines of diet for people that want to
lose weight through the concept of burning carbohydrate and fats in body. Low-
carbohydrate diets have claimed to promote weight loss [4].
It is a system which can help the user in Malaysia to manage their daily diet or food
intake that is suitable for their body needs. The system is one of the effective and
efficient alternatives to reduce the weight loss and change to healthy lifestyles which
benefit people in many ways. The dietary menu plans are generated based on user
health conditions which are activity level phases of diet, and body mass index (BMI).
The system will suggest the suitable dietary intake for the user. This is based from
their needs. So, it will help the user to choose what kind of food servings those are
suitable for their body. It will be easier for the user to plan their daily diet better.
While diet plan suggestion are referring to Atkins Diet. The Atkins diet allows the
3
dieter to consume as much protein and fat as desired, while severely limiting
carbohydrate consumption [1]. According to Atkins research the less carbohydrate and
high protein a person take can loss their weight.
The system is developed using PHP for web development and MySQL as the
database platform. Artificial intelligence methods are implemented in the system by
using rule-based system in order to produce diet plans and guidelines of low
carbohydrate diet.
1.3 Problem Statement
People nowadays are very concern about their health. They care about what they
eat. However, most of them lack knowledge about how to choose and what kind of
food servings that is suitable for their body. This is because, different people will have
different needs of dietary .Due to variety of age, weight, height, gender, and lifestyle.
In this modern day, people live in a hectic world and always on the go. So, some of
them just do not have the time to go very details about what they should eat. They just
eat without knowing what is actually suitable for their body. In this case, they need
something that can help them quickly without having to cost them much in their eating
habit. They need something that can help them quickly like in just a few clicks.
There are online diet systems in the Internet, mostly Western, just want to gain
profit and make money. Even though at first it looks like the system want to provide
useful information for the user, but then it will promote their product such as
slimming patch and weight loss drink.
4
1.4 Objective
The objective of the Low Carbohydrate Dietary Planning System are:
1. To design a dietary planning system for people who want to lose
weight via low carbohydrate concept.
2. To develop a system that can recommend appropriate diet plan for
low carbohydrate diet people.
3. To implement rule-based method in Low Carbohydrate Diet
Planner.
1.5 Scope
The main scopes of the system are:
1.5.1 Dietician
Dietician will able to log into the system. Dietician has authority to manage,
update and delete data of menu diet and health guidelines in the system.
1.5.2 Patient
Patient can register and log into the system and do tasks in the system. Patient
will able to manage profile, manage health condition, manage diet plans and
health guidelines. Patient can access the system anytime and anywhere.
5
1.6 Limitation Of Work
Low Carbohydrate Dietary Planning System provided diet plan suggestion and
health guidelines based on the phases of diet, body mass index (BMI) and activity
level. Diet plans are the menu of suitable diet for people to follow in their daily
lives. The diet planner consists of recommended diet which are based on Atkins
diet and health guidelines that are suitable for those who need to lose weight. The
system is made for Malaysians according to Malaysia lifestyles.
1.7 Expected Result
The relation between food and carbohydrate intake can be identified.
Rule-based method can be implemented on the system.
Compatible web-based system that can monitor carbohydrate consumption
can be develop.
1.8 Project Planning
Table 1.1 Planning of project
6
1.9 Conclusion
This thesis contained 6 chapters. In chapter one, it consists of introduction of the
system, system background, problem statement, objective, scope, limitation of
work, expected result and project planning.
In chapter two, there are literature reviews of several research paper related to the
proposed system. It contains introduction of the chapter, artificial intelligence
method, rule-based system which is will be used in the system, high blood
pressure, diet plan and conclusion.
In chapter three, it explained the methodology that will be used in the system. It
explained processes of the system in every stage. There are data flow diagram
level 0 and level 1 and entity-relationship diagram and framework of the system.
DFD and framework show the flow of the processes in the system and ERD shows
the relationship between the entities of the system which will describe how the
system worked.
In chapter four, it consists of interface and user manual of the system. Each
interface is labeled and explained specifically and properly.
In chapter five, there are test cases of the system. The results from the system
testing are included in this chapter.
In chapter six, there are project contribution, project constraints and future work of
the system. Lastly it will conclude all the chapters in the report.
7
Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Literature review of Low Carbohydrate Dietary Planning System contains the
definitions and previous research of artificial intelligence method, rule-based systems,
Atkins diet and low carbohydrate diet plan.
2.2 Artificial Intelligence (AI)
According to John McCarthy, the father of Artificial Intelligence, where “The
science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent
computer programs”.
Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot,
or a software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent human think
[16].
