lopit consonant & vowel book - sil international · paul ahatar gilbert (lolongo) trial edition...
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Lopit Consonant & Vowel Book
Authors:
Valente Otwari Ladu (Dorik)
Achaha Samuel Nartisio (Ngotira)
Caesar Ongorwo Bong (Lomiaha)
Philip Horiho Odingo (Lohutok)
Paul Ahatar Gilbert (Lolongo)
Trial Edition SIL-South Sudan
This book is used to teach how how to better read and write Lopit.
Contact Address:
c/o SIL-South Sudan
P.O. Box 64
Juba
South Sudan
© 2014, Lopit Language Committee
Trial Edition February 2014
Publisher: SIL-South Sudan
Place of Publication: Juba
Introduction
This book shows how to write words so that readers can more easily know the correct meaning. We
will learn three rules that help reading and writing, as well as all the sounds that join together to make
words. This book is for all Lopit readers. It is especially important for those writing books and
translating Scripture to understand the lessons of this book.
In the past, Lopit speakers of certain dialects made books that help teach reading and writing. These
books are helpful to those speaking the dialect of those books. However, the time has come for books
that combine all the dilaects. This book does not teach one dialect of Lopit. Instead, it teaches all
Lopit speakers how to read and write a combined Lopit language for all the dialects.
The authors on the cover page of this book are listed along with the dialect they speak. There is one
author for each of the five dialects represented in this book. In the Lopit Grammar Workshop of 2013
in Torit, these five authors agreed on how to write 72 words in a combined Lopit language. This book
uses the spelling of these words. It also adds a few words using the writing principle used to choose
the writing of the 72 words. The lesson Which Dialect Word is Lopit? teaches how to use this writing
principle. Exercise 8 asks you to choose the correct combined Lopit writing of other words using this
writing principle.
Each of the Lopit words in this book are listed in the Alphabet Word List at the end of this book, in five
different Lopit dialects. If you need to check how a word is said in one of the dialects, you can look
for the word at the end of this book. Many of the words are taken from Lopit stories. These stories are
at the end of the Lopit Grammar Book.
There are English words in this book that may be new to you. Each new word is underlined and
explained when it is first used. If you later see the word and forget what it means, you can also find it
explained in the Glossary at the back of this book.
This book can be taught to participants in a workshop. A person can also use this book to teach
himself/herself without a workshop or instructor. You should read each lesson and then immediately
do the exercise following the lesson. The exercise will help you test your understanding of the lesson.
The Answers to Exercises are in the back of the book. After completing an exercise, immediately
check your answers to see how well you have understood. For each of your incorrect answers, try to
understand the correct answer. Ask other Lopit if you need help.
Contents
Introduction............................................................................................................................................. 3
Contents ................................................................................................................................................... 4
Lopit Alphabet ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Syllables ................................................................................................................................................... 6
Consonants and Vowels.......................................................................................................................... 7
Light (Single) and Heavy (Doubled) Consonants .............................................................................. 10
Vowels .................................................................................................................................................... 12
Mixed Vowels ........................................................................................................................................ 13
Letters i, w Next to Consonants........................................................................................................... 14
Which Dialect Word is Lopit? ............................................................................................................. 16
Letters and Rules Reviewed................................................................................................................. 18
Alphabet Word List .............................................................................................................................. 20
Lopit Villages in Dialect Areas ............................................................................................................ 33
Glossary ................................................................................................................................................. 33
Answers to Exercises ............................................................................................................................ 34
Lopit Alphabet
The first step in learning to read and write Lopit is learning the alphabet. The Lopit language has 24
letters, as shown in the following list of words.
Lopit Alphabet
A a awong monkey
B b batak pig
C c cengi bird
D d demi knife
E e efir fat, big
F f fotir warthog
G g goro gourd jug
H h hidong drum
I i itak ostrich
J j jani local broom
K k kebu hoe
L l leime lion
M m moti pot
N n nongorwo wife
Ng ng ngidony monkey
Ny ny nyangi crocodiles
O o oromo digging
P p por mancala game
R r rabolo bananas
S s sohoti palm tree
T t tome elephant
U u buhu shield
W w wolo dove
Y y yani tree
The Lopit word list at the end of this book has the same order as the list above.
Exercise 1
Write each of the words in the list above next to the letters below. Say each word as you write them.
Listen to the sound each letter makes.
a ____________________ i ____________________ o ____________________
b ____________________ j ____________________ p ____________________
c ____________________ k ____________________ r ____________________
d ____________________ l ____________________ s ____________________
e ____________________ m ____________________ t ____________________
f ____________________ n ____________________ u ____________________
g ____________________ ng ____________________ w ____________________
h ____________________ ny ____________________ y ____________________
Syllables
Now we learn how Lopit letters are joined together in words. Words can be divided into syllables, or
beats. Each of the words below have three syllables. They can be divided into three separate beats as
shown.
Each of the words below have two syllables. They can be divided into two separate beats as shown.
Two-syllable words
kori ko ri giraffe
jore jo re big rocks
wotti wo tti cow dung
jati ja ti uncooked green vegetables
efir e fir fat, big
hungu hu ngu knee
tamot ta mot bull
garai ga rai bush, dry grassy area
hauwe hau we arrow
nyawa nya wa utter
bongo bo ngo piece of clothing
ngijim ngi jim chin
molong mo long baboon
Three-syllable words
logule lo gu le elbow
tuluhu tu lu hu squirrel
ikarrak i ka rrak water turtle
nyahuto nya hu to mettal
bolorong bo lo rong hippo
Each of the words below have one syllable. They cannot be divided into more than one beat.
One-syllable words
gus skin
wor river, stream
ker sheep
rang bow
pir point of spear or
arrow
ciang animal
Exercise 2
Say each word below and listen to the number of beats in each word. Write the number of syllables (1,
2, or 3) in the blank ___ to the left of each word. Then divide the word into syllables in the blanks to
the right of each word. Write one syllable on each blank. Do not fill more blanks than the number of
syllables. The first one has been done as an example.
number of syllables divided into syllables
_2_ suhe su he _____ chest
_____ donge _____ _____ _____ mountain
_____ ciwali _____ _____ _____ flute
_____ mugu _____ _____ _____ granary
_____ nongorwo _____ _____ _____ wife
_____ itak _____ _____ _____ ostrich
_____ por _____ _____ _____ game
_____ solo _____ _____ _____ spoon
_____ fofongi _____ _____ _____ cactus tree
_____ rofan _____ _____ _____ roof frame
_____ igolo _____ _____ _____ bell
_____ farai _____ _____ _____ leaf
_____ dorong _____ _____ _____ barren land
_____ hai _____ _____ _____ rain
_____ ngama _____ _____ _____ grains
_____ hohoro _____ _____ _____ chicken
_____ chicken _____ _____ _____ snake
Consonants and Vowels
Some letters are consonants and some letters are vowels. In the word rofan 'roof frame', the letters r, f
and n are consonants and o and a are vowels.
Consonants usually begin syllables and sometimes end syllables. Vowels are in the middle of syllables
and often end syllables. In the syllable ro, the consonant r begins the syllable, and the vowel o ends
the syllable. In the syllable fan, the consonant f begins the syllable, the consonant n ends the syllable,
and the vowel a is in the middle of the syllable.
In a few words such as itak ꞌostrichꞌ, the first vowel i is a syllable by itself. A vowel can be a syllable
by itself, but a consonant cannot be a syllable by itself.
In a few words such as ciang ꞌanimalꞌ, there are two vowels i, a in the middle of the syllable. Even
though the word has 5 letters, the entire word is only one syllable.
The following 19 letters are Lopit consonantsː
Lopit consonants
B b H h N n S s
C c J j Ng ng T t
D d K k Ny ny W w
F f L l P p Y y
G g M m R r
The following 5 letters are Lopit vowelsː
Lopit vowels
a e i o u
In this lesson, we learn about Lopit consonants. In following lessons, we learn about Lopit vowels.
The list below has Lopit words with each of the consonants. All consonants can be at the beginning or
middle of words. The consonants f, k, l, m, n, ng, ny, r, s, t can also be at the end of words.
