love me, love my dog: effects of attitudes on trade and fdi. university of hong... · love me, love...

44
LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu and Daming Zhu June 1314, 2017 1

Upload: others

Post on 17-Oct-2020

6 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON

TRADE AND FDIXiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu and Daming Zhu

June 13‐14, 2017

1

Page 2: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

Agenda

• Introduction• Empirical model• Data• Basic result• Robustness and IV• Heterogeneous effects• Other effects• Conclusion

2

Page 3: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

Introduction

• “China's Xi turns to panda diplomacy to seek EU trade deal”, Reuters, March 29, 2014.

3

Page 4: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

• People have different attitudes towards foreign countries. 

4

Page 5: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

Attitudes and our research question

• The share of people from the U.S. in the survey that chose “very favorable” towards Canada is 37.41%, but only 1.97% towards Iran in 2007. 

• The share of people from the U.S. in the survey choosing “very favorable” towards Japan was 16.78% in 2005 but 23.4% in 2008. 

• Research questions:• Does it matter how foreigners view us? • Does attitude affect international trade? 

5

Page 6: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

This paper

• This paper aims at investigating the impact of attitudes on trade and FDI. 

• By adding attitude as an explanatory variable to the traditional gravity model of international trade, we find that a more positive attitude of the reporting country toward a responding country raises bilateral trade between the two countries, and a more negative attitude reduces bilateral trade. 

6

Page 7: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

• Specifically, a one‐percentage point increase in the share of positiveattitude of people in country A towards country B raises country A’s imports from country B by 0.38% and country A’s exports to country B by 0.49%; 

• a one‐percentage point increase in the share of negative attitude of people in country A towards country B reduces country A’s imports from country B by 0.19% and country A’s exports to country B by 0.23%. 

• Similar results but with different magnitudes are found for the effects of attitudes on bilateral FDI. 

7

Page 8: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

Literature

• Our paper belongs to the growing literature which examines the impacts of cultural factors on economic and financial outcomes.

• The tradition factors in gravity model• Economic factor (e.g., GDP)• Connectivity (e.g., distance, common language)

• Now, culture• How to measure?

8

Page 9: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

• One group of studies, which the present study is most related to, explores the culture effects on bilateral economic activities such as international trade and FDI 

• Another group investigates the cultural effects on individualcountries’ economic performance (e.g., economic growth) and non‐economic aspects (e.g. fertility)

9

Page 10: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

• The culture aspect in Guiso et al. (QJE 2009) is trust. • Surveys conducted by Eurobarometer which covers many but not all European countries. 

• Lower bilateral trust between two European countries results in less trade, less FDI, and less portfolio investment between the two countries

• Michaels and Zhi (AEJ 2010) focus on public attitudes. • Measure changes in public attitudes using the decline in the fraction of US Gallup Poll respondents who viewed France favorably from 83% in February 2002 to 35% in March 2003, and a drop of US favorability viewed by France from 63% to 43% from the Pew Global Attitudes Project. 

• Worsening attitudes reduce bilateral trade about 8 to 9 percentage points. 

10

Page 11: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

• National conflicts

• Blomberg and Hess’s (REStat 2004)• Many types of violence such as war, terrorism, revolutions and inter‐ethnic fighting from 177 countries during 1968‐1999

• Equivalent to 30% tariff• Glick and Taylor (REStat 2010) 

• Focus on wars using a sample covering a large number of countries over the period 1870‐1997. 

• Wars have large, persistent, and negative effects of war on bilateral trade. • Che et al. (JIE 2015) 

• The Japanese invasion of China during 1937‐1945 reduces contemporary trade and investment between China and Japan

11

Page 12: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

• More on measure of culture (internal vs external)• Tabellini (JEEA 2010) measures culture by aggregating individual responses collected in the opinion polls of the World Value Surveys (WVS) in the 1990s, including individual values and beliefs (such as trust), respect for others, and confidence. 

• Guiso et al. (JME 2003) also make use of the WVS data, but focuses on religion. 

• Barro and McCleary (ASR 2003) investigate the effects of church attendance and Religion beliefs on economic growth. 