8
Artificial intelligence is a sub-part of computer science, concerned with how to
give computers the sophistication to act intelligently, and to do so in increasingly
wider realms. It participated thoroughly in computer science’s passion for abstraction,
programming and logical formalism and detail for algorithms over behavioral data,
synthesis over analysis and engineering (how to do) over science (what to know). [11]
Artificial intelligence is presented by machines or software. AI is an academic
field of study of how to create computers and computer software with the ability of
performing intelligent behaviour. Intelligent agent is a system that can understand the
environment and take actions in order to survive and succeed. Companies act as
intelligent agents can develop, manufacture and distribute products by using required
skills. [10]
Artificial intelligence consists of several magnificent techniques for example
rule-based systems, case-based reasoning, artificial neural networks, fuzzy models and
genetic algorithm. Advanced artificial intelligence covers the integration of two or
more techniques such as case-based reasoning and rule-based system. The Mental
Health Diagnostic Expert System (MeDHES) uses three artificial intelligence
techniques; rule-based reasoning, fuzzy logic and fuzzy-genetic algorithm in order to
diagnose and treat mental patients as well as to help patients to choose a suitable
treatment plan that fits their budget without risking their health condition. Rule based
reasoning will be used to diagnose to figure out the specific disorders. The fuzzy logic
is used to determine the severity level of mental disorder and fuzzy-genetic algorithm
is responsible to determine the treatment plan. [12]
Artificial intelligence techniques can contribute in medicine by producing new
tools to support medical decision-making , training and research, providing
examination, organization, representation and cataloging of medical knowledge,
9
integrating activities in medical, computer, cognitive and other sciences and offering
a content-rich discipline for future scientific medical specialty . A web-based medical
diagnosis and prediction consists of four components; database, prediction module,
diagnosis module and user interface. Expert system uses and interpreted set of rules
of patients, patients-disease database and expert knowledge on the disease domain to
diagnose patient’s illness based on their current condition when dealing with fuzzy
data. Then they will form a hybrid system called expert-fuzzy to increase the system
performance. [13]
Artificial intelligence is a study to emulate human intelligence into information
technology. It helps in encouraging health-care provider to provide health-care over
the internet or telemedicine and reduce cost and time. [13]
2.3 Rule-Based System (RBS)
Rule-based systems are used to store and manipulate knowledge to interpret
information in a useful way. RBS is also known as expert system and consist of rule
base, inference engine, working memory and user interface as well as a set of if-then
statements and rule set containing encoded knowledge of an expert . Rule-based
system are the simplest form of artificial intelligence [14].
A rule-based system consists of a set of IF-THEN rules, a set of facts and some
interpreter controlling the application of the rules, given the facts. The idea of an
expert system is to use the knowledge from an expert system and to encode it into a
set of rules. When exposed to the same data, the expert system will perform (or is
expected to perform) in a similar manner to the expert. Rule-based system are very
simple models and can be adapted and applied for a large kind of problems. The
requirements is that the knowledge on the problem area can be expressed in the form
10
of if-then rules. The area should also not be that large because a high number of rules
can make the problem solver (the expert system) inefficient [14].
In the research paper entitled integrating case-based and rule-based reasoning to
meet multiple design constraints, the system has been developed to design a daily
menu for an individual using integration of the case-based reasoning (CBR) from
Case-Based Menu Planner (CAMP) system and rule-based reasoning (RBR) from
Pattern Regulator for the Intelligent Selection of Menus (PRISM). Case-based
reasoning is responsible to satisfy multiple numeric constraints while rule based
reasoning allows the performance of “what if “analysis. RBR succeeds in solving new
problems by drawing inferences from rules containing the problem-solving knowledge
and has the ability to produce new cases in a RBR module so the new menu can be
saved for future use when nutritionist changes a proposed menu [15].
Rule-based semantic data integration method (RxSem) has been used to solve data
preparation and combination problems associated with Medical Data for Bariatric
Surgery Information System (BSIS) [7]. Rule-based approach is used for specification
of data selection and integration directives in order to have a precise specification.
Application domain experts supply the data selection and integration directive which
are often unclear and hard to understand especially for system programmers. Then
they translated the directive using database Structured Query Language (SQL)
programming.
The research of Rule-Based medical diagnosis with learning: Application to the
Diagnosis of Acute Renal Failure in Children presented a new method for recognition
of both empirical data and knowledge representation obtained from an experienced
physician is needed since the existing method which is the Bayes method can
diagnose only one kind of the information. The research uses empirical data and
11
expert rules to implement in computer system shell in order to give the result of
diagnosis of acute renal failure [8]. The main functions of the implementations are to
create an internal knowledge base structure, decision making, store patient data,
specifications of the features, list of class names and expert rules.
Rule-based system has four basic component; a list of rules which is specific type
of knowledge base, interface engine or semantic reasoned containing three phases
which are match phase, conflict-resolution phase and act phase, temporary working
memory and user interfaces.
Rule-based system is known as the simplest form of AI. Although, it is the most
important technique of AI that had been used in many systems and frequently used in
advanced artificial intelligence. It gives a big contribution in IT world.
2.4 Low Carbohydrate Diet Plan
Diet in nutrition means is the sum of food consumed by person or other organism.
Dietary or eating habits are the routines, styles or manners of people when choosing
food to eat. Diet is more likely to be known as the use of specific intake of nutrition
for health reasons. A particular diet is chosen or developed for health or weight
management.
A low- carb diet is a diet that restrict carbohydrates, such as those found in sugary
foods, pasta and bread. It is high in protein, fat and healthy vegetables. There are
many different types of low-carb diets that show they can cause weight loss and
improve health. The foods that should eat depends on a few things, including how
healthy you are, how much you exercise and how much weight you have lose [5]
12
In order to get a balanced diet, people must know their Body Mass Index (BMI).
BMI provide reliable indicator of body fatness for most people and is used to screen
for weight categories; underweight, normal, overweight and obese that may be lead to
health problem. It helps people to choose the healthy appropriate food with the right
nutritional requirement as the diet plan is different for every person according to their
BMI weight category.