Word beginning Word middle Word end
B b bongo piece of clothing kebu hoe
bolorong hippo rabolo bananas
C c ciwali flute, instrument facan type of marking
ciang animal icet dancing ornament
D d donge mountain hidong drum
dorong barren raised land ngidony monkey
F f fofongi cactus tree efir fat, big akaf hold up, raise
farai leaf rofan roof frame ngadief tongue
G g gus skin mugu granary
garai bush, dry grassy area logule elbow
H h hohoro chicken suhe chest
hauwe arrow buhu shield
J j jore big rocks taji heart
jati uncooked vegetables heju leg, foot
K k kori giraffe akaf hold up, raise batak pig, hog
ker sheep (sg) eikori stripped, spotted itak ostrich
L l logule elbow wolo dove bel stripe, spot
lewa gazelle solo spoon kaal side, end
M m munu snake leime lion ngijim chin
molong baboon demi knife igem work
N n nuha burying munu snake facan type of marking
nanga slapping jani local broom itiran fog, mist
Ng ng ngama grains hungu knee molong baboon
ngijim chin bongo piece of clothing bolorong hippo
Ny ny nyawa utter munya liver ngidony monkey
nyahuto mettal monye father, owner tohony bite, chew
P p pir point ipotit brush
pirra bicycles hipata mistreatment
R r rang bow goro gourd jug fotir warthog
rofan roof frame farai leaf por mancala game
S s suhe chest busuk bull gus skin
solo spoon isio honey, oil idis shadow of cloud
T t tamot bull moti pot tamot bull
tuluhu squirrel batak pig, hog murut neck
W w wotti cow dung nyawa utter
wor river, stream hauwe arrow
Y y yaya porcupines hoyek firewoods
yohe ears iyang (my) mother, mum
Exercise 3
In each word below, circle each consonant. The first one has been done as an example.
m o r i ng dikdik, gazelle type
k u r u f a t whip
l o b o ng i tree type
ny a h u t o iron, mettal
y o n i hid, dried skin
c i w a l i flute, wind instrument
g u s skin
h i p a t a mistreatment
h e j u leg, foot
d o r o ng barren high land
Light (Single) and Heavy (Doubled) Consonants
The words hito ‘child’ and hitto ‘anus, source’ have two different t sounds. In hitto ‘anus, source’,
the word seems to slow down and bounce on the tt like a car bounces when hitting a bump in the road.
It is a heavy (doubled) consonant1 and we write tt twice in this word.
In hito ‘child’, the word is smooth without a bump. It is a light (single) consonant and we write t only
once in this word.
As shown below, other consonants can be light or heavy in the middle of the word.2
Light Consonants Heavy Consonants
d madohi gums dd hadde roots
l bula cow stable ll illa friend, brother, please
r hohoro chicken, hen rr hiyorro roar, loud sound
t hito child tt hitto anus, source, root, beginning
1 There are no unambiguous word-medial consonant sequences. So, the ‘heavy/light (doubled/single)’ consonants may both
be analyzed as single units, and the distinction between the two can be analzyed as a strong/weak or fortis/lenis distinction
rather than as an underlying geminate/non-geminate distinction. However, since the orthography uses two/one symbol(s) to
distinguish these, it is appropriate to use the terms ‘doubled/single’ in teaching these symbols. 2 In Lomiaha, Lohutok, and Lolongo, heavy (doubled) ll occurs at the beginning of the word lleiwa ‘gazelle’ which
contrasts with leifori ‘kitchen’. In Lohutok and Lolongo, heavy tt occurs at the beginning of the word ttim ‘grass, bush,
wilderness’, which contrasts with tele ‘hail’. However, in other dialects and in all other words collected thus far, heavy
consonants do not occur at the beginning of words. So, heavy (doubled) consonants are not written at the beginning of
words in the combined Lopit language for all dialects.
Exercise 4
Carefully read and say the test words between the two lines below. The bold consonant in the middle
of each test word may or may not be written correctly. Test the sound of the bold letter by comparing
the word with those on the left and right. If the sound for the bold consonant is smooth like in the
word on the left, circle the light consonant to the left. If the sound for the bold consonant makes a
bump like in the word on the right, circle the heavy consonant to the right. Then write the correct word
in the blank to the side. The first one has been done as an example.
Write Correctly Light Test words Heavy
hattel hito child t hatel eggs hitto anus tt
____________ hito child t motte friend hitto anus tt
____________ hito child t muto necks hitto anus tt
____________ hito child t motti pot hitto anus tt
____________ hito child t wotti cow dung hitto anus tt
____________ hito child t ngati side hitto anus tt
____________ hito child t huti worm hitto anus tt
____________ hito child t ittak ostrich hitto anus tt
____________ hito child t mata farms hitto anus tt
____________ hohoro chicken r hiro things, issues hiyorro roar rr
____________ hohoro chicken r korri giraffe hiyorro roar rr
____________ hohoro chicken r durre children hiyorro roar rr
____________ hohoro chicken r ikarak water turtle hiyorro roar rr
____________ hohoro chicken r bore stable hiyorro roar rr
____________ hohoro chicken r leferek hare, rabbit hiyorro roar rr
Vowels
There are 5 vowels in Lopit, as shown in the list below.
Vowels
A a far midday, daytime
E e bel stripe, spot
I i pir point, bicycle
O o wor river, stream
U u gus skin
The following words are listed according to these vowels. Read each list below and listen carefully to
the sound of the vowel.3
A a E e I i O o U u
rang bow ker sheep
(sg)
hii breasts hoo head gus skin
far midday,
daytime
bel stripe,
spot
pir point,
bicycle
wor river,
stream
huuk charcoal
s
yaya porcupine
s
ceng birds ling salt por mancal
a game
mugu granary
nyawa utter fere spear tim bush,
wildernes
s
solo spoon buhu shield
hana hand tere hail idis shadow of
cloud
wolo dove munu snake
hala teeth fetek fish
spear
hiji middle goro gourd
jug
hungu knee
batak pig, hog hejek feet ngijim chin bongo piece of
clothing
murut neck
facan type of
marking
dorong barren
raised
land
busuk bull
mangat camp,
platform
molong baboon husung cows
hajanga flies,
insects
sohot palm
trees
tuluhu squirrel
lohoho male
thief
boloron
g
hippo
3 From the words collected in the October 2013 workhsop, there is little or no evidence for contrastive vowel length. So,
doubled or long vowels can be used in the orthography to represent other distinctions, such as contour tone. However, to
this point, long vowels do not represent anything consistently in the orthography. In the next workshop, vowel length needs
to be discussed and chosen how it will be used.
The word holong ‘day’ has the vowel o. The word hulluk ‘hyena’ has the vowel u. The word hutuk
‘mouth’ may have a vowel that is different than both o and u. If there are several other words found
with the same vowel as in hutuk ‘mouth’, another letter such as ü or u̱ could be used to show the
difference between the vowel in hutuk ‘mouth’ and hulluk ‘hyena’.
o holong day
hutuk mouth
u hulluk hyena
Exercise 5
In each word below, circle each vowel. The first one has been done as an example.
h o s o k giant, large person
b a l a ng salt
h i j i middle
h u r u worms
l o h o h o male thief
h u s u ng cows
f e r e spear
h o t o blood
h a r a stool, chair
Mixed Vowels
Vowels are often mixed together in the same word. In the following chart, all vowel combinations in
the same word are shown. Read each word carefully and listen to the sound of the two vowels
together.
Second Vowel in the Word
a e i o u
a mana farm hadde roots haji house tamot bull tamu helmet
e lewa gazelle fere spear demi knife teterok prepare kebu hoe
i hinga year hine goat hiji middle hito child hiluk hyena
o rofan roof frame tome elephant moti pot wolo dove lokuduk crow
Fir
st V
ow
el
in
the
Wo
rd
u bula stable suhe chest buni pool huro kid munu snake
Exercise 6
Carefully read and say each test word below. The vowels may or may not be written correctly. To
know the correct vowels, compare the vowel sounds of the words below with those in the chart above.
Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one is done as an example.
Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly
busok bull busuk facan marking ____________
foter warthog ____________ foher farm ____________
habu chief ____________ hiju leg, foot ____________
hidi rat ____________ hinu excrement ____________
heram issue, problem ____________ tosi scorpions ____________
hoto blood ____________ hoji grasses ____________
edis shadow of cloud ____________ jore big rocks ____________
moro stones ____________ muru thigh ____________
sehi thing, property ____________ tafang guinea pig ____________
Letters i, w Next to Consonants
The consonant w can be at the beginning of words as in wotti ꞌcow dungꞌ, or in the middle of words as
in nyawa ꞌutterꞌ. The consonant y can be at the beginning of words as in yaya ꞌporcupinesꞌ, or in the
middle of words as in miyang ꞌgrassꞌ.