• Fernandez and Fogli (NBER 2005) use past female labor force participation and total fertility rates from the country of ancestry to proxy culture. 

• Felbermayr and Toubal (EER 2010) construct a measure of cultural proximity based on bilateral score data from the Eurovision Song Contest. 

12

Page 13: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

• A distinguishing feature of our paper is that it deals with attitudesand the largest set of countries to examine the effects on imports, exports and FDI. 

• More general • Differential effects for different country groups

• Important policy implications• Barriers to trade

13

Page 14: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

Agenda

• Introduction• Empirical model• Data• Basic result• Robustness and IV• Heterogeneous effects• Other effects• Conclusion

14

Page 15: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

Model Specification

• Gravity model with attitude

0 1 2 3  

Importijt

Attitudeijt, 

15

.

is the log value of import

Page 16: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

Agenda

• Introduction• Empirical model• Data• Basic result• Robustness and IV• Heterogeneous effects• Other effects• Conclusion

16

Page 17: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

Data

• Pew Research Center’s Global Attitude Projects. • Conducts public opinion surveys around the world with over 400,000 interviews. 

• A lot of information but we extract information related to attitude. • In the surveys, respondents are asked to report how much they like a specific country or the citizen of that country: 

• Please tell me if you have a (i) very favorable, (ii) somewhat favorable, (iii) somewhat unfavorable, (iv) very unfavorable opinion, or (v) don’t know or refuse. 

• Based on the survey data, we construct our attitude variable as follows. • We give a value 2 to “very favorable”, 1 to “somewhat favorable”, ‐1 for “somewhat unfavorable”, and ‐2 for “very unfavorable”. 

• We calculate the fraction of each type. • We use the fractions as the weights to calculate the weighted value.

17

Page 18: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

• Specifically, let a1, a2, a3 and a4 denote the fractions of responses in “very favorable”, “somewhat favorable”, “somewhat unfavorable” and “very unfavorable”, respectively. 

• We construct three different attitude variables. • The first one is the overall attitude, defined as Attitude = 2a1 + a2 ‐ a3 ‐ 2a4, which is our core attitude variable. 

• The second one is the favorable (or positive) attitude variable, defined as Attitude‐P = a1 + a2, which is the sum of the fractions of “very favorable” or “somewhat favorable”. 

• And the third is the unfavorable (or negative) attitude variable, defined as Attitude‐N = a3 + a4, which is the sum of the fractions of “very unfavorable” or “somewhat unfavorable”. 

18

Page 19: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

• Example: • US towards India in 2008• a1 = 0.17, a2 = 0.449, a3 = 0.12, and a4 = 0.028. • Attitude = 0.613, Attitude‐P = 0.619, and Attitude‐N = 0.148. 

• The Pew Research Center’s Global Attitudes Projects cover 59 reporting countries and 27 corresponding countries starting from the year 2002. 

• We use the period from 2002 to 2013. 

19

Page 20: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

20

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Variable Obs Mean Std. Dev. Min Max

lnImportij 1321 21.7403 2.4010 6.9679 26.6342

lnGDPi 1519 28.3083 1.4286 24.5497 30.4505

lnGDPj 1519 26.7620 1.8726 21.9301 30.4505

lnDistij 1519 8.4396 0.8649 4.7104 9.8755

a1 1519 0.1247 0.1254 0 0.8892

a2 1519 0.3548 0.1507 0.0080 0.7543

a3 1519 0.2318 0.1184 0.0033 0.5629

a4 1519 0.1573 0.1464 0.0033 0.9350

Attitude 1519 0.0577 0.6185 -1.8880 1.8317

Attitude-P 1519 0.4794 0.2117 0.0120 0.9553

Attitude-N 1519 0.3891 0.2052 0.0067 0.9880

 

Table 1: Summary statistics

Page 21: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

Agenda

• Introduction• Empirical model• Data• Basic result• Robustness and IV• Heterogeneous effects• Other effects• Conclusion

21

Page 22: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

Regression Results

• Due to zero bilateral trade issue, we follow Silva and Tenreyro (2006) to use Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) Estimator in our main analysis. 