An expert system is been constructed in a health record management system by
using case-based approach for diet recommendation. They will filter the collection of
available food products, considering the data stored in the health records of the clients
or patients such as food intolerance, allergy and diet. Ripple down rules (RDR) of
case-based approach and suitable rule representation are used to implement menu
planning [6].
In a proposed system of diet recommendation, there are four components; user
management module, diet planning module, menu construction module and menu
adaption module. Diet planning module is implemented using case-based reasoning
(CBR) and rule-based reasoning (RBR) with reusability matrix. Menu adaption
module works as the user choose the particular diet menu, then the system will select
from the food database and display to user [14]. A healthy diet provides essential
nutrition, protein and calories needed by the body. It helps to maintain or improve
overall health and automatically leads to healthy lifestyle. It is not actually about strict
dietary limitations but a proper balanced diet assists people to have complete meals
with the best nutrition for the body. The goal of healthy diet is to develop a diet that
people can maintain for life and manage to help people reduce unhealthy food.
13
2.5 Atkins Diet
The Atkins diet was first introduced to the public in the 70s by Dr Robert Atkins.
The Atkins plan advocates a high protein, high fat diet with a significant restriction of
carbohydrates. The Atkins diet is a low-carbohydrate diet, usually recommended for
weight loss. Proponents of this diet claim that you can lose weight eating as much
protein and fat as you want, as long as you avoid foods in high carbs. In the past 12
years, have shown that low-carb diets are effective for weight loss (without calorie
counting), and can lead to various health improvements.[8]
The Atkins diet consists of four different phases. The first is called “Induction” and
during this two-week phase, carbohydrate consumption is extremely limited. The
dieter is allowed to eat as much fat and protein as the likes, but only 20 grams of
carbohydrate may be consumed per day. Eat high-fat, high protein, with low-carb
vegetables like leafy greens. This kick-starts the weight loss [8].
The second phase is called Ongoing Weight Loss (OWL). In the OWL phase, the
goal is to achieve an amount of carbohydrate that will maintain weight loss while
providing adequate energy controlling hunger. Essentially, food are gradually added
back into the diet while dieters keep track of the amount of carbohydrates consumed
daily. This phase is similar to the Induction phase with the addition of more
carbohydrates and more acceptable foods [9].
Next, dieters move on to the third phase, called Pre-Maintenance, when they are
close to their goal weights. In this phase, dieters continue to add more foods to their
14
diets as well as more carbohydrates until they are reach their Atkins Carbohydrate
Equilibriums. The Atkins Carbohydrate Equilibrium is the amount of carbohydrates a
person consume while either gaining or losing weight. During the Pre-Maintenance
phase, weight loss may be slow, so this phase may take several months [9].
The fourth and final phase is called the Lifetime Maintenance phase. In this phase,
goal weight is maintained when dieters eat in accordance with their Atkins
Carbohydrate Equilibriums discovered in the Pre-Maintenance phase. Here they can
eat as many healthy carbs as their body an tolerate without regaining weight [9].
In summary, the Atkins Diet begins with a dramatic restriction of carbohydrates,
after which dieters slowly add back foods and increase carbohydrate until they reach
their goal weights.
15
2.6 Comparison of Existing System
AUTHOR /
YEAR
TITLE DESCRIPTION STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
Giuseppe Agapito,
Mariadelina
Simeoni, Barbara
Calabrese, Ilaria Car,
Theodora
Lamprinoudi, Pietro
H. Guzzi, Arturo
Pujia, Giorgio
Fuiano and Mario
Cannataro
(2018)
DIETOS : A
Dietary
Recommender
System For
Chronic Diseases
Monitoring and
Management
DIETOS is a
food
recommender
system for
healthy people
and individuals
affected by
diet-related
chronic
diseases.
The proposed
system builds a
user health
profile and
accordingly
provides
individualized
recommendatio
ns, also with
attention to
food
geographical
origin.
DIETOS
includes some
well-known
methods for
user profiling
(overlay
profiling) and
content
adaptation
(content
selection)
coming from
general
purpose
adaptive web
systems.
Availability of
food
recommender
systems
providing high
quality
nutritional
advices to both
healthy and
diet-related
chronic
diseases user is
very limited.
A. Nurdiana, M.A.
Nurul Atiqa, H. Chek
Zaini, I. Roesnita and
A.M. Mohd Nazmi
(2013)
Islamic Dietary
Menu Planning
System for
Breastfeeding
The system
provides
guidelines on
good nutrition
and daily
practices for
lactating
mothers.
An
alternative
method for the
mothers to
manage their
diet with
specific
nutritional
Planning
menus for
individuals with
different
Personal Health
Record (PHR)
and individuals
with special
16
Mothers This menu
planning
system not only
provides on the
calories intake
and nutritional
content in the
food but also in
line according
to the Islamic
values.
needs and to
have a better
understanding
on the
importance to
breastfeed their
babies with
some
additional
features and
experts tips.
nutritional
needs
especially for
pregnant and
breastfeeding
women are very
challenging.
The menus
should guide
the right
amount of food
intake for the
mothers.
Johan Aberg
(2006)
Dealing with
Malnutrition : A
Meal Planning
System for Elderly
A new
approach to
meal planning,
aiming at
helping elderly
people deal
with
malnutrition
problems by
increasing their
behaviourial
control.
Even if the
system is
targeted at the
elderly
population
with
malnutrition
problem, the
system also
could be used
for the younger
population as
well.