Beginning Middle
W w wotti cow dung nyawa utter
wor river, stream hauwe arrow
Y y yaya porcupines miyang grass
yohe ears iyang (my) mother, mum
However, we never write y at the end of a word as in hay (wrong) ꞌrainꞌ. Instead, we write hai ꞌrainꞌ
with the vowel i. At the end of words, we spell the sound [y] with the vowel i.
Correct Wrong
hai rain hay rain
farai leaf faray leaf
ikoi road, path ikoy road, path
Similarly, we never write y next to a consonant. We donꞌt write y next to the consonant t as in hoyto
(wrong) ꞌboneꞌ. We dont write y next to the consonant c in cyang (wrong) ꞌanimalꞌ. Instead, we write
Spelling Rule 2: We write w after a consonant and before a vowel. However, we write u next to w.
hoito ꞌboneꞌ and ciang ꞌanimalꞌ with the vowel i. When next to a consonant, we spell the sound [y]
with the vowel i.
Correct Wrong
hoito bone hoyto bone
leime lion leyme lion
ciang animal cyang animal
hifiong water hifyong water
harie night harye night
ngadief tongue ngadyef tongue
akieri star akyeri star
In summary, we have the following rule:
On the other hand, we write w after a consonant and before a vowel. In hotwai ꞌinsideꞌ, we write w
after the consonant t and before the vowel a. In hofwo ꞌflourꞌ, we write w after the consonant f and
before the vowel o.
Correct Wrong
hotwai inside hotuai inside
hikwai horn of animal hikuai horn of animal
lolwari dry ground loluari dry ground
fwara dancing place fuara dancing place
hinwara ash hinuara ash
hofwo flour hofuo flour
ibwoni fortuneteller ibuoni fortuneteller
However, we write u next to w. In wuor ꞌhole for trappingꞌ, we write u after w. In hauwe ꞌarrowꞌ, we
write u before w.
Correct Wrong
wuor hole for trapping wwor hole for trapping
hauwe arrow hawwe arrow
In summary, we have the following rule:
Spelling Rule 1: At the end of words or next to a consonant, write the sound [y] as i. Do not write y at
the end of words or next to a consonant.
Exercise 7
Carefully read and say each test word below. Each test word may or may not be written correctly.
Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one is done as an example.
Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly
hotuay inside hotwai wuor hole for
trapping
__________________
lotwala ash __________________ mai place __________________
belye skin __________________ haswani buffalo __________________
garay dry
grassland
__________________ hawwe arrow __________________
horuong back __________________ hosyere front __________________
marwani old one __________________ leyfori kitchen __________________
hayyohoni shepherd __________________ hafyalay claw __________________
Which Dialect Word is Lopit?
This lesson helps speakers choose which of the Lopit dialects to use for writing each word.
There are at least five dialects of Lopit that sometimes sound different from each other. For example,
the word for ‘sister’ is different in each of the following five Lopit dialects.
Dorik Ngotira Lomiaha Lohutok Lolongo
hanaci hanasi hanase inasi hinasi sister
hanacara hansara hanasira inasira hinasira
The dialect differences are not always the same from word to word. The differences between the
dialect words for ‘sister’ are not the same as the differences between the dialect words for ‘louse, lice’.
Dorik Ngotira Lomiaha Lohutok Lolongo
lakieti leferiti ofieri oferi haferio louse
lakie lefero ofier ofer hafer lice
However, all the dialect words are usually close enough for each dialect speaker to understand the
words of the other dilaects. Understanding speakers of other Lopit dialects is not a problem. That is,
everyone understands each other, regardless of the dialect (s)he speaks. So, it would be foolish to
write the Scriptures and all literacy books in each of the five dialects. Instead, books only need to be
written once, using one of the dialects.
But, it is difficult to decide which dialect to choose for writing Scripture and literacy books. In the
October 2013 workshop in Torit, speakers of five different dialects agreed on how to write 72 words in
a combined Lopit language. They used the following principle:4
Many words are said the same in all the dialects. For example, all the dialects say the word ‘pig, hog’
in (1) as batak. So of course, the participants of the workshop decided to write it as batak. In the
following chart, a word is underlined if it has the agreed upon spelling of the October 2013 workshop
in Torit. All the words of the second dialect collumn are in bold. If a word is said differently than the
dialect next to it, it is also in bold.
% 5 Dorik Ngotira Lomiaha Lohutok Lolongo
D N M H L
(1) 41.4 D=N=M=H=L batak batak batak batak batak pig, hog
(2) 20.0 D; N=M=H=L domi demi demi demi demi knife
(3) 7.8 D=N=M=H; L awong awong awong awong hawong monkey type
(4) 1.3 N; D=M=H=L ker kier ker ker ker sheep
(5) 8.7 D=N; M=H=L efir efir ofir ofir ofir fat, big
(6) 4.9 D; N; M=H=L rufan rofan ofioti ofioti ofioti roof frame
(7) 6.3 D; N; M=H; L nangorwo nongorwo ongorwo ongorwo angorwo wife
(8) .9 D; N=M; H=L ciwar ciwali ciwali ciwal ciwal flute
(9) .4 D=N; M=H; L leime leime lemie lemie leme lion
Sometimes a word is said the same by all dialects except one. Dorik speakers say the word ‘knife’ in
(2) as domi, but all other dialects say demi. So, the participants chose to write it as demi. Similarly,
Lolong speakers say the word ‘monkey type’ in (3) as hawong, but all other dialects say awong. So,
the participants chose to write it as awong. Again, Ngotira say the word ‘sheep’ in (4) as kier, but all
other dialects say ker. So, the participants chose to write it as ker.
Other words are said differently by more than one dialect. Dorik and Ngotira say the word ‘fat, big’ in
(5) as efir, whereas Lomiaha, Lohutok and Lolongo say ofir. Because there are more Dorik and
Ngotira speakers than speakers of the other three dialects, the participants chose to write it as efir. The
participants made similar choices for the words of (6), (7), (8) and (9). They chose to write each of
these words the way that the most speakers say it.
4 In the back of this book, the section Lopit Villages in Dialect Areas lists the number of villages for each area. It is said that
the Ngabori dialect (not represented in this book) is closest to the Dorik dialect. Based on the number of villages for each
dialect area and including the 9 Ngabori villages along with the 4 Dorik villages, the ratio of the dialect area populations
can be initially estimated as 13:16:7:7:7, or 26% Dorik, 32% Ngotira, 14% Lomiaha, 14% Lohutok, 14% Lolongo. A more
accurate estimate could be obtained by approximating the number of compounds ‘tukuls’ in each village. This should be
done in the next workshop. 5 The numbers inbetween parentheses each represent a different combination of dialect agreement. The Alphabet Word
List at the back of this book make use of these numbers. Counting the number of words listed as a certain number and
dividing by the total of 527, gives the percentage listed here. For example, there are 218 words in the Alphabet Word List
listed as a number 1 which indicates all the dialects are in agreement, and 218/527 = 41.4 %
Writing Principle: Write each word the way that the most speakers say it.
Exercise 8
The words below are from the Alphabet Word List at the back of this book. They are similar to the
words (1-9) above. However, the participants did not choose how to write these words in a combined
Lopit language. Each line has the word in each of the dialects. Words differing from the dialect next to
it are in bold. Use the writing principle above to decide how to spell each word below. Underline the
best choice using this principle: “Write each word the way that the most speakers say it.” Underline
only one word in each line.
% Dorik Ngotira Lomiaha Lohutok Lolongo
D N M H L
(10) 4.9 D=N; M=H; L hidotiti hidotiti hododi hododi hitolewa man
(11) 4.4 D; N=M=H; L hacai hasai hasai hasai tahwo calf
(12) 2.1 D; N; M; H; L hanaci hanasi hanase inasi hinasi sister
(13) .9 D; N; M; H=L hob fok fou fau fau ground
(14) .8 D; N=M; H; L bongit bok bok bore bongit goat stable
(15) .4 D=N=M; H=L tim tim tim ttim ttim grass, bush
(16) .4 D=N; M; H; L hoit hoit hohit hoi heit bones
(17) .4 D=N; M; H=L tohoni tohoni tihoni tungani tungani person
(18) .4 D; N; M=L; H loyiriha leririha oyirihien oyiriha oyirihien spirits
(19) .4 D=H; N; M; L haheri akieri hahieri haheri hangerio star
(20) .6 N; D=M=H; L hilluk hiluk hilluk hilluk ibu hyena
(21) .2 N=L; D=M=H lofidik lefidik lofidik lofidik lefidik trap
(22) .8 D=L; N; M=H nyongati nyongoti nyangati nyangati nyongati beeswax
Letters and Rules Reviewed
In this book, we have learned the Lopit letters and three rules that help reading and writing. We now
review these. There are examples after each. The page numbers show where there is further
explanation.
