loss minimisation in power system
TRANSCRIPT
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LOSS MINIMISATION IN LOSS MINIMISATION IN POWER SYSTEMPOWER SYSTEM
Submitted bySubmitted byBIBHU PRASAD GANTHIABIBHU PRASAD GANTHIA
05/02/23 1DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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CONTENTSCONTENTS
Electricity lossesElectricity losses
Causes in loss reductionCauses in loss reduction
Useful solutionsUseful solutions
ConclusionConclusion05/02/23 2DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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ELECTRICITY LOSSESELECTRICITY LOSSESPOWER LOSSES
TRANSMISSION LOSSES
DISTRIBUTION LOSSES
TECHNICAL LOSSES
TECHNICAL LOSSES
ADMINISTRATIVE LOSSES
05/02/23 3DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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TRANSMISSION LOSSESTRANSMISSION LOSSES
Losses due to the Losses due to the phenomenon of corona.phenomenon of corona.
Due to copper losses in Due to copper losses in conductors.conductors.
Due to skin effect.Due to skin effect. Due to proximity effect.Due to proximity effect.05/02/23 4DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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CORONA LOSSESCORONA LOSSESFactors affecting Factors affecting coronacorona
:- atmosphere:- atmosphere :-conductor size :-conductor size :-spacing between :-spacing between
conductorsconductors :- line voltage:- line voltage
Power loss due to corona Power loss due to corona P=242.2{(f+25)/d}[(r/P=242.2{(f+25)/d}[(r/D)^.5](V-Vc)^2*10^-5D)^.5](V-Vc)^2*10^-5
05/02/23 5DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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COPPER LOSSESCOPPER LOSSES Method of reducing copper lossesMethod of reducing copper losses
:- By using conductors of large :- By using conductors of large diameters.diameters.
:-By using multiple insulated :-By using multiple insulated conductors.conductors.
:-By using hollow conductors:-By using hollow conductors05/02/23 6DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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SKIN EFFECTSKIN EFFECT It depends uponIt depends upon :- type of :- type of
materialmaterial :- frequency:- frequency :- diameter of :- diameter of
thethe conductorconductor :- shape of the:- shape of the conductorconductor
Outer (Ground) conductor
Inner (signal) conductor
Areas of high current density
05/02/23 7DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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SKIN EFFECTSKIN EFFECT
Skin Depth In Copper
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.E+00 1.E+09 2.E+09 3.E+09 4.E+09 5.E+09 6.E+09
Frequency, Hz
Skin
Dep
th, m
icro
ns
f
f
05/02/23 8DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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PROXIMITY EFFECTPROXIMITY EFFECT
J
x
B-Field
xxxxxxxxxxx
xxooooooooooooo
Current Density
InducedCurrent
MainCurrent
05/02/23 9DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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TECHNICAL LOSSESTECHNICAL LOSSES Transformer and Transmission line Transformer and Transmission line
losses due to poor maintenance.losses due to poor maintenance. Due to unbalance loadingDue to unbalance loading Due to overloading and low voltage.Due to overloading and low voltage. Due to poor standard of equipments.Due to poor standard of equipments. Due to low power factor at off-peak Due to low power factor at off-peak
hours.hours. Due to harmonic distortion.Due to harmonic distortion. Due to improper Earthings at consumer Due to improper Earthings at consumer
end.end. Due to long transmission lines.Due to long transmission lines.05/02/23 10DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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COMMERCIAL LOSSESCOMMERCIAL LOSSES Tapping(Hooking) Tapping(Hooking)
in LT lines.in LT lines. Faulty energy Faulty energy
meters\ meters\ unmetered supply.unmetered supply.
Errors and delay Errors and delay in meter reading in meter reading and billing.and billing.
Uneven revenue Uneven revenue collection.collection.
05/02/23 11DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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CAUSES IN LOSS CAUSES IN LOSS REDUCTIONREDUCTION
No energy audit.No energy audit. No segregation of losses into technical No segregation of losses into technical
and commercial losses.and commercial losses. Political issues.Political issues. Lack of regular patrolling for checking Lack of regular patrolling for checking
the theft and tempering of metering.the theft and tempering of metering. No transparency in meter reading and No transparency in meter reading and
billing.billing. Lack of adequate investment for Lack of adequate investment for
system modernization.system modernization.
05/02/23 12DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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USEFUL SOLUTIONSUSEFUL SOLUTIONS Renewable energy sources.Renewable energy sources. Distributed local generation.Distributed local generation. Availability Based Tariff.Availability Based Tariff. Improved Power Quality.Improved Power Quality. Demand side management.Demand side management. IT applications.IT applications. Benchmarking.Benchmarking. Employee & Consumer Training.Employee & Consumer Training.