The
explanation
facilities could
be regarded as
persuasive
features, but
other
approaches
should also be
explored.
Balazs Gaal, Istvan
Vassanyi, Gyorgy
Kozmann, Zsuzsanna
Szente, Erzsebet
Mak and Istvan
Szabolcs
(2005)
Dietary Ontology
for Nutrition
Counseling Expert
System
The dietary
ontology
developed for
the automated
menu generator
MenuGene.
The menu
generator uses
Genetic
Algorithms to
prepare weekly
menus for web
users.
By common
sense some
dishes or
nutrients do not
appeal in the
way others do.
Table 2.1 Comparison of Existing System
17
2.6 Conclusion
As a conclusion, rule-based system is one of the methods use in artificial
intelligence. Furthermore, there are a few researches proved that artificial intelligence
contributes a lot in medical and diet recommendation.
18
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
In this chapter, it will explain the methodology design used in the system
development. Dietary Planning System will undergo several phases from beginning
until project submission.
3.2 System Development
The development of the system will follow System Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) to ensure the effectiveness of the implementation process. Dietary menu
planning system will use the iterative and incremental model as the methodology
approach. Iterative and incremental development is the combination of iterative design
or method and incremental build model for software development. They are long
lasting and widely use in large development efforts.
19
Figure 3.1 Iterative and Incremental Model
The advantages of iterative and incremental model are:
1. Progress can be tracked for every complete cycle.
2. A functioning product is available at the end of every function.
3. Product requirements maybe changed to optimize future iteration.
4. Greater flexibility to change the plan as the project leaders can decide to change
or not.
5. Ability to focus its efforts on addressing the most critical risks early in the life
cycle.
3.3 Project Methodology
Every development phases will implemented into systems from initial planning,
requirement, analysis and design, implementation, testing, evaluation and lastly the
deployment phase.
20
3.3.1 Phases
Dietary Menu Planning System development processes are:
3.3.1.1 Initial Planning Phase
The phase starts with brainstorming the ideas of the current problems and system
requests. Then continue the discussion with the supervisor to choose a project to be
implemented. Literature reviews with the current similar system are studied to find the
problems of the systems.
3.3.1.2 Planning Phase
The title has been confirmed including the details of the project. Then system’s
problem statement, objectives and scopes are also been discussed with the supervisor.
Feasibility study has been done to get more info about the diet plan.
3.3.1.3 Requirement Phase
The requirement of the system have been discussed with supervisor. After the
discussion, the system needs to specify the scope of meal suggestion. Low
carbohydrate and Atkins Diet are chosen for the system.
3.3.1.4 Analysis and Design Phase
In this phase, data flow diagram (DFD), entity relationship diagram (ERD) and
framework are designed. They help to understand the process flow of the system. Any
changes might occur during development according to user’s requirements.
21
3.3.1.5 Implementation Phase
The phase also known as code generation phase. Developer writes codes based on the
previous phase. The system will build using PHP language and MySQL as the
database platform. User interfaces are also included in the phases as they are
important in delivering information and messages to user.
3.3.1.6 Testing Phase
Every sub-module needs to be tested before it will implement into the system. Any
changes of the coding, error, functionality or upgrades are also will be tested. User
interfaces will be checked to ensure they are connected to database and appropriate
with the system.
3.3.1.7 Evaluation Phase
System will be evaluated to check for bugs or errors. Any best practices and
techniques that will be used in the first iteration then can be used for the next
requirement changes and needed in the next iteration.
3.3.1.8 Deployment Phase
In the last phase, Dietary Menu Planning System will be presented and delivered to
the end user. Ant complement will be given to check whether the system has been
developed correctly or not.
22
3.4 Context Diagram
Figure 3.2 Context Diagram of the system
Figure 3.2 shows the data flow diagram in Low Carbohydrate Menu Planner System.
There are two main users in this system which is patient and dietician. This diagram
shows the data flow involving those two main users. Patients are required to register
and login to access into the system.
23
3.5 Data Flow Diagram (DFD)
Data flow diagram is a two-dimensional diagram that explains how data processed
and transferred into the system. DFD consists of entities, processes and files to show
the flow of the data in the system.
3.5.1 Data Flow Diagram Level 0
Figure 3.3 Data Flow Diagram (DFD) Level 0 of the system
According to the DFD shown above, there are two entities; patient and dietician. The
processes of the system are registration, login, manage health condition, manage
profile, manage diet plan, manage health guidelines and generate report.
24
Process 1.0: Register
In register process, patient is required to fill the registration form to create an
account in the system. Then all the information given by the patient will be saved and
stored on Patient file in the database.
Process 2.0: Login
In login process, dietician and user are required to log into the system to access
into the system. Then system will verify the username and password for dietician and
patient from Dietician file and Patient file.
Process 3.0: Manage Profile
In manage profile process, patient can manage and update their profile details. Then
all the information changed by the patient will be saved and stored in the database.
Process 4.0: Manage Diet Plan
In manage diet plan process, dietician will manage including add, update and delete
the meals information from Diet Plan file. Then all the information will be saved and
stored in the database.
Process 5.0: Generate Report
In generate report process, dietician generates report from all files for records.
Patient can generate monthly or weekly report of their health condition. Then all the
information will be obtained from the database.
25
3.5.2 Data Flow Diagram Level 1
Data Flow Diagram Level 1 shows the processes in DFD Level 0.There are DFD
Level 1 of user registration, generate diet planner, manage user profile and manage
food (diet plan).