Consonants of the combined Lopit language (page 8):
B b batak pig K k kebu hoe P p por mancala game
C c cengi bird L l leime lion R r rabolo bananas
D d demi knife M m moti pot S s sohoti palm tree
F f fotir warthog N n nongorwo wife T t tome elephant
G g goro gourd jug Ng ng ngidony monkey W w wolo dove
H h hidong drum Ny ny nyangi crocodiles Y y yani tree
J j jani local broom
Vowels of the combined Lopit language (page 12):
A a awong monkey
E e efir fat, big
I i itak ostrich
O o oromo digging
U u buhu shield
Spelling Rule 1 (page 15): At the end of words or next to a consonant, write the sound [y] as i. Do
not write y at the end of words or next to a consonant.
Correct Wrong
End of word hai rain hay rain
ikoi road, path ikoy road, path
Before consonant hoito bone hoyto bone
leime lion leyme lion
After consonant ciang animal cyang animal
hifiong water hifyong water
harie night harye night
Spelling Rule 2 (page 15): We write w after a consonant and before a vowel. However, we write u
next to w.
Correct Wrong
After consonant hotwai inside hotuai inside
lolwari dry ground loluari dry ground
fwara dancing place fuara dancing place
hinwara ash hinuara ash
ibwoni fortuneteller ibuoni fortuneteller
Next to w wuor hole for trapping wwor hole for trapping
hauwe arrow hawwe arrow
Writing Principle (page 17): Write each word the way that the most speakers say it.
% Dorik Ngotira Lomiaha Lohutok Lolongo
D N M H L
(1) 41.4 D=N=M=H=L batak batak batak batak batak pig, hog
(2) 20.0 D; N=M=H=L domi demi demi demi demi knife
(3) 7.8 D=N=M=H; L awong awong awong awong hawong monkey type
(4) 1.3 N; D=M=H=L ker kier ker ker ker sheep
(5) 8.7 D=N; M=H=L efir efir ofir ofir ofir fat, big
(6) 4.9 D; N; M=H=L rufan rofan ofioti ofioti ofioti roof frame
(7) 6.3 D; N; M=H; L nangorwo nongorwo ongorwo ongorwo angorwo wife
(8) .9 D; N=M; H=L ciwar ciwali ciwali ciwal ciwal flute
(9) .4 D=N; M=H; L leime leime lemie lemie leme lion
Exercise 9
Carefully read and say each test word below. Each test word may or may not be written correctly.
Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one is done as an example.
Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly
garay dry
grassland
garai hafyalai claw _________________
maruani old one _________________ wwor hole for
trapping
_________________
may place _________________ lotwala ash _________________
leyfori kitchen _________________ belie skin _________________
domi knife _________________ hawong monkey type _________________
kier sheep _________________ ofioti roof frame _________________
leime lion _________________ efir fat, big _________________
Alphabet Word List
In the second collumn below, singular (one) words are in alphabetical order. Horizontal lines separate
each of the words with different meaning. The plural (more than one) of each word is listed directly
below the singular. The words are given in five different dialects. Words in the second collumn are
always in bold. If a word is different than the dialect next to it, it is also in bold. If the spelling of a
word was agreed to in the October 2013 workshop in Torit, it is underlined.
The part of speech (PoS) can be a noun (n), singular noun (n.sg), plural noun (n.pl) or verbal noun
(v.n). The gender of each word is given with the words inang ‘that’ (feminine singular), ileng ‘that’
(masculine signular), hunang ‘those’ (femine plural), and hulong ‘those’ (masculine plural).
n = noun
n.sg = singular noun that has no plural form
n.pl = plural noun that has no singular form
v.n = verbal noun (verb used as a noun)
Dorik Ngotira Lomiaha Lohutok Lolongo PoS Gender
A a
19 haheri akieri hahieri haheri hangerio star n ileng
19 haher akier hahier haher hanger
3 awong awong awong awong hawong n inang,
3 awanga awanga awanga awanga hawanga
monkey type,
oribi ileng
B b
1 balang balang balang balang balang salt n inang
7 balangin balanga balang balang balangir
1 balu balu balu balu balu beer n inang
1 balwo balwo balwo balwo balwo
1 batak batak batak batak batak pig, hog n inang,
1 bataha bataha bataha bataha bataha ileng
1 bel bel bel bel bel n inang,
1 beli beli beli beli beli
stripe, spot,
patch ileng
2 belelie belie belie belie belie skin n inang,
7 belie beliejin beliesin beliesin belele ileng
14 bongit bok bok bore bongit n inang
2 bottin bongitto bongitto bongitto bongitto
goat stable,
animal pen
1 bolorong bolorong bolorong bolorong bolorong hippo n inang,
1 bolorongi bolorongi bolorongi bolorongi bolorongi ileng
1 bongit bongit bongit bongit bongit n inang
1 bongitto bongitto bongitto bongitto bongitto
stable, animal
pen
1 bongo bongo bongo bongo bongo n inang,
1 bongojin bongojin bongojin bongojin bongojin
item of
clothing ileng
1 bore bore bore bore bore n inang
5 botin botin bongitto bongitto bongitto
stable, animal
pen
1 buhu buhu buhu buhu buhu shield n inang
3 bukwo bukwo bukwo bukwo buhwo
3 bula bula bula bula bur n inang
12 bulacin bulasen bulahien bulasin buri
cow stable,
animal pen
3 buni buni buni buni bunit n inang
7 bunico bunii bunio bunio bunii
pool of water
2 bucuk busuk busuk busuk busuk bull n ileng
2 bucuha busuha busuha busuha busuha
C c
9 calu calu haturu haturu tur porridge n inang
12 calujin calwo haturuhien haturu turo
1 cengi cengi cengi cengi cengi bird n inang,
1 ceng ceng ceng ceng ceng ileng
2 tiang ciang ciang ciang ciang n inang,
2 tiangi ciangi ciangi ciangi ciangi
animal
(general) ileng
8 ciwar ciwali ciwali ciwal ciwal n inang,
8 ciwara ciwalisen ciwalisen ciwali ciwali
flute, wind
instrument ileng
D d
14 demai damai damai tamai damai position n inang,
18 demacohi damaisiok damassik tamassik damassik ileng
2 domi demi demi demi demi knife n inang,
5 domio domio demio demio demio ileng
1 donge donge donge donge donge n inang,
1 dongiok dongiok dongiok dongiok dongiok
hill, mountain
ileng
1 dorong dorong dorong dorong dorong n inang
2 dorongo dorongi dorongi dorongi dorongi
barren high
land
7 dungel dunges nongati nongati nungati bees wax n.sg inang
7 dungelo nonga nonga nunga
3 dwani dwani dwani dwani dwari weed n.sg inang
E e
5 efir efir ofir ofir ofir fat one n inang
5 efir efir ofir ofir ofir
F f
1 facan facan facan facan facan n inang
1 facani facani facani facani facani
type of
marking
5 faiti faiti fati fati fati n inang
9 faito faito fatio fatio facio
ebony, tree
type
1 far far far far far n inang
1 farrijin farrijin farrijin farrijin farrijin
midday,
daytime
1 farai farai farai farai farai leaf n inang
3 fara fara fara fara faara
1 fere fere fere fere fere spear n inang,
1 feria feria feria feria feria ileng
1 fetek fetek fetek fetek fetek fish spear n inang,
1 feteha feteha feteha feteha feteha ileng
1 fofongi fofongi fofongi fofongi fofongi n inang
1 fofong fofong fofong fofong fofong
cactus, tree
type
13 hob fok fou fau fau ground n.sg inang
1 fotir fotir fotir fotir fotir warthog n inang,
5 fotira fotira fortirak fortirak fortirak ileng
1 fuher fuher fuher fuher fuher n inang
5 fuhero fuhero fuhiara fuhiara fuhiara
farm away
from house
1 fur fur fur fur fur dust(Arabic) n.sg inang
1 fure fure fure fure fure name, song n inang
4 fureta fureita fureta fureta fureta
5 furio furio furo furo furo smoke n inang
6 furio furiojin furo furo furo
1 fwara fwara fwara fwara fwara n inang
3 fwarajin fwarajin fwarajin fwarajin fwarasin
dancing place
G g
3 garai garai garai garai igara dry grassland n.sg inang
7 giricai girisai musa musa girisa n inang
7 girica girisa musari musari girisari
bush, forest,
small trees
1 goro goro goro goro goro n inang
5 gorona gorona gorojin gorojin gorojin
jug made from
gourd
2 guc gus gus gus gus skin n inang
2 guci gusi gusi gusi gusi
H h
6 haboroni
nahob
habolofak haboloni haboloni haboloni landlord n ileng
2 haborok
hunahob
habolok habolok habolok habolok
1 habu habu habu habu habu chief, king n inang,
6 habuci habusi habwok habwok habwok ileng
11 habu
legala
habu
lagala
habu
lagala
habu
lagala
habu
agala
government
chief
n ?