• However, the results are also robust to the use of the OLS method.

• Result (Table 2):• Positive and significant• As in column (5), a one‐standard‐deviation increase in the attitude raises imports by 6.54% (= 0.1058*0.6185 as the standard deviation of Attitude is 0.6185 from Table 1)

• Columns (6) and (7) use different Attitude variables.

22

Page 23: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

23

Page 24: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

Agenda

• Introduction• Empirical model• Data• Basic result• Robustness and IV• Heterogeneous effects• Other effects• Conclusion

24

Page 25: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

Robustness Checks

• Table 3• Define and use 

Attitude‐count = (n1 +2n2 +3n3 + 4n4)/(n1 +n2 +n3 + n4).• Also use 

ln(Attitude‐count) • In column (3), we include importer‐year and exporter‐year fixed effects

• Column (4): OLS• Column (5): data of j’s export to i.

25

Page 26: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

26

(FEs)

Page 27: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

Agenda

• Introduction• Empirical model• Data• Basic result• Robustness and IV• Heterogeneous effects• Other effects• Conclusion

27

Page 28: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

Endogeneity and IV Estimation

• We propose three methods to address the issue of possible reverse causality. 

• First, we use the one‐year‐lagged attitudeAttitude‐lag or Attitudeij(t‐1)

• We can also use the average value of attitude over the entire period 2002‐2013 

Attitude‐avg or Attitudeij(2002‐13)

28

Page 29: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

29

Page 30: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

• Second, we further check the potential endogeneity problem with a “falsification” test. We use k’s attitude towards j as an “IV” for i’s attitude towards j. That is, we substitute Attitudeijt in model (1) by the “IV” Attitudekjt. We construct the “IV” for country i using the attitude of the country which has the import value most similar to country i. The regression results are reported in column (3): not significant. 

30

Page 31: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

31

Page 32: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

• Third, we follow Martin, et al. (2010) to construct our IV using military conflicts between two countries. 

• The Correlates of War project (http://www.correlatesofwar.org/) maintains a database on Militarized Interstate Disputes (MID) which lists all bilateral interstate conflicts from 1816 to 2010, and quantifies their intensity on a scale from 1 to 5

• 1 = no militarized action, 2 = threat to use force, 3 = display of force, 4 = use of force, and 5 = war. 

• Our IV is the 20‐year lagged cumulated number of MID since a given time, which we use 1914 (the first year of WWI) and 1939 (the first year of WWII), respectively. 

• We restrict the MID to those with scale above 3. 

32

Page 33: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

• We first find that MID is negatively correlated with Attitude in the first stage, then in the second stage use Attitude instrumented by MIDto run the regression. 

• Our IV estimation results are reported in column (4) for the MID with the starting year of 1939 and column (5) for the MID with the starting year of 1914. 

• We also check whether the effect of MID works through attitude: Yes, columns (6)‐(7).

33

Page 34: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

34

Page 35: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

Agenda

• Introduction• Empirical model• Data• Basic result• Robustness and IV• Heterogeneous effects• Other effects• Conclusion

35

Page 36: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

Heterogeneous Effects

• Different goods trade

• Different country groups

36

Page 37: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

37

Page 38: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

38

Page 39: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

Agenda

• Introduction• Empirical model• Data• Basic result• Robustness and IV• Heterogeneous effects• Other effects• Conclusion

39

Page 40: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

Other Impacts

• On exports

• On outward FDI

40

Page 41: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

41

(FEs)                      (MID IV)

Page 42: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

42

Page 43: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

Agenda

• Introduction• Empirical model• Data• Basic result• Robustness and IV• Heterogeneous effects• Other effects• Conclusion

43

Page 44: Love Me, Love My Dog: Effects of Attitudes on Trade and FDI. University of Hong... · LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG: EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON TRADE AND FDI Xiaohua Bao, Qing Liu, Larry D. Qiu

Conclusion

• Cultures affect economic exchanges between countries. 

• This paper focuses on one aspect of cultures, and that is, attitudes. 

• We find that good attitudes towards another country raise bilateral trade (both imports and exports) as well as FDI. 

44