3.5.2.1 User Registration
Figure 3.4 DFD Level 1 of Registration process
In the process of Registration as shown in Figure 3.4, patient are required to enter
their personal details, username, password and health condition. Then submitting, the
data will be stored in the database and the system will display the details to patient
26
3.5.2.2 Manage Profile
Figure 3.5 DFD Level 1 of Manage Profile process
In the process of Manage Profile, patient can manage their profile by updating their
details and health condition. All changes will be updated in the database and display
them in the user interface.
27
3.5.2.3 Manage Diet Plan
Figure 3.6 DFD Level 1 of Manage Diet Plan process
In the process of Manage Diet Plan as shown in Figure 3.7, dietician will add the diet
plan details into the database and edit the details. All changes will be updated in the
database and displayed them in interfaces.
28
3.6 Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)
Figure 3.7 Entity Relationship Diagram of the system
The entity relationship diagram is to show the relationship between each entity that
have in the system. Based on the Low Carbohydrate Diet Planner System, the entity
that have on it is Patient, Admin and Diet Plan .
Patient entity contains patient_id as primary key, name, gender, age, height, weight
and bmi. Patient are required to input all the data then their data will be saved in the
database. While dietplan entity contains patient_id as the foreign key, diet_id as
primary key, diet_group, diet_servingsize, diet_example and diet_notes. Admin entity
contain username and password.
29
3.7 Framework
Figure 3.8 Framework of the system
According to the framework, admin will login into the system then admin can manage
the diet plan and generate report. Admin is responsible in updating the food (diet
plan). Users need to register to login into the system to able to manage their personal
details and diet recommendation. Then the system will generates the suitable menu
diet and guidelines for them to control their eating habits and lifestyles. All the
information will be stored in the database.
30
3.8 Database Design
Figure 3.9 Database of the system
Figure 3.9 shows the tables contained in the database of the system. The database is
named as fyp. There are table admin, table dietplan and table patient.
Figure 3.10 Table admin in the database
Figure 3.10 shows the table admin in the database. The table contains admin_id and
password. The data will be verified when admin log into the system. The admin_id is
the primary key in the table.
31
Figure 3.11 Table food (diet plan) in the database
Figure 3.11 shows the table food contained in the database. The table contains diet_id,
diet_servingsize, diet_group, diet_example, and diet_notes. The primary key is
diet_id. All the data entered by admin will be stored in this table.
Figure 3.14 Table patient in the database
Figure 3.12 shows the table patient contained in the database. The table contains
patient_id as the primary key, name, gender, age, password, height, weight and bmi.
The primary key is patient_id. All the data entered by admin will be stored in this
table.
32
3.9 Data Dictionary
1. Table Admin
No Attributes Description Type Key Length Default
1 admin_id admin_id
represents the
unique id that
holds by admin.
It is primary key
for table admin
varchar PK 10 NOT
NULL
2 password password
represent
password to
login system
varchar 30
Table 3.1 Table Admin of data dictionary
33
2. Table Dietplan
No Attributes Description Type Key Length Default
1 diet_id diet_id represents
the unique id that
holds by food. It is
primary key for
table dietplan
Varchar PK 10 NOT
NULL
2 diet_servingsize food_servingsize
represent the size
serving of the food
Varchar 20
3 diet_group diet_group
represent the
group of the
dietplan
Varchar 20
4 diet_example diet_example
represent the
examples of the
food
Varchar 20
5 diet_notes diet_notes
represent the
notes of the food
Varchar 20
Table 3.2 Table Food (Dietplan)
34
3. Table Patient
No Attributes Description Type Key Length Default
1 patient_id patient_id
represents the
unique id that
holds by patient.
It is primary key
for table patient.
Varchar PK 10 NOT
NULL
2 Name name represent
the name of the
patient
Varchar 50
3 gender gender represent
the gender of the
patient
Varchar 10
4 password password
represent the
password email
Varchar 20
5 Height height represent
the height of the
patient
varchar 20
6 Weight weight represent
the weight of the
patient
Varchar 20
35
7 Bmi bmi represent the
bmi of the patient
Varchar 20
Table 3.3 Table Patient
36
3.10 System Requirements
In order to develop the system properly, software and hardware are required. Below
are the lists of software and hardware requirements which are been used to develop
the proposed system efficiently.
3.10.1 Software Requirements
1. Microsoft Office 2013
- Tools for writing report, proposal and Gantt chart
- Tools for preparing slideshow presentation
2. Notepad++
- Tools for developing PHP programming
3. XamppServer
- Tools for connecting with MySQL database
- Tools to support PHP programming
4. Adobe DreamWeaver
- Tools for designing and developing system
5. Snipping Tool
- Tools for print screen and cropping images
6. Google Chrome
- Platform to display the system
7. Dropbox
- Tools for cloud storage of backup data
37
3.10.2 Hardware Requirements
1. Laptop
- The laptop used was Acer Aspire V5-473P with Intel Core i3-4010U
(1.7GHz, 3MB L3 cache), 4 GB RAM memory.
2. Printer
- Canon E510 series printer was used to print document (proposal and final
report.)
38
3.11 Conclusion
Every phases is crucial to ensure the development of the proposed system will be
implemented correctly and to follow the flow of the system. Iterative and
incremental model approach is the suitable development model to follow with the
system development. Meanwhile, the design method and system design; context
diagram, data flow diagram entity-relationship diagram and framework in this
chapter explained the data flow of the system on how the system are working.