7 habuci
hulegala
habusi
ilagala
habwok
ilegal
habwok
ilegal
habwok
agala
1 haddeti haddeti haddeti haddeti haddeti root n inang
1 hadde hadde hadde hadde hadde
2 hafielai hafialai hafialai hafialai hafialai claw n ileng
2 hafiela hafiala hafiala hafiala hafiala
1 hai hai hai hai hai rain n inang
16 haijo haijo hai haijo haijin
3 haidihitani haidihitani haidihitani haidihitani hedihitani leader v.n inang,
3 haidihitak haidihitak haidihitak haidihitak hetadihok ileng
1 hajangati hajangati hajangati hajangati hajangati n inang
1 hajanga hajanga hajanga hajanga hajanga
fly, insect type
1 haji haji haji haji haji house n inang,
3 hajik hajik hajik hajik hasik ileng
5 halai halai oger oger oger n inang
5 halaa halaa ogeri ogeri ogeri
side, end of
something
1 halati halati halati halati halati tooth n inang
1 hala hala hala hala hala
7 halohani halohoni halahani halahani halohoni trapper v.n inang,
7 halohak halohok halahak halahak halohok ileng
4 hami hame hami hami hami fish n inang,
1 ham ham ham ham ham ileng
1 hamilak hamilak hamilak hamilak hamilak saliva n.pl hunang
1 hamuhe hamuhe hamuhe hamuhe hamuhe shoe n inang,
1 hamuha hamuha hamuha hamuha hamuha ileng
5 hana hana hani hani hani hand n inang
2 hac has has has has
12 hanaci hanasi hanase inasi hinasi sister n inang
12 hanacara hansara hanasira inasira hinasira
1 hang hang hang hang hang n inang
1 hangitek hangitek hangitek hangitek hangitek
home, village
1 hangeri hangeri hangeri hangeri hangeri fruit, seed n inang
3 hanger hanger hanger hanger hangerio
1 hanyahanyai hanyahanyai hanyahanyai hanyahanyai hanyahanyai n inang
1 hanyahanya hanyahanya hanyahanya hanyahanya hanyahanya
domestic
animal
1 hanyimiti hanyimiti hanyimiti hanyimiti hanyimiti sesame n inang
1 hanyim hanyim hanyim hanyim hanyim
3 hara hara hara hara seger stool, chair n inang
11 harana harajin harajin harajin segeri
12 iraci harasi halasi ilasi hilasi brother n ileng
12 iracara harasara halasira ilasira hilasira
5 hari hari hali hali hali n inang
5 hario hario halio halio halio
club, beating
stick
1 harie harie harie harie harie night n inang
1 hariejin hariejin hariejin hariejin hariejin
1 harutani harutani harutani harutani harutani inheritance n inang,
1 harutak harutak harutak harutak harutak ileng
11 hacai hasai hasai hasai tahwo calf n inang,
11 hacak hasak hasak hasak tahwa ileng
2 hocowan haswani haswani haswani haswani buffalo n inang,
6 hocowani haswaniho haswaani haswaani haswaani ileng
1 hatteli hatteli hatteli hatteli hatteli egg n ileng
3 hattel hattel hattel hattel hattelio
3 hauwe hauwe hauwe hauwe hawo arrow n ileng
3 hauwa hauwa hauwa hauwa hawa
5 hayiohoni hayiohoni heyiohoni heyiohoni heyiohoni shepherd v.n inang,
5 hayiohok hayiohok heyiohok heyiohok heyiohok ileng
1 heju heju heju heju heju leg, foot n inang,
1 hejek hejek hejek hejek hejek ileng
1 deroti hide hide hide hide rat n inang,
10 dero dero dioro dioro dioroti ileng
1 hidong hidong hidong hidong hidong drum n inang,
1 dongi dongi dongi dongi dongi ileng
3 hidongi hidongi hidongi hidongi hidwongi n inang,
3 hidongita hidongita hidongita hidongita hidwongita
hammer (of
blacksmith) ileng
10 hidotiti hidotiti hododi hododi hitolewa man n ileng
10 hodoti hodoti liawa liawa lewa
2 hifiong
1 hifiongi hifiong hifiong hifiong hifiong water n.pl hunang
1 hiji hiji hiji hiji hiji middle n.sg inang
10 hikwai hikwai ikwai ikwai hiwai thorn n inang,
10 hikwa hikwa ikwa ikwa hikwa ileng
13 huhoi hikwoi huhwe huhe huhe charcoal n inang
1 huuk huuk huuk huuk huuk
20 hilluk hiluk hilluk hilluk ibu hyena n inang,
20 hilluhi hiluhi hilluhi hilluhi ibuho ileng
1 hima hima hima hima hima fire n inang
1 mati mati mati mati mati
1 himo himo himo himo himo nose n inang
2 meci mesi mesi mesi mesi
11 hinei hinai hinai hinai hina breast n inang
1 hii hii hii hii hii
1 hine hine hine hine hine goat n inang,
1 hinee hinee hinee hinee hinee ileng
1 hino hino hino hino hino excrement n inang
1 hit hit hit hit hit
4 nongo hinongo nongo nongo nongo n.sg inang
2 nongoi
deformed head
5 hinwara hinwara hunwara hunwara hunwara ash n.sg inang
1 hinga hinga hinga hinga hinga year n
2 ngaci ngasi ngasi ngasi ngasi
10 hingohu hingohu ingohu ingohu hingohu dog n inang,
1 ngohe ngohe ngohe ngohe ngohe ileng
1 hinyang hinyang hinyang hinyang hinyang crocodile n inang,
2 hinyanga nyangi nyangi nyangi nyangi ileng
1 hinyomoti hinyomoti hinyomoti hinyomoti hinyomoti n inang
1 hinyomo hinyomo hinyomo hinyomo hinyomo
seed (general)
1 hipata hipata hipata hipata hipata mistreatment n inang
2 hipatiti hipatita hipatita hipatita hipatita
1 hiram hiram hiram hiram hiram issue, problem n.sg inang
1 hiringo hiringo hiringo hiringo hiringo meat n inang
5 ringoi ringoi hiri hiri hiri
3 hirobi hirobi hirobi hirobi lokuho coldness n.sg inang
3 hita hita hita hita hoyehiti fire wood n inang
1 hoyek hoyek hoyek hoyek hoyek
1 hiteng hiteng hiteng hiteng hiteng cow n inang,
11 hicu husung husung husung hisung ileng
1 hito hito hito hito hito child n inang,
1 durre durre durre durre durre ileng
1 hito hito hito hito hito scorpion n inang,
2 toci tosi tosi tosi tosi ileng
2 hitonangorwa hitonongorwo hitonongorwo hitonongorwo hitonongorwo woman n inang
1 ngorwo ngorwo ngorwo ngorwo ngorwo
1 hitto hitto hitto hitto hitto n inang
6 hittoc hittes hittos hittos hittos