05/02/23 13DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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RENEWABLE SOURCESRENEWABLE SOURCES
05/02/23 14DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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DISTRIBUTED DISTRIBUTED GENERATIONGENERATION
Distributed generation is very useful Distributed generation is very useful to supply power in rural and remote to supply power in rural and remote places where the long distribution places where the long distribution lines result in high losses.lines result in high losses.
It can help to reduce congestion on It can help to reduce congestion on the power lines and strengthen local the power lines and strengthen local area transmission and distribution area transmission and distribution network.network.
05/02/23 15DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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AVAILABILITY BASED AVAILABILITY BASED TARIFFTARIFF
It controls the frequency It controls the frequency variations by penalty/reward variations by penalty/reward mechanism for any deviations mechanism for any deviations from the schedule.from the schedule.
It helps to reduce gap between It helps to reduce gap between supply and demand by supply and demand by scheduling of every 15 minutes scheduling of every 15 minutes block block
05/02/23 16DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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POWER QUALITY POWER QUALITY PROBLEMSPROBLEMS A Perfect power supply would be one A Perfect power supply would be one
that is always available, always within that is always available, always within voltage and frequency tolerances( i.e. voltage and frequency tolerances( i.e. ++10 % and 10 % and ++0.5 Hz respectively) , and 0.5 Hz respectively) , and has a pure noise free sinusoidal wave has a pure noise free sinusoidal wave shape.shape.
“Any problem manifested in voltage, current or frequency deviations that results in failure or mal-operation of customer equipment is defined as power quality.”
05/02/23 17DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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HARMONICSHARMONICSREDUCTION OF HARMONICSREDUCTION OF HARMONICS
Preventive solution
Remedial solutions
05/02/23 18DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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DEMAND SIDE DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
Systematic utilization of energy Maximizing efficiency Balancing supply and demand at consumer
level Improve economic development Involve environment friendly power and reduce energy bills Energy conservation Energy audit
05/02/23 19DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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IT APPLICATIONSIT APPLICATIONS Integrated inventory and billing
system Customers profiling Data mining Load survey data and network
analysis of HT systems Geographical Information System
(GIS) and Customer Relationship Management05/02/23 20DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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BENCHMARKINGBENCHMARKING Benefits of Benchmarking
:- Promoting competition
:- Performance evaluation
:- Coordinated tariff
:-Improving power quality and productivity
:- Maximizing efficiency05/02/23 21DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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EMPLOYEE TRAININGEMPLOYEE TRAINING
Employees training should be conducted on
a regular basis to upgrade their knowledge.
Employees also have much interest in IT
applications in power sector.05/02/23 22DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT INITIATIVESINITIATIVES
APDRP:- Full metering, energy audit and
MIS, control of theft.:- Increase in transformation
capacity.:- Increase in HT/LT ratio. Systems
analysis and reconfiguration.:- Reduction of technical losses05/02/23 23DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Further development are done for reduction Further development are done for reduction
of power or energy losses for example of power or energy losses for example energy losses can be minimized by energy losses can be minimized by reconductoring, bifurcation of feeders, reconductoring, bifurcation of feeders, installation of shunt capacitors, addition of installation of shunt capacitors, addition of new grid station and area planning, new grid station and area planning, extensive energy loss reduction extensive energy loss reduction programme,conversion of LT line TO 11 KV programme,conversion of LT line TO 11 KV line and providing additional transformers, line and providing additional transformers, adopting distribution system, balancing of adopting distribution system, balancing of transformers, adequate preventive transformers, adequate preventive maintenance etc.maintenance etc.
05/02/23 24DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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REFERENCESREFERENCES M. E. Baran and F. F. Wu, “Network M. E. Baran and F. F. Wu, “Network
reconfiguration in distribution systems for reconfiguration in distribution systems for loss reduction and load balancing,” loss reduction and load balancing,” IEEE IEEE Trans. Power Del.Trans. Power Del., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1401-, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1401-1407, Apr. 1989.1407, Apr. 1989.
D. Shirmohammadi and H. W. Hong, D. Shirmohammadi and H. W. Hong, “Reconfiguration of electric distribution “Reconfiguration of electric distribution networks for resistive line loss reduction,” networks for resistive line loss reduction,” IEEE Trans. Power Del.IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. , vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1492-1498, Apr. 1989.1492-1498, Apr. 1989.
05/02/23 25DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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05/02/23 26DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.