Database design shows the database that contains tables with required data that
are needed in the system.
39
Chapter 4
IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS
4.1 Introduction
System implementation is the construction of the system and the delivery of it
into production. Interfaces and user manual of the system are included in this
chapter.
4.2 Test Result (Interfaces)
4.2.1 User Module
40
4.2.1.1 Homepage
Figure 4.1 Homepage Interfaces
Figure 4.1 shows the homepage interface of the system. The system provides sign up
option, sign in option and contact us at the navigation menu. Patient can choose to
sign up or sign in.
41
4.2.1.2 Sign Up
Figure 4.2 Sign Up
Figure 4.2 show the sign up interface of the system. Patient are required to fill
their personal details in the form. The sign up consists of name, gender, date of
birth, height(cm), weight(kg) and bmi. User must enter the form correctly as
the system only allows a required format for the form. The pop-up messages
display “Successful sign up in the system” when patient are success to sign up.
42
4.2.1.3 Sign In
Figure 4.3 Sign In
Figure 4.3 shows the sign in interface of the system. Patient are required to
enter their sign up username and password.
43
4.2.1.4 Sign In Success
Figure 4.4 Sign in Success Interface
Figure 4.4 shows the sign in success interface of the system. Patient are
successfully sign in into the system. The system successfully verified the
username and password.
44
4.2.1.5 Profile
Figure 4.5 Patient Profile Interface
Figure 4.5 shows the patient profile interface. The system displays patient
profile. There are an option edit to update profile.
4.2.1.6 Update Profile
Figure 4.6 Update Patient Profile Interface
45
Figure 4.6 shows the update patient profile interface of the system. When
patient clicks Edit profile option, the system display patients profile and
patients can update their profiles. Patients are given the Cancel option if they
do not want to do any changes. After patient update their profiles and clicks
button Save, a messages displays “Successful update patient details” to inform
patients about the changes.
4.2.1.7 Update Profile Success
Figure 4.7 Success Update Patient Profile Interface
Figure 4.7 shows the interface when the patient was successfully updated their
details.
46
4.2.1.8 Diet Plan Recommendation
Figure 4.8 Patient Diet Plan Interface
Figure 4.8 shows the patient diet recommendation interface of the system. The
system displays the recommended diet plan for patient. The result obtained by
bmi reading.
47
4.2.1.9 Knowledge
Figure 4.9 Patient Knowledge Interface
Figure 4.9 shows the patient knowledge interface of the system. Patient are
provided with the result of their bmi. The interface above shows the bmi and
guidelines for patient.
48
4.2.2 Admin Module
4.2.2.1 Sign In
Figure 4.10 Admin Sign In Interface
Figure 4.10 shows sign in interface of the system for the administrator. Admin
clicks the Sign In as Admin at the Admin Sign in interface and enter the
username and password. Then the system verifies the username and password.
A pop-up message displayed to inform admin had successfully sign in into the
system.
49
4.2.2.2 Sign In Success
Figure 4.11 Admin Sign In Interface
Figure 4.11 shows the sign in success interface of the system. Patient are
successfully sign in into the system. The system successfully verified the
username and password.
50
4.2.2.3 Manage Diet Plan
Figure 4.12 Manage Diet Plan Interface
Figure 4.12 shows the manage diet plan interface of the system. The system
displays three options to manage profile which are Add Diet Plan, Update Diet
Plan and Delete Diet Plan.
51
4.2.2.4 Add Diet Plan
Figure 4.13 Add Diet Plan Interface
Figure 4.13 shows the diet plan form interface of the system. Admin add the
new diet plan by fill the form. Then the new diet plan will be added to diet
plan list.
52
4.2.2.5 Diet Plan List
Figure 4.14 Diet Plan List Interface
Figure 4.14 shows the diet plan list interface of the system. Admin views the
list of diet plan available in the system. Each diet plan can be update and
delete.
53
4.2.2.6 Update Diet Plan
Figure 4.15 Update Diet Plan Interface
Figure 4.15 shows the update diet plan form interface of the system. Admin
need to insert the diet id that they want to update.
Figure 4.16 Update Diet Plan Interface
Figure 4.16 shows the update diet plan form interface of the system. Admin
update diet plan that they want to based on the diet id inserted before. The new
changes diet plan saved in the database system.
54
4.2.2.7 Delete Diet Plan
Figure 4.17 Delete Diet Plan Interface
Figure 4.17 shows the delete diet plan form interface of the system. Admin
need to insert the diet id that they want to delete.
Figure 4.18 Delete Diet Plan Interface
Figure 4.18 shows the delete diet plan form interface of the system. The form
shows the details of the diet plan that want to delete based on the diet id
inserted before. The new changes diet plan saved in the database system.
55
4.2.2.8 Report
Figure 4.19 Homepage Admin Interface
Figure 4.19 shows the homepage of admin interface of the system. The system
was shown that the report consists of two category which is Diet Group and
Gender.
56
4.2.2.9 Diet Group Report
Figure 4.20 Diet Group Report Interface
Figure 4.20 shows the diet group report interface of the system. Admin can
views the report. The report show the number of diet plan based on the diet
group.
57
4.2.2.11 Gender Report
Figure 4.21 Gender Report Interface
Figure 4.21 shows the gender report interface of the system. Admin can views
the report. The report show the number of patient based on gender.