anus,source,
beginning
5 hiwaru hiwaru huwaru huwaru huwaru cat (general) n inang
1 warak warak warak warak warak
2 ilata hiyali hiyali hiyali hiyali oil n inang
2 ilatai yali yali yali yali
1 hiyaya hiyaya hiyaya hiyaya hiyaya porcupine n inang,
1 yaya yaya yaya yaya yaya ileng
1 hiyeni hiyeni hiyeni hiyeni hiyeni n inang
1 yeni yeni yeni yeni yeni
rope for tying
animal
1 hiyok hiyok hiyok hiyok hiyok ear n inang
1 yohe yohe yohe yohe yohe
10 hiyorro hiyorro hiwongita hiwongita hiwolongita n inang
10 hiyorrita hiyorrita hiwongita hiwongita hiwolongita
roar, loud
sound
6 hobohoboi hobohobe hobehobe hobehobe hobehobe n inang
5 hobohobo hobohobo hobehobo hobehobo hobehobo
back of
something
1 hofiti hofiti hofiti hofiti hofiti hair, feather n inang,
1 hofir hofir hofir hofir hofir ileng
1 hofitoi hofitoi hofitoi hofitoi hofitoi rope n inang
5 hofi hofi hofito hofito hofito
1 hofwo hofwo hofwo hofwo hofwo flour n inang
1 hofwojin hofwojin hofwojin hofwojin hofwojin
1 hohoro hohoro hohoro hohoro hohoro chicken, hen n inang,
5 hohoron hohoron hohore hohore hohore ileng
7 hoitoi hoito hoite hoite heito bone n inang
16 hoit hoit hohit hoi heit
1 holong holong holong holong holong sun, day n inang
1 holongi holongi holongi holongi holongi
1 holorong holorong holorong holorong holorong bank, beach n inang
1 holorongi holorongi holorongi holorongi holorongi
5 homwong homwong homom homom homom n inang
6 homwongite homwanga homomite homomite homomite
face, forehead
8 hotonyi honye honye hotonye hotonye mother n inang
8 hotonye honyie honyie hotonyie hotonyie
1 honyek honyek honyek honyek honyek eye n inang,
1 honyehite honyehite honyehite honyehite honyehite ileng
1 hoo hoo hoo hoo hoo head n inang
2 hoci hosi hosi hosi hosi
1 horwong horwong horwong horwong horwong back n inang
3 horwonga horwonga horwonga horwonga horwongitok
2 hocehe hosehe hosehe hosehe hosehe n inang
2 hocehen hosehen hosehen hosehen hosehen
belly, stomach
2 hitemi hosiere hosiere hosiere hosiere front n.sg inang
11 hocok hosok hosok hosok ohosohi n ileng
11 hocoha hosok hosok hosok ohosohi
giant, large
person
1 hoto hoto hoto hoto hoto blood n inang
2 hoto hotojin hotojin hotojin hotojin
2 hotwa hotwai hotwai hotwai hotwai n inang
3 hotwaijin hotwaijin hotwaijin hotwaijin hotwe
inside of
something
1 hujuti hujuti hujuti hujuti hujuti n inang
1 huji huji huji huji huji
grass for
thatch
5 hunom hunom hinom hinom hinom cave n inang,
5 hunomo hunomo nomi nomi nomi ileng
1 hungu hungu hungu hungu hungu knee n inang
4 hunga hung hunguta hunguta hunguta
5 huro huro hulo hulo hulo n inang,
5 huroho huroho huloho huloho huloho
kid, young goat
ileng
2 huruti hutti hutti hutti hutti worm n inang
1 huru huru huru huru huru
1 hutuk hutuk hutuk hutuk hutuk mouth n inang
10 hutuhen hutuhen hutuhe hutuhe hutuhie
I i
2 iboni ibwoni ibwoni ibwoni ibwoni n inang,
5 ibwana ibwana iboni iboni iboni
fortune teller
ileng
3 icet icet icet icet hiket n inang
10 iceiti iceiti iceti iceti hiketi
dancing
ornament
11 hidik idis idis idis edis n inang,
11 hidik idis idis idis edisi
shadow of
cloud hunang
1 ido ido ido ido ido sky, heaven n.sg inang
1 idumele idumele idumele idumele idumele darkness n.sg inang
1 igem igem igem igem igem work n inang
1 igemi igemi igemi igemi igemi
1 igerit igerit igerit igerit igerit n inang
2 igerita igeriti igeriti igeriti igeriti
paint,
decoration
1 igolo igolo igolo igolog igolo bell n inang,
1 igoloho igoloho igoloho igoloho igoloho ileng
1 iho iho iho iho iho dew n.sg inang
1 ihoho ihoho ihoho ihoho ihoho female thief n inang
1 hoholak hoholak hoholak hoholak hoholak
2 ikuma ihuma ihuma ihuma ihuma n inang,
2 ikumahi ihumaha ihumaha ihumaha ihumaha
tortoise, land
turtle ileng
2 itahafuti ikafuti ikafuti ikafuti ikafuti bat n inang,
6 itahafujo ikaafuti ikafuuti ikafuuti ikafuuti ileng
2 iherek ikarrak ikarrak ikarrak ikarrak water turtle n inang,
2 iherehi ikarrahi ikarrahi ikarrahi ikarrahi ileng
11 iha ikat ikat ikat hihat door n
11 ihatin ikatin ikatin ikatin hihatin
11 ihoi ikoi ikoi koi hihe n inang,
13 hoi koi ikotia koi koi
path, road,
way ileng
1 illa illa illa illa illa n inang,
1 illa illa illa illa illa
friend, brother
ileng
5 iloma iloma ilama ilama ilama distance n.sg inang
11 ilomita ilamaha
3 ingotit ingotit ingotit ingotit hingotit n inang,
3 ingotiti ingotiti ingotiti ingotiti hingotiti
adze, cutting
tool ileng
1 ipotit ipotit ipotit ipotit ipotit brush n inang
1 ipotiti ipotiti ipotiti ipotiti ipotiti
10 irefit irefit iliefit iliefit olefit n inang,
10 irefiti irefiti iliefiti iliefiti olefiti
container (for
milk) ileng
7 icio isio hisio hisio isio honey, oil n inang
7 iciojin isiojin hisiojin hisiojin isiojin
2 itawuk itak itak itak itak ostrich n inang,
2 itawuhi itahi itahi itahi itahi ileng
1 itiran itiran itiran itiran itiran fog, mist n.sg inang
10 itule itule itulit itulit itulet small hole n ileng
7 ituloho itulioho ituloho ituloho itulioho
10 iwai iwai huwati huwati iwati wing n inang
10 iwaa iwaa huwaa huwaa iwaa
2 iyangiti iyang iyang iyang iyang (my) mother n.sg inang
J j
1 jani jani jani jani jani broom n inang
11 janico jania jania jania jiani
1 jati jati jati jati jati n inang
2 jatio jacio jacio jacio jacio
uncooked
vegetable
1 jore jore jore jore jore big rocks n.sg ?
K k
1 kaal kaal kaal kaal kaal side, end n.sg inang
1 kebu kebu kebu kebu kebu hoe n inang,
1 kebwa kebwa kebwa kebwa kebwa ileng
4 ker kier ker ker ker sheep n inang,
2 kera kioro kioro kioro kioro ileng
1 kori kori kori kori kori giraffe n inang,
1 korio korio korio korio korio ileng
1 kurufat kurufat kurufat kurufat kurufat whip n inang
1 kurufati kurufati kurufati kurufati kurufati
10 kwan kwan wan wan hwan body n inang
7 kwanite kwaite watie watie hwatek
L l
14 loholai lahalai lahalai ahalai ohole n inang,
14 loholajin lahalajin lahalajin ahalajin oholajin
pole (in house)
ileng
7 lodik ledis ohidis ohidis edis shadow n inang
7 lodihi ledisi ohidisi ohidisi edisi
12 lakieti leferiti ofieri oferi haferio louse, lice n ileng
12 lakie lefero ofier ofer hafer
6 loferre leferrek hitojo hitojo hitojo hare, rabbit n inang,
6 loferrehi leferrehi hitojosin hitojosin hitojosin ileng
21 lofidik lefidik lofidik lofidik lefidik trap n inang
20 lofidihi lefidihi lofidihi lofidihi ofidihi
3 leifori leifori leifori leifori efori kitchen n.sg inang
10 leime leime lemie lemie leme lion n inang
2 leimeho lemioho lemioho lemioho lemioho
5 leiramitari leiramitari eramitari eramitari eramitari dancing place n.sg inang
7 leikere lekiere okele okele okofe n ileng
7 leikeren lekieren okelen okelen okofiaha
pebble, small
rock
7 lomini lemini omini omini huwaru leopard n inang,
7 lominiha leminiha ominiha oiminiha warak ileng
7 lorewa lerewa loliawa loliawa olewa husband n ileng
10 rewa rewa liawa liawa lewa
4 lotiri letiri lotiri lotiri lotiri n ileng
7 lotiricen letirisen lotiriha lotiriha lotirihien
small hoe,
digging tool
10 lewa lewa lleiwa lleiwa llewa gazelle type n inang,
7 lewana lewai lleiwa lleiwa llewai ileng
7 loyami leyame oyami oyami oyame wind n.sg inang
6 loyiri leyiri oyiri oyiri oyiri spirit n inang
18 loyiriha leririha oyirihien oyiriha oyirihien
lingko ling ling ling ling salt n.sg inang
3 lobongi lobongi lobongi lobongi obongi tree type n inang
3 lobongin lobongin lobongin lobongin obongin
1 logule logule logule logule ogule elbow n inang
11 loguleco loguliaha loguliaha loguliaha oguliaha
1 lohoho lohoho lohoho lohoho lohoho male thief n ileng
10 hoholak hoholak lohuruhi lohuruhi hoholak
7 tuhe lokuduk lohuruk lohuruk ohuruk n inang,
7 tuheco lokuduhi lohuruhi lohuruhi ohuruhi
crow, bird type
ileng
3 lolwari lolwari lolwari lolwari olwar dry ground n.sg inang
22 cola longohe cala cala cola n.sg inang
2 colacin
compacted cow
dung
3 loromori loromori loromori loromori oromori place of
digging
n.sg inang
5 lorwoti lorwoti olwoti olwoti olwoti cannibal n inang,
17 lorwot lorwot olwot halwok halwok ileng
1 lotwala lotwala lotwala lotwala lotwala ash n.sg inang
11 lowotoi lowote lowote lowote owotek diarrhea n.sg inang
M m
5 madok madok immadok immadok immadok gum n inang
6 madoha madohi immadohi immadohi immadohi
1 mai mai mai mai mai place n inang,
6 macohi maisihi,
maisiok
massik massik massik ileng
1 mana mana mana mana mana n inang
1 matta matta matta matta matta
farm (away
from house)
1 mangat mangat mangat mangat mangat n inang
1 mangatin mangatin mangatin mangatin mangatin
camp, platform
1 maring maring maring maring maring fence, pen n inang
2 maringo maringa maringa maringa maringa
1 marwani marwani marwani marwani marwani old one n inang,
1 marwak marwak marwak marwak marwak ileng
1 mile mile mile mile mile salt (Arabic) n.sg inang
3 miyang miyang miyang miyang miang grass(general) n.sg inang
10 moite moite motie motie mote morning n.sg inang
1 molong molong molong molong molong baboon n inang,
1 molongo molongo molongo molongo molongo ileng
1 monye monye monye monye monye n ileng
1 monyie monyie monyie monyie monyie
father, owner
1 monyiti monyiti monyiti monyiti monyiti intestine n inang
5 monyi monyi monyit monyit monyit
10 monyomijiti monyomijiti lomonyomiji lomonyomiji lomonyomiti villager n ileng
3 monyomiji monyomiji monyomiji monyomiji monyomi
1 moring moring moring moring moring n inang,
1 moringo moringo moringo moringo moringo
dikdik, gazelle
type ileng
1 morroti morroti morroti morroti morroti bean n inang,
1 morro morro morro morro morro ileng
1 morwari morwari morwari morwari morwari rocky place n.sg inang
1 morwo morwo morwo morwo morwo stone n inang
1 moru moru moru moru moru
1 moti moti moti moti moti pot n inang,
2 motio mocio mocio mocio mocio ileng
1 motte motte motte motte motte friend n inang
11 motteja motiarak motiarak motiarak motiak
2 logur mugu mugu mugu mugu granary n inang
2 loguri mugwo mugwo mugwo mugwo
1 muhunyo muhunyo muhunyo muhunyo muhunyo n inang,
5 muhunyon muhunyon muhuny muhuny muhuny
leather, dried
skin ileng
1 munu munu munu munu munu snake n inang,
5 muniok muniok munok munok munok ileng
1 munya munya munya munya munya liver n inang
11 munyana munyai munyai munyai munyajin
3 muro muro muro muro ohuya thigh n inang
12 muroci murosi morojin muroi ohuyaha
1 murut murut murut murut murut neck n inang
1 mutto mutto mutto mutto mutto
6 mwarahi mwarak mwarahati mwarahati mwarahati n inang
5 mwaraha mwaraha mwarak mwarak mwarak
horn of animal
N n
5 nolowori nolowori nolokwat nolokwat nolokwat loud sound n.sg inang
7 nangorwo nongorwo ongorwo ongorwo angorwo wife n inang
1 ngorwo ngorwo ngorwo ngorwo ngorwo
Ng ng
3 ngabura ngabura ngabura ngabura tongosa n inang
3 ngaburaha ngaburaha ngaburaha ngaburaha tongos
wound,
infection
1 ngadief ngadief ngadief ngadief ngadief tongue n inang,
3 ngadiefa ngadiefa ngadiefa ngadiefa ngadiafa ileng
12 nganyini ngaini ngeni nganai nganini girl n inang
13 nganyinok ngainok ngenok nganiok nganiok
1 ngamari ngamari ngamari ngamari ngamari grain in field n inang
1 ngama ngama ngama ngama ngama
1 ngati ngati ngati ngati ngati side n inang
2 ngatihen ngacio ngacio ngacio ngacio
1 ngidony ngidony ngidony ngidony ngidony monkey n inang,
1 ngidonyo ngidonyo ngidonyo ngidonyo ngidonyo ileng
1 ngijim ngijim ngijim ngijim ngijim chin n inang
1 ngijima ngijima ngijima ngijima ngijima
1 ngiria ngiria ngiria ngiria ngiria n inang
5 ngiriyai ngiriyai ngiriasin ngiriasin ngiriasin
asida, thick
porridge
Ny ny
5 nya nya nyawa nyawa nyawa cow utter n inang
10 nyatin nyatin nyawatin nyawatin nyawara
1 nyahuto nyahuto nyahuto nyahuto nyahuto iron, mettal n ?
1 nyahuwo nyahuwo nyahuwo nyahuwo nyahuwo
22 nyongati nyongoti nyangati nyangati nyongati beeswax n inang
22 nyonga nyongo nyanga nyanga nyonga
P p
5 pir pir per per per bicycle n inang
5 pirra pirra peri peri peri
2 bwac pir pir pir pir n inang,
2 bwaci pir pir pir pir
point of spear
hunang
1 por por por por por mancala n.sg inang
R r
4 raboloti raboloi raboloti raboloti raboloti banana n inang
1 rabolo rabolo rabolo rabolo rabolo
3 rang rang rang rang irang bow n inang
3 ranga ranga ranga ranga irangi
5 ree ree lee lee lee milk n.pl hunang
6 hidongai risa lisa lisa lisa tail n inang
6 dongai risai lisara lisara lisara
6 rufan rofan ofioti ofioti ofioti roof frame n inang
6 rufani rofani ofiot ofiot ofiot
5 romoto romoto romote romote romote planted field n.sg inang
1 roroi roroi roroi roroi roroi n inang
2 rori hirro hirro hirro hirro
thing, issue,
problem
S s
2 cali sali sali sali sali n inang
6 calico salia salito salito salito
stove, place of
cooking
7 cohine sehi sehine sehine tehine n inang
2 cang sang sang sang sang
thing, property
2 cihet sihet sihet sihet sihet n inang
6 ciheco siheti sihet sihet sihet
chicken comb
12 cingnyati singeta singatai singata singate sand n.sg inang
11 cofe sofe sofe sofe hisofe drill, hoe n inang,
2 cofecin sofia sofia sofia sofia ileng
2 cohoti cohoti sohoti sohoti sohoti palm tree n inang
2 cohot cohot sohot sohot sohot
2 colo solo solo solo solo spoon n.sg ?