4.3 Conclusion
The interfaces and user manual described the functions and the flow of the
system. User will be able to use the system properly if they follow the user
manual.
58
Chapter 5
TESTING AND RESULT
5.1 Introduction
Testing is executed to ensure the Low Carbohydrate Dietary Planning System is
developed according to the requirements and achieved its objectives. Test cases are
included in this chapter.
5.2 Test Cases
Input, action, event or unexpected response of the system will be described in test
cases in this chapter. The tables below show the test cases for the processes in the
system.
59
5.2.1 Patient Module
Table 5.1 Test Case for Patient Registration (Sign Up)
Test Cases for Patient Registration (Sign Up)
Step Test Procedure Expected Result Result
1. Patient clicks “Sign Up”
from homepage
System displays registration
form
Success
2. Patient fill in the required
information in the
registration form.
3. Patient clicks “Submit” Validation:
If there is empty form,
System displayed error pop
out :
“Please fill out this field”
If else there is any form filled
incorrectly,
System displayed error pop
out :
“Please match the format
requested”
Else
Data saved into database and
displayed patient profile
Success
Success
Success
60
Table 5.2 Test Case for Patient Sign In
Test Cases for Patient Sign In
Step Test Procedure Expected Result Result
1. Patient clicks “Sign In”
from homepage
System displays sign in form
consists of username and
password
Success
2. Patient enter name and
password
3. Patient clicks “Submit” Validation:
If patient enter wrong
username and password or
empty form,
System displayed message
pop out :
“Your username and password
wrong”
Else
System displayed message
pop out :
“You are now successfully log
in into the system”
Success
Success
4 Patient clicks “OK” System displayed homepage
for patient
Success
61
Table 5.3 Test Case for Patient Update Profile
Test Cases for Patient Update Profile
Step Test Procedure Expected Result Result
1. Patient clicks “Edit”
from update profile
interface
System displays profile patient
in an update form version
Success
2. Patient changes any data
3. Patient clicks “Cancel” System displayed patient
profile
Success
4 Patient clicks “Submit” A pop-up message displayed
“Successfully update patient
detail” and data are updated to
the database and system
displayed the updated profile
Success
62
Table 5.4 Test Case for Diet Plan Recommendation
Test Cases for Diet Plan Recommendation
Step Test Procedure Expected Result Result
1. Patient sign up System displays sign up form Success
2. Patient sign in System displays patient
homepage
Success
3. Patient clicks “Diet
Planner” from navigation
menu
System displayed a list of
recommended diet plans
Success
Table 5.5 Test Case for View Knowledge
Test Cases for View Knowledge
Step Test Procedure Expected Result Result
1. Patient sign up System displays sign up form Success
2. Patient sign in System displays patient
homepage
Success
3. Patient clicks
“Knowledge” from the
navigation menu
System displayed patient’s
body mass index (BMI) and
showed the guidelines
Success
63
Table 5.6 Test Case for Logout
Test Cases for Logout
Step Test Procedure Expected Result Result
1. Patient sign up System displays sign up form Success
2. Patient sign in System displays user
homepage
Success
3. Patient clicks “Logout” System processed and logout,
then system displayed
homepage
Success
64
5.2.2 Admin Module
Table 5.7 Test Case for Admin Sign In
Test Cases for Admin Sign In
Step Test Procedure Expected Result Result
1. Admin clicks “Sign In”
from homepage
System displays login form
consists of username and
password
Success
2. Admin enter username
and password
3. Admin clicks “Submit” Validation:
If admin enter wrong
username and password or
empty form,
System displayed a message
pop-up :
“Your username and password
wrong”
Else
System displayed a pop-up
message “You are now
successfully log in into the
system
Success
Success
4 Admin clicks “OK” System displayed homepage
for admin
Success
65
Table 5.8 Test Case for Add Diet Plan
Test Cases for Add Diet Plan
Step Test Procedure Expected Result Result
1. Admin clicks “Manage
Diet Plan”
System displayed add diet plan
form
Success
2. Admin fill in the required
information in the form
Success
3. Admin clicks “Submit” Validation :
If there is an empty form,
System displayed a message
pop-up
“Please fill out this field”
Else
Data saved into database and
displayed diet plan list
Success
Success
66
Table 5.9 Test Case for Update Diet Plan
Test Cases Update Diet Plan
Step Test Procedure Expected Result Result
1. Admin clicks “Manage
Diet Plan”
System displayed update diet
plan” form
Success
2. Admin insert the diet id
that want to update
System displayed the details of
diet plan that related to diet id
inserted
Success
3. Admin changes any data
4. Admin clicks “Cancel” System displayed diet plan
details
Success
5. Admin clicks “Submit” A pop-up message displayed
“Successfully update diet plan
detail” and data are updated to
the database and system
displayed the updated diet plan
Success
67
Table 5.10 Test Case for Delete Diet Plan
Test Cases Delete Diet Plan
Step Test Procedure Expected Result Result
1. Admin clicks “Manage
Diet Plan”
System displayed delete diet
plan form
Success
2. Admin insert the diet id
that want to delete
System displayed the details of
diet plan that related to diet id
inserted
Success
3. Admin clicks “Cancel” System displayed diet plan
details
Success
5. Admin clicks “Submit” System delete the entire details
of the selected diet plan and
displayed current diet plan list.