2 cumai somai somai somai somai fat n inang
11 cumu sumu sumu sumu suma
2 cuge suhe suhe suhe suhe chest n inang
6 cugena suhena suhiena suhiena suhiena
T t
1 tafar tafar tafar tafar tafar lake, pond n inang
1 tafara tafara tafara tafara tafara
6 tafing tafeng tafengi tafengi tafengi guinea pig n inang,
6 tafingo tafengo tafiongo tafiongo tafiongo ileng
1 taji taji taji taji taji heart n inang
1 tajia tajia tajia tajia tajia
1 tamot tamot tamot tamot tamot n ileng
1 tamoti tamoti tamoti tamoti tamoti
castrated bull
1 tamu tamu tamu tamu tamu helmet n inang
2 tamucin tamwo tamwo tamwo tamwo
7 gul na
hacak
tel ifagi ifagi bongit a
tawa
calf pen n inang
7 gula hunna
hacak
tela ifagi ifagi bongitto a
tawa
5 tere tere tele tele tele hail n.pl hunang
15 tim tim tim ttim ttim n.sg inang
13 timo timotin ttimotin ttimotin
grass, bush,
wilderness
1 tobok tobok tobok tobok tobok bowl n inang
22 toboha toboho tobwaha tobwaha toboha
1 togoli togoli togoli togoli togoli canoe n inang
6 togolicen togolisen togolo togolo togolo
17 tohoni tohoni tihoni tungani tungani person n inang,
8 hiyo huwo huwo hiyo hiyo ileng
1 tome tome tome tome tome elephant n inang,
1 tomia tomia tomia tomia tomia ileng
1 tuduha tuduha tuduha tuduha tuduha dust(Arabic) n.sg inang
1 tuluhu tuluhu tuluhu tuluhu tuluhu squirrel n inang,
2 tuluhucen tuluhusien tuluhusien tuluhusien tuluhusien ileng
7 tureni turenya turiana turiana toriana flower n inang,
10 turenya turenya turiana turiana hitoreniti hunang
5 turong turong tallus-
tallus
tallus-
tallus
tallus-
tallus
lump, wound n.pl hunang
1 tutunyo tutunyo tutunyo tutunyo tutunyo heel n inang
1 tutunyon tutunyon tutunyon tutunyon tutunyon
2 tutura tutur tutur tutur tutur n inang
1 tuturi tuturi tuturi tuturi tuturi
forest, woods
W w
3 wok wok wok wok diel escarpment n inang
3 wohin wohin wohin wohin diala
1 wolo wolo wolo wolo wolo dove n inang,
6 wolojo wolojin wolojit wolojit wolojit ileng
1 wor wor wor wor wor stream, river n inang
15 woni woni woni woro woro
1 worot worot worot worot worot animal dung n.pl hunang
1 wotti wotti wotti wotti wotti cow dung n.sg inang
10 wuor wuor kome kome woor n inang
10 wuori wuori kometa kometa wori
hole for
trapping
Y y
11 afa yafa yafa yafa hafa moon, month n inang
11 afajin yafajin yafajin yafajin hafajin
1 yani yani yani yani yani n inang
1 yanii yanii yanii yanii yanii
tree (general)
5 yei yei yee yee yee death n inang
6 yeita iyeiti iyeti iyeti iyeti
1 yoni yoni yoni yoni yoni hide, dried skin n inang
1 yonio yonio yonio yonio yonio
Lopit Villages in Dialect Areas
Ngabori Dorik Ngotira
(West side of mountain) (East side of mountain) (East side of mountain) (West side of mountain)
Buwara Logona wati Ihiran Idali
Lomerok Lobelo Mehejik Lodonyok
Lodo Lacarok Mura Lopit Losow
Haba Lodahori Habirongi Losinya
Lohomiling Lohinyang Hiyahi
Lohidomok Lohobohobo Lohiri
Loluro Lottodo (Dabwar 1)
Ngabori Ehana (Dabwar 2)
Longeleyo Irube
Loturumo
Lomiaha Lohutok Lolongo
Iboni Hidere Mura
Ibahore Hosa Mu
Lohilang Longija Obitigi
Imoluha Hwarra Iduwa
Ibele Sohot Hatolok
Lattarangi Ifite Wiliwili
Malangit Lofuluho Lahado
Glossary
Word Example Definition
syllable lo gu le in
logule ꞌelbowꞌ
The parts of a word that can be divided
according to beats.
consonant r f n in
rofan 'roof frame'
Letter sounds that begin or end syllables; a
consonant cannot be a syllable by itself.
vowel o a in
rofan 'roof frame'
Letter sounds in the middle and sometimes end
of a syllable; a vowel can be a syllable by itself.
heavy
(doubled)
consonant
tt in
hitto ‘anus, source’
Two of the same consonants together; the word
seems to slow down and bounce on the tt like a
car bounces when hitting a bump in the road
light (single)
consonant
t in
hito ‘child’
One consonant; the word is smooth without a
bump on the t
Answers to Exercises
Answers to the exercises of this book are given below.
Exercise 1
a awong i itak o oromo
b batak j jani p por
c cengi k kebu r rabolo
d demi l leime s sohoti
e efir m moti t tome
f fotir n nongorwo u buhu
g goro ng ngidony w wolo
h hidong ny nyangi y yani
Exercise 2
number of syllables divided into syllables
_2_ suhe su he _____ chest
2 donge do nge mountain
3 ciwali ci wa li flute
2 mugu mu gu granary
3 nongorwo no ngo rwo wife
2 itak i tak ostrich
1 por por game
2 solo so lo spoon
3 fofongi fo fo ngi cactus tree
2 rofan ro fan roof frame
3 igolo i go lo bell
2 farai fa rai leaf
2 dorong do rong barren land
1 hai hai rain
2 ngama nga ma grains
3 hohoro ho ho ro chicken
2 munu mu nu snake
Exercise 3
Consonants have been underlined instead of circled.
m o r i ng dikdik, gazelle type
k u r u f a t whip
l o b o ng i tree type
ny a h u t o iron, mettal
y o n i hid, dried skin
c i w a l i flute, wind instrument
g u s skin
h i p a t a mistreatment
h e j u leg, foot
d o r o ng barren high land
Exercise 4
Consonants have been underlined instead of circled.
Write Correctly Single Test words Doubled
hattel hito child t hatel eggs hitto anus tt
motte hito child t motte friend hitto anus tt
mutto hito child t muto necks hitto anus tt
moti hito child t motti pot hitto anus tt
wotti hito child t wotti cow dung hitto anus tt
ngati hito child t ngati side hitto anus tt
hutti hito child t huti worm hitto anus tt
itak hito child t ittak ostrich hitto anus tt
matta hito child t mata farms hitto anus tt
hirro hohoro chicken r hiro things, issues hiyorro roar rr
kori hohoro chicken r korri giraffe hiyorro roar rr
durre hohoro chicken r durre children hiyorro roar rr
ikarrak hohoro chicken r ikarak water turtle hiyorro roar rr
bore hohoro chicken r bore stable hiyorro roar rr
leferrek hohoro chicken r leferek hare, rabbit hiyorro roar rr
Exercise 5
Vowels have been underlined instead of circled.
h o s o k giant, large person
b a l a ng salt
h i j i middle
h u r u worms
l o h o h o male thief
h u s u ng cows
f e r e spear
h o t o blood
h a r a stool, chair
Exercise 6
Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly
busok bull busuk facan marking facan
foter warthog fotir foher farm fuher
habu chief habu hiju leg, foot heju
hidi rat hide hinu excrement hino
heram issue, problem hiram tosi scorpions tosi
hoto blood hoto hoji grasses huji
edis shadow of cloud idis jore big rocks jore
moro stones moru muru thigh muro
sehi thing, property sehi tafang guinea pig tafeng
Exercise 7
Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly
hotuay inside hotwai wuor hole for trapping wuor
lotwala ash lotwala mai place mai
belye skin belie haswani buffalo haswani
garay dry grassland garai hawwe arrow hauwe
horuong back horwong hosyere front hosiere
marwani old one marwani leyfori kitchen leifori
hayyohoni shepherd hayiohoni hafyalay claw hafialai
Exercise 8
(No answers available for this excercise until there is agreement among various Lopit dialect speakers
in the next workshop)
Exercise 9
Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly
garay dry grassland garai hafyalai claw hafialai
maruani old one marwani wwor hole for trapping wuor
may place mai lotwala ash lotwala
leyfori kitchen leifori belie skin belie
domi knife demi hawong monkey type awong
kier sheep ker ofioti roof frame rofan
leime lion leime efir fat, big efir