Success
68
Table 5.11 Test Case for Generate Report
Test Cases Generate Report
Step Test Procedure Expected Result Result
1. Admin clicks “Report” System displayed the list of
report
Success
2. Admin clicks “Diet
Group”
System displayed the details of
diet plan that related to diet
group
Success
3. Admin clicks “Gender” System displayed the details of
patients based on gender
Table 5.12 Test Case for Logout
Test Cases for Logout
Step Test Procedure Expected Result Result
1. Admin sign in System displays admin
homepage
Success
2. Admin clicks “Logout” System processed and logout,
then system displayed
homepage
Success
69
5.3 Conclusion
The information of the implementation of the system is delivered by using test
cases. The test method is used to test the functionality and validations of the
system on every main module in the system.
70
Chapter 6
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
6.1 Introduction
This chapter discussed the project contributions, constraint and future works for that
can be taken into consideration for Low Carbohydrate Dietary Planning System and
conclusion.
6.2 Project Contribution
The contribution of this system is it assists people with high reading of bmi to manage
their health and lifestyles. Diet plan recommendation helps patients to eat the healthy
meal per day properly. The system helps user to tracks their body mass index (BMI) to
encourage self-awareness. People need to take a good care of their health by following
health guidelines and healthy eating habits. Atkins diet which are being used in the
system is proved that it can help to people to lose weight by the following
recommended Atkins diet plan.
71
6.3 Project Constraint and Limitation
There are a few constraint that are discovered in this system. The requirements
become so complicated in the initial phase of the development. The requirements
caused the plan of and the output system changed.
Besides, the current system is unable to track the user bmi when it was calculated.
Patient need to input the calculated bmi itself. It is considered as a system limitation.
6.4 Future Work
In future, there are many improvements can be done for this system. Firstly, make
sure the bmi calculated is directly insert once it was calculated. Next, implement in
mobile application it can be easily accessed by user at anytime and anywhere. Last but
not least, add planner modules of users; diet to calculate their calories intake and also
planner modulus which contain diet suggestion for every weeks or month
6.5 Conclusion
As a conclusion, Low Carbohydrate Dietary Planning System has two user which is
patient and admin. This system aimed to suggest suitable diet plan for people with
high reading of bmi and provide health guidelines according to patients’ health
condition. The methodology used to develop this system is incremental and iterative
model. The interfaces and test cases are included in this report. Hopefully the system
can help many people in managing their diet and lifestyles
72
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[2] Tian Hu, Katherine T. Mills, Lu Yao, Kathryn Demanelis, Mohamed Eloustaz,
WilliamS. Yancy, Jr, Tanika N. Kelly, Jiang He and Lydia A. Bazzano. (2012).
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74
APPENDIX
APPENDIX A
Gantt Chart
Duration
Task
Jun
1 2 3 4
July
1 2 3 4
August
1 2 3 4
Implementation and
documentation
Development, implementation,
slides and documentation
Pre-presentation
Development, implementation,
poster and documentation
Final Presentation
Report Submission
Thesis submission
75
APPENDIX B
Implementation of Rule-Based method coding for Knowledge
<?php
include ("conn.php");
$cid=$_SESSION['username'];
$SQLstringDisplay = ("SELECT * FROM patient WHERE name='$cid'");
$QueryResult = @mysql_query($SQLstringDisplay, $DBConnect);
echo "<table width=300 border='0'style='background-
color:white;'align='center';>\n";
while (($Row = @mysql_fetch_row($QueryResult)) !== FALSE){
//test for BMI condition
if($Row[6]<=18.5){
echo "<tr>Your BMI is {$Row[6]} .
<p>Your BMI is in the Underweight category. </p>
<p>Healthy BMI is between 18.5 and 25. </p>
<p>Follow a healthy eating plan and live a healthy lifestyles</p></tr>";
}else
if ($Row[6]>=19 && $Row[6]<=24.9){
echo "Your BMI is {$Row[6]} .<br>
Your BMI is in the Healthy Weight category. <br>
Healthy BMI is between 18.5 and 25. <br>
Follow a healthy eating plan and live a healthy lifestyles";
}else
if ($Row[6]>=25 && $Row[3]<=29.9){
echo "Your BMI is {$Row[6]} . <br>
Your BMI is in the Overweight category. <br>
Healthy BMI is between 18.5 and 25.<br>
Follow a healthy eating plan and live a healthy lifestyles";
}else
if ($Row[6]>=30 && $Row[3]<=34.9){
echo "Your BMI is {$Row[6]} .<br>
Your BMI is in the Obese category. <br>
Healthy BMI is between 18.5 and 25. <br>
Follow a healthy eating plan and live a healthy lifestyles";
76
}else
if ($Row[6]>=35 && $Row[3]<=39.9){
echo "Your BMI is {$Row[6]} . <br>
Your BMI is in the Severely Obese category.<br>
Healthy BMI is between 18.5 and 25. <br>
Follow a healthy eating plan and live a healthy lifestyles";
}
if ($Row[6]>=40){
echo "Your BMI is {$Row[6]} . <br>
Your BMI is in the Morbidly Obese category. <br>
Healthy BMI is between 18.5 and 25. <br>
Follow a healthy eating plan and live a healthy lifestyles";
}
}
echo "</tr>";
echo "</table>\n ";
//close the MySQL server database connection
mysql_close($DBConnect);